An Exploration of Neighborhood Residents ’ Cognition of and Participation in Low-Carbon Behaviors in Wuhan , China

-is paper analyzed neighborhood residents’ cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors, basing on a questionnaire survey launched in a neighborhood in Wuhan, China. Results indicate that most respondents concerned the low-carbon impact on their daily lives and expected the government to make differences in low-carbon transition. Neighborhood residents’ participation in low-carbon behaviors was mainly reflected in three aspects: home energy conservation (HEC), efficient resource consumption (ERC), and recycling habits (RH), which were extracted from the five categories out of the 15 observed variables. Many interviewees had high level of participation in low-carbon behaviors that affect their economic interests. But these neighborhood residents rarely participated in public low-carbon behaviors such as planting trees or cooperative low-carbon behaviors. -erefore, these neighborhood residents’ participation in low-carbon behaviors was still on the initial stage. Specific proposals were put forward to promote urban low-carbonization further.


Introduction
People are responsible for adopting policies and measures of mitigation and adaptation on global warming within the framework of sustainable development.e proposed concept of low-carbon economy is a significant step forward in the global fight against climate change.Cities in China are upgrading into a critical growth period [1], with low-density types of agricultural land continually transferring to highdensity types of urban land [2].China's urbanization rate rapidly increased from 17.9% in 1978 at the beginning of reform and opening up to 56.10% in 2015 [3].It is expected to reach 70%-75% in 2050 [4].As sequential amplification of demand for natural resources and energy, cities have become the main entity of carbon emissions and are responsible for 85% of total national carbon emissions [5].In the process of responding to global climate change, urban low-carbon transformation is an inevitable choice for the construction of ecological civilization and new pattern of urbanization [6].Neighborhoods are basic units for the development and improvement of functional area filling with intensive human activities that play important roles in urban low-carbon transition.Residents who influence the size and shape evolution of neighborhoods are behavioral agents to fulfill the roles and create sustainable neighborhoods.erefore, the research on neighborhood residents' cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors has great significance for the implementation of urban low-carbon transition.
Human activities are largely responsible for global warming [7].To formulate countermeasures for urban sustainable development, many literatures tried to seek suitable paths through investigating low-carbon related behaviors of individuals or families.
ey started from the aspect of energy end-user behaviors for prime time [8][9][10].Following, dwellers' lifestyles on carbon dioxide emissions were paid attention to.Particularly, Wei et al. [11] investigated residents' lifestyles from the aspects of residence, home energy use, food, education, cultural recreation services, and personal travel.Moloney et al. [12] mentioned the change of sustainable behaviours such as recycling, composting, taking public transport, energy consuming, and water consuming in the transition to low-carbon communities.Baiocchi et al. [13] regarded lifestyle-related emissions from the fields of driving, home heating, purchased services, and final goods production.Peters et al. [14] examined household carbonreduction behaviors from four aspects, namely renewable energy, biodiversity, recycling, and green travel.Sun et al. [15] explored residential energy expenditure in different settings including increase in energy pricing, increase in automobile ownership, and improvement of solar energy usage.Simultaneously, scholars [16][17][18] found that grassroots initiatives helped to realize sustainable consumption through strategic green niches such as using local and recycling materials and reducing material throughput in inhabitation, which were different from mainstream carbonintensive behaviors.In summary, the categories of lowcarbon behaviors that are paid close attention to include the following areas: energy-conserving behaviors [19][20][21], low-carbon diet [22][23][24], low-carbon travel [25][26][27], treatment of waste water [28,29], waste management [30], and low-carbon production [31][32][33].Moreover, most of these studies focused on the change of low-carbon behaviors from traditional behaviors and the reduction of carbon dioxide emission.Considering the importance of the concept of lowcarbon behavior, we offer a definition of low-carbon behavior here.Low-carbon behavior in this paper is referred to human proenvironmental activities or habits that can decrease the impact on ecotope.
Urban dwellers' cognition on low-carbon behaviors influences their specific participations.Many literatures expounded the low-carbon related cognition.A human being's mind includes knowledge, attitude, consciousness, values, affective states, perceptual cognizance and ideas, reasonable thinking, and deep-rooted habits which would greatly affect or reshape individual behaviors [12].e aspects of knowledge, attitude, and engagement are identified as the most frequently referred dimensions of low-carbon cognition [14].Individual knowledge means to obtain and apply actually correct understanding related to climate change [34], such as the perception of the concepts of global warming and low-carbon life.Individual attitude means the opinions and standpoints of objective belief related to climate change [35,36], such as the willing of building carbonneutral community and the evaluation of participation in low-carbon practices.Individual engagement means personal contact with the minds or behaviors related to climate change [34], such as paying for energy-saving measures and participating in policy formulation [37].Meanwhile, scholars explored the relationship between low-carbon cognition and low-carbon behavior [38,39].Zhang et al. [40] thought that the external forms of residents' low-carbon cognition incarnated from aspects of transportation, living, and consumptions [40].Currently, particular emphasis is put on the empirical elaboration of the gap between cognition of and low-carbon behaviors of urban residents [35,41].Residents' cognition of low-carbon behaviors in this paper is referred to personal knowledge, attitude, and engagement on objective existences of low-carbon objects.
e literature review shows that previous studies focus on residents' cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors and the correlation between them.Few authors focused on the level of neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors or the main field for residents to perform low-carbon behaviors.To make up this omission, we investigated and discussed neighborhood residents' cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors in this study.A neighborhood was selected for the test project in Wuhan, which devotes oneself to establish a resourcesaving and environment-friendly society in low-carbon economy development.e sample data were analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 software.And the methods of statistical descriptive analysis, principal component analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were used.Suggestions for guidance and correction of the approach for neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors were proposed further.

Materials and Methods
2.1.Questionnaire Design.A questionnaire involving 24 questions was designed in a gradual manner to survey neighborhood residents' cognition of and their self-reported level of participation in low-carbon behaviors.e questions 1-3 were used to collect respondents' basic information including their age, education level, and profession.e questions 4-8 were used to obtain their cognition that covered the awareness of global warming, the low-carbon concept and meaning, the low-carbon impaction on their daily lives, energy-saving measures, and government supports.
Questions 9-24 were used to obtain the information of their self-reported level of participation in low-carbon behaviors.Specifically, Question 9 surveyed residents' overall assessment of their own level of participation in low-carbon behaviors.Questions 10-24 collected statistical information of neighborhood residents' concrete situation of participation in various low-carbon behaviors in the form of five Likert scale.All questions were straightforward.
e examination results of performance from neighborhood residents' low-carbon behaviors were divided into five rating levels: always, frequently, occasionally, seldom, and never.In the Likert scale, each issue set out five alternative answers for reviewers on the degree of participation with scores from 5 to 1 (5 � always and 1 � never).ese questions on low-carbon behaviors were designed around the subjects of travelling, power use, consumption, and living habits, based on the above literature review.e factors reflecting respondents' participation in low-carbon behaviors were analyzed with the factor analysis in SPSS tools.Multiple linear regression analysis was used to discuss the relationship between neighborhood residents' low-carbon behavior factors and their overall degree of participation.

Study Site and Sample.
A high-rise residential neighborhood in Wuhan, China was chosen to acknowledge neighborhood residents' cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors.e medium-scale and gated neighborhood is near government, hospital, school, shopping center, transport, and other public service infrastructures.Figure 1 shows the situation of the field investigation.

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Advances in Civil Engineering e survey was conducted for randomly selected residents who were willing to accept self-administered questionnaires and nonstructured interview.Among the 207 questionnaires distributed, 206 were returned.Excluding 17 ones that have obvious logical contradiction and are not complete, the rest 189 were validated questionnaires, with the effective rate of 91.3%.e basic information of the valid questionnaires is given below.Table 1 shows the statistics results including ages, educational structures, and occupational categories, in line with the general distribution of neighborhood residents in high-rise building in Wuhan.ese samples do not have a great skewed distribution and meet the requirement for further statistics analysis.Among these 189 participants, 7.4% of residents were 20 years old or younger, 66.1% were 21-39 years old, 20.6% were 40-59 years old, and 5.9% were 60 years old or older.In the aspect of the academic structure, 6.9% had middle school degree or below, 19.6% had high school degree or equivalent technical school degree, 61.4% had college degree, and 12.1% had postgraduate degree.In the aspect of respondents' professions, 32.8% were entrepreneurial employees, 15.3% were government or institution employees, 14.8% were self-employed, 10.6% were students, and the rest 26.5% were retirees and others.

Implementation of the Survey.
Data were collected using the stratified random sampling method.e investigation was carried out in public places for residents living in the neighborhood and willing to be interviewed voluntarily.Questionnaires were distributed during their weekend breaks.Subjects were randomly selected in the neighborhood.And all respondents were well informed that their responses would remain confidential and only be used for research purposes.A questionnaire was filled in approximately 15 minutes.e survey process mainly contained self-administered questionnaires and was supplemented by the nonstructured interview method to perfect questionnaires.

Analytic Strategy.
Residents' low-carbon cognition was analyzed using the descriptive statistic method.Neighborhood residents' participation was analyzed with principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.Before carrying out these analyses, it is needed to judge the feasibility of the sample data through reliability test and Bartlett and KMO test.

Reliability Test.
Cronbach's α coefficient was used to test the reliability of questionnaires.According to previous report [42], Cronbach's α coefficient ≥0.7 indicates a high-degree reliability, and <0.35 indicates low-degree reliability.By redesigning questionnaires and testing the reliability of factors that reflect respondents' self-reported level of participation in low-carbon behaviors, α coefficient of 0.820 was achieved, indicating that the questionnaire design is reasonable and has high internal stability and consistency in each dimension and the measurement is highly reliable.

Bartlett and KMO Test.
e appropriation for the initial sampling was measured through the Bartlett spherical test and KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) index basing on the factor analysis.When the KMO index is greater than 0.7, the  data are suitable for factor analysis [43].In this study, the KMO value was 0.820 and the result of the Bartlett spherical test was 657.311 (P < 0.001).us, there were common factors among the designed issues in the questionnaire, and it is suitable to carry out relative exploration with factor analysis.

Descriptive Statistic of Low-Carbon Cognition.
e analysis results are as follows.In the aspect of global warming, 95.2% respondents said that they knew and felt the climate change and 4.8% respondents said that they were unclear about the change.In the aspect of low-carbon concept cognition, 43.4% respondents were familiar with low-carbon concept and its content, 54.5% respondents said they knew low-carbon concept without noticing its exact meaning, and 2.1% never know low-carbon concept.From the interview in the investigative process, it was known that residents gained low-carbon knowledge mainly from television, internet, newspapers, friends, and neighbors.In the aspect of relationship between low-carbon theory and residents' daily lifestyles, 59.8% residents believed that the two sides were closely related to each other, 37.6% considered that the two sides were relevant, and 2.6% thought that the two sides were unrelated.e results show that most respondents had understood and cared about the impact of low-carbon concept on their daily life.eir cognition had consistency.
Figure 2 shows neighborhood residents' preferential selection of domestic low-carbon-related measures.e option of "waste sorting and recycling," "use of energye cient appliances," and "domestic water reuse" accounted for 65.1%, 58.2%, and 52.9%, respectively.Following, the options of "use of solar water heaters" and "central heating" accounted for 49.2% and 38.6%, respectively.Finally, the option of "laddering electricity price" and "central cooling" accounted for 20.6% and 19.6%, respectively.e results show that respondents concentrated in areas including waste classi cation and recycling, energy saving, waste water reuse, and use of clean energy to perform low-carbon related measures.
In the aspect of cognition on urban low-carbon policies, respondents believed that the government would focus on low-carbon transition of communities.Figure 3 shows that respondents overwhelmingly choose "pollution control" and "green space construction" by 67.2% and 65.6%, respectively, following by 49.2% of "public transportation" and "propaganda and education of low-carbon lifestyles" each and then 39.7% of "rewards for low-carbon behaviors."e results indicate that respondents had strong requirement of pollution control such as air pollution control and construction of green space such as parks and greenway.And most residents kept a watchful eye on their circumstance and were appealed to live close to the nature.
In sum, a considerable part of neighborhood residents had su cient cognition on low-carbon concept.Most of them believed that the low-carbon theory is closely related to their daily life.Majority of respondents were willing to perform low-carbon lifestyles.Additionally, over 40% residents expected the government to make di erences in lowcarbon transition.Neighborhood residents' cognition had no obvious di erence.

Analysis of Neighborhood Residents' Self-Reported Level of Participation.
rough statistical analysis, it was found that most respondents' overall self-reported level of participation in low-carbon behaviors was intermediate.Among the 189 questionnaires, 5%, 21%, 65%, and 9% of residents evaluated their own degree of participation in low-carbon behaviors as "high," "relatively high," "general," and "low," respectively.e factors of low-carbon behaviors with high scores among the observed variables contained four aspects, namely, natural ventilation and lighting, use of energy-saving lamps, taking public transport, and powero for unused electrical appliances.It was followed in order by plant cultivation, shopping with carry-on bags or baskets, reuse of waste paper, walking trip, and clothing recycling.What is more, there were big di erences in three areas including refusal of one-time service or consumption, waste water reuse, and waste classi cation and recycling.e average scores of the three were 3.02, 2.99, and 2.95, respectively, which were close to the median value of 3. us, it can be seen that residents had a neutral view to participate in these three low-carbon behaviors.During the interview, some residents expressed their dissatisfaction with imperfect construction of waste classi cation system, roadway travel, and clothe recycling facilities.Meanwhile, they expressed willingness to accept improved local products with quality and safety assurance and to support the promotion of home water recycling system.Advances in Civil Engineering

Principal Component Analysis.
According to the inclusion criteria of characteristic roots greater than 1 [44], the principal component analysis method was used to extract common factors and explain relationship among the observed variables.Table 2 shows the extraction and rotation results among low-carbon behavioral variables.Among them, previous four major elements totally explained 55.293% of original variables.In order to better re ect the total variance, the component with characteristic value of 0.914 was included into the four main components and used as the 5th common factors.en, the cumulative variance contribution rate of these ve common factors reached 61.384%.Because it is acceptable for exploratory factor analysis when the contribution rate of cumulative variance is over 50% [45,46], the cumulative explained variance here was within the acceptable range.e extracted common factors preserved a large amount of information from original data.And the results could be accepted.
e varimax method was selected to orthogonally rotate the variance axis such that load factors of initial common factors were split toward 0 and 1 for summing up explanatory variables among common factors.
rough naming high-load variables, ve dimensions of indicator variables were con rmed, namely, e cient resource consumption (ERC), recycling habits (RH), home energy conservation (HEC), green travel (GT), and spontaneous environmental behaviors (SEB).Table 3 shows the load matrix and the explained variance and cumulative percentages of each factor after rotation.e factors with load greater than 0.5 were listed among each common factor.Because the observed variables meet the requirements of convergent validity when the loading values of factors are greater than 0.5 [47], 15 observed variable factors in this measurement project were reliable and e ective.

Correlation Analysis.
e resultant ve common factors were set as independent variables, and the neighborhood residents' overall level of participation was set as a dependent variable.eir correlations were analyzed using the Pearson correlation analysis.e Pearson coe cient was used for two-tailed t-test.It is apparent from Table 4 that neighborhood residents' overall level of participation was signi cantly correlated with ERC, RH, and HEC at 0.01 level and with GT at 0.05 level, but not related with SEB.

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis.
To further explore the in uence extent and the direction of each factor, factors SEB and GT that had weak or no correlation with neighborhood residents' overall degree of participation were excluded.ERC, RH, and HEC were set as three independent variables which had high correlation with neighborhood residents' overall participation level.e overall degree of residents' participation was set as dependent variable.e correlation between independent variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using the stepwise regression method.Table 5 shows the regression coe cients of constants and variables with signi cant level less than 0.01.

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e results show that each regression equation possessed statistical significance at 0.001 level.And these regression coefficients in the three models have good statistical significance.
rough comparing the standardized coefficients of independent variables in models, it can be seen that factors ERC, RH, and HEC have strong influences on the overall degree of residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors.Multicollinearity diagnostic results show that the tolerance and variance inflation factor (VIF) of each variable is 1, indicating no collinearity hypothesis among independent variables in each equation.And the colinear hypothesis was refused.erefore, the multiple linear regression equation of the degree of neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors can be expressed as The overall degree of participation in low-carbon behaviors � 3.138 + 0.263 × HEC + 0.181 × ERC + 0.180 × RH.
In sum, ERC, RH, HEC, GT, and SEB were the five principal factors related to respondents' level of participation in low-carbon behaviors.Excluding SEB which was not correlated with neighborhood residents' level of participation, the rest of the components that had significant effect were HEC, ERC, RH, and GT in order.
ese four had linear relationships with respondents' overall level of participation.Specifically, HEC had a significant positive impact on neighborhood residents' overall level of participation in low-carbon behaviors.ERC presented a high positive correlation with neighborhood residents' degree of participation.Meanwhile most residents expressed their willingness to buy local products with quality and safety assurance.RH largely contributed to improve neighborhood residents' degree of participation.GT was not obviously correlated with residents' level of participation.

Discussion and Suggestions
e following points could be drawn from the above results.
(1) Neighborhood residents have high cognition on lowcarbon theory but intermediate-level participation in low-carbon behaviors through their self-reported survey, which is similar to the results which were generally identified from the previous studies [48,49].Moreover, people participated in low-carbon behaviors with certain motivation especially related to economic interest.But in the fields such as being close to the nature and looking after plants, neighborhood residents spontaneously perform low-carbon related behaviors.
(2) e results in this paper revealed people's level of participation in low-carbon behaviors at the neighborhood scale, while many previous literatures emphasized on the impact of individual low-carbon behavior change [12,18,50].It was discovered that most respondents cared about the low-carbon impact on their daily lives and concentrated their participation in low-carbon behaviors from traditional (3) In spite of considerable advances in residents' recognition and implementation of low-carbon related behaviors, there is still space for improvement.For example, most neighborhood residents would like to donate and recycle used clothing but were always hindered by the absence of standardized and effective channels or systems.Meanwhile, quite a number of respondents emphasized particularly on increasing waste separation facilities and improving supervision mechanisms and agreed to abstain and resist various disposable consumer products such as disposable chopsticks, toiletries, and plastic bags, though some expressed their difficulties to do so in their daily lives.Furthermore, due to the restrictions of haze, air pollution, or travel distance, few people adopted pedestrian way to travel.Especially, people who were far away from the subway or bus stops preferred to drive cars.However, most residents expressed their willingness to participate in low-carbon travel if their convenient travel was offered.In addition, though young male residents generally refused to carry reusable bags, some residents have gradually formed the habit of carrying shopping bags after the promulgation of limited use of plastic.In short, neighborhood residents' level of participation is improving.
To enhance the overall level of neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors and to meet the demand of low-carbon development, the following are recommended: (1) A typical model of low-carbon survival pattern should be set up for neighborhood residents to learn and refer to.e organization of low-carbon activities related to clothing, food, housing, and behaviors would effectively promote personal involvement in low-carbon behaviors.

Conclusions
Personal energy consumption takes up a crucial part of carbon dioxide emissions.Residents' cognition of and participation in low-carbon behaviors have significant roles in the low-carbon transformation in neighborhoods for coping with the climate change.Basing on a questionnaire survey, individual cognition of and participation in lowcarbon behaviors were analyzed.Several findings were achieved through an investigation in Wuhan, China.First, most respondents believed the low-carbon impact on their daily lives and participated in low-carbon behaviors from traditional aspects of domestic energy or resource conservation.Second, many interviewees tended to participate in low-carbon behaviors with the motivation of economic interest.When the behaviors are related to the aspects of energy, resource, or consumption that are directly related to personal monetary benefits, respondents showed high level of participation.Finally, they rarely participate in public low-carbon behaviors such as planting trees or other lowcarbon behaviors that are done through cooperation or interchange among residents, although there are big potential powers for residents to implement this kind of lowcarbon behaviors.erefore, neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors is still at exploratory stage.
ese findings have a large amount of implications for the implementation of low-carbon development.Recently, a number of projects have been launched for sewage treatment, waste recycling, and new energy exploration.But the cognition of low-carbon knowledge is still recognized to be the pushing hand for further encouraging neighborhood residents' participation in low-carbon behaviors.In addition, policies, standard, and rules need to be made for the guarantee of their performance.
ough this explorative study can help us to acknowledge neighborhood residents' degree of participation in lowcarbon behaviors and cognition status, there are still some limitations as follow.(1) e relevance of neighborhood residents' cognition or the sociodemographic variables with their participation in low-carbon behaviors, and the relationship between neighborhood residents' low-carbon cognition and their participation in low-carbon behaviors are worth for further study.(2) e factors affecting household energy consumption behaviors and the basic conditions for individual participation in low-carbon lifestyles are worth to be discussed further.(3) Questionnaires need to be designed more comprehensively and to cover other public low-carbon behaviors.(4) ere may appear the tendency of intermediate value choice which leads to some bias and lacking property differences because the social investigation is basing on neighborhood residents' self-reported data-related low-carbon issues.
erefore, further research is needed to adopt other methods or tools to collect data and reduce subjectivity.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Neighborhood residents' preferential selection of domestic low-carbon-related measures.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Main aspects needed to be supported by the government.

Table 1 :
Structure of the respondent populations in the survey.

Table 2 :
Principal component extraction and rotation results of each low-carbon behavior variable.

Table 3 :
Loading matrix and cumulative explained variance after rotation.

Table 4 :
Correlation between factors of low-carbon behaviors and the overall degree of participation.

Table 5 :
Coefficient analysis of regression models.