Advances in Civil Engineering
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 1314586, 18 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1314586

Research Article

Evaluation of Informatization Performance of Construction Industrialization EPC Enterprises in China

Fuyi Yao,¹ Yingbo Ji,² Hong Xian Li,³ Guiwen Liu,¹ Wenjing Tong,² Yan Liu,² and Xiaowei Wang¹

¹School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
²School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
³School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong Vic 3220, Australia

Correspondence should be addressed to Yingbo Ji; yingboji@126.com

Received 23 September 2019; Revised 7 December 2019; Accepted 26 December 2019; Published 22 January 2020

Academic Editor: Heap-Yih (John) Chong

Copyright © 2020 Fuyi Yao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An enormous amount of investment has been spent towards informatization for the construction industrialization engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) enterprises in China; however, the performance output remains uncertain. This paper aims to evaluate the informatization performance of the construction industrialization enterprises in China based on a proposed evaluation framework. The proposed framework entails a hierarchical input and output structure; the input metrics include 4 first-level and 17 second-level indicators, and the outputs include 6 first-level and 27 second-level indicators as the metrics, respectively. Survey and interview are utilized to collect data, with effective responses from thirty construction industrialization EPC enterprises. The informatization performance of these enterprises is evaluated using an improved D-FCA method, which incorporates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), data envelopment analysis (DEA), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation analysis (FCA). The research results indicate that all the surveyed enterprises meet the performance requirement, and 60% of the thirty enterprises show excellent performance, reaching A level, AA level, and AAA level. Furthermore, for those enterprises with DEA scores less than 1, which indicates inefficient use of the resources during the informatization process, strategies are proposed to improve the performance of these enterprises. This study contributes a comprehensive framework to evaluate the informatization performance of construction industrialization enterprises in China. The enterprises studied currently mainly come from some developed areas, and the overall situation for construction industrialization needs to be further studied in future research.

1. Introduction

The construction industry in China has been growing at a tremendous rate in recent years [1]. From 2006 to 2016, revenue increased from 4,156 billion yuan to approximately 19,357 billion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 36.58%; and the total annual completed floor area of buildings in China exceeds 4.2 billion m² as of 2016. A life cycle chain has formed encompassing various facets [2], including design, manufacturing, engineering construction, maintenance, operation, and deconstruction stages [3, 4]. The construction industry has become the primary economic contributor among industrial sectors worldwide [5, 6], and this situation is especially prominent in China. However, several challenges are restricting the sustainable development of the construction industry in China, such as insufficient technologies, enormous consumption of resources, massive waste, low productivity, and a shortage of skilled labor. Therefore, industrial production systems are needed in order to reform the construction industry [7]. Industrialization of the construction process is a solution that can be implemented in order to mitigate these challenges.

Construction industrialization is defined as factory-based prefabrication within a controlled environment of components to be assembled on-site [8, 9]. When compared to the conventional construction method, the benefits of industrialized construction include accelerated construction, improved quality, decreased material waste, and reduced worker injuries [10, 11]. It also contributes to sustainability by reducing energy usage and reducing greenhouse gas emissions [12, 13]. In addition, construction industrialization has gained much attention and support from the government in China, and the government has issued some favourable policies to develop construction industrialization; specifically, industrialized construction is mandatory for affordable housing and public buildings in some jurisdictions. It is expected that the total floor area built by means of industrialized construction in China will exceed 127 million m² by the end of 2018 (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China [14]).

Construction industrialization EPC enterprise refers to the enterprise which adopts the model of project general contracting and mainly involves the development, design, production, and construction of industrialized buildings [15]. The EPC model has become the most popular project delivery strategy for industrialized construction, which allows general contractors to control project design, procurement, and construction and offers the flexibility to provide socialized, specialized, and commercialized services [16]. In 2016, the government issued a document emphasizing that (1) the construction enterprise should adopt the EPC mode to optimize information management and realize the informatization and (2) the application of information technology in industrialized building should be strengthened, facilitating cooperation among the participants in various stages of the industrialized chain. Therefore, informatization construction is imperative, and the informatization performance evaluation of construction industrialization EPC enterprises has become a hot topic. However, the informatization level of enterprises in China continues to be low for several reasons. (1) While making a large investment toward enterprise informatization, the application value is ambiguous, and there is no stable income. Moreover, lower mean values indicate very little future investment with informatization for a given investment [17]. (2) There is no obvious help for the enterprise’s development in the short term, and the enterprise does not have a clear understanding of the benefits of informatization [18]. (3) A measurable tool is lacking to measure the performance of construction industrialization, which is the primary obstacle to making an investment decision.

So, this research aims to evaluate the informatization performance of the construction industrialization EPC enterprises, and the detailed research objectives include the following:

(1)Constructing the index system of informatization performance evaluation, including input and output metrics, based on information “input-output”(2)Proposing an improved D-FCA evaluation method, and constructing the informatization performance evaluation model of construction industrialization EPC enterprises(3)Proposing strategies to improve the informatization performance of the enterprises based on the performance evaluation results

2. Literature Review

2.1. Enterprise Informatization

Enterprise informatization refers to enhancing and optimizing the business process management level of enterprises by using advanced information technology and modern management methods [19]. Porter and Millar [20] put forward the theory of strategic competitive advantage, which raised a debate about whether information technology can bring competitive advantage to enterprises. Information system emerged for integration as part of the organizational strategy [21] for business management and encompassing modules supporting organizational functional areas [22], and enterprises can save cost, improve corporate profits, and competitiveness through it [23]. In recent years, various information systems are proposed to integrate with technologies [24], such as supply chain management (SCM) [25], facility management system (FMS) [26], and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The most representative case of enterprise information construction is ERP systems, which are used by many companies for providing a general work environment to integrate the core business management functions [27]. The detailed modules include financial accounting, inventory management, procurement management, sales management, cost management, and production planning [28]. Furthermore, for improving the efficiency and output productivity of enterprise information systems, scholars have carried out a lot of lateral research. Turetken et al. [29] developed a theoretical model to study the influential characteristics of enterprise information system user interfaces; Zelenkov [30] proposed a conceptual model of agility of enterprise information systems to implement future unpredictable changes of requirements; Mu and Kwong [31] studied the design of a flexible enterprise information system architecture with minimal integration cost by selecting components. Meanwhile, the construction industry is not an exception to the pervasion information revolution, such as creating intelligent construction enterprises for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage by adopting information technology [32, 33]. However, the construction industry is a highly heterogeneous sector, with a great diversity of specialties and large disparities in the size of enterprises [34], and the informalization of construction enterprise is undertaken with different levels and performance.

The informalization of construction industrialization EPC enterprises has the following unique characteristics: (i) The informalization level is uneven due to the level of proficient qualification and business scale [35]. Construction industrialization EPC enterprise can be divided into four types: real estate development-oriented, design-oriented, component production-oriented, and construction-oriented enterprises. Different types of enterprises required different qualifications with different informalization levels. And Hong et al. [36] also pointed out that the size of the construction organization has a significant impact on information technology adoption. (ii) The informalization construction is separated into business management and project management with no appropriate integration [34]. Little emphasis is placed on the informatization of construction companies because it is difficult for ERP systems to achieve complete supply chain management and budget control. However, at the level of project management, building information modeling (BIM) is widely adopted to achieve high-quality and efficient construction and management in the life cycle [37], and numerous benefits have been reported by Hasan and Rasheed [38] and Kang and Choi [39]. BIM-based collaboration platforms have also been developed [40]. (iii) Enormous data are generated during the construction process but lacking full utilization [41]. Informalization construction is urgent and necessary for construction process to collect enormous data and analysis for developing exciting business applications, such as cost-benefit analysis and digital delivery. Although the construction of informalization has been carried out by many enterprises, information construction cost is high, and whether the cost inputs can bring benefit is still unknown [42]. Thus, another significant unique characteristic is the uncertain informatization performance of construction industrialization EPC enterprises.

2.2. Evaluation of Informalization Performance

The evaluation and construction of enterprise informalization are equally important, and a reasonable evaluation is crucial for further guiding informalization [43]. Many enterprises cannot correctly understand the informalization due to the poor understanding of IT construction, which leads to gaps in how to implement and evaluate enterprise informalization performance to meet their requirements [44]. Research has been conducted regarding the evaluation of enterprise informatization from various perspectives.

2.2.1. Investigating the Index System and the Performance Evaluation of the Enterprise Informalization

In 2002, the National Informatization Evaluation Centre of China issued a tentative scheme about a basic index of enterprise informalization to guide enterprises to evaluate the degree of informatization construction. Then, many researchers did many works next to this. Chand et al. [45] provided a balanced scorecard-based framework for evaluating the performance of ERP systems including financial, customer, internal process, and innovation and learning. Chen and Lin [46] proposed a fuzzy linguistic performance index based on a flow network model to evaluate the performance of an ERP system. Zhang et al. [19] presented a comprehensive evaluation index system, and the three key first-level indicator sets include current status, production management characteristics, and system functional requirements. Shen et al. [47] measured the ERP performance, and the first-level index includes financial perspective, customer perspective, innovation and learning, and internal business process. Yang and IOP [42] established the evaluation system from hardware and software security, information organization, information technology application and the profit, and information ability level. It can be concluded that the most research on enterprise informalization evaluation focuses on the ERP system, not the whole level of the enterprise; meanwhile, a specific evaluation for informatization performance of the construction industrialization EPC enterprises is lacking. Therefore, constructing the index system of informatization performance evaluation is necessary, including input and output metrics, which can clearly understand the consistency and effectiveness between input and output in the informatization process.

2.2.2. Selection of Evaluation Methods

An efficient evaluation method for enterprise informatization is equally important with the evaluation index system for guiding the evaluation of enterprise informatization performance. Chen and Lin [48] proposed a method based on a stochastic-flow network model to evaluate the performance of an ERP system. Zhang et al. [19] used the grey relative correlation analysis method and the grey clustering assessment technology to evaluate the level of enterprise informatization. Shen et al. [47] used the quantitative-balanced scorecard approach to measure the ERP performance. Other commonly used evaluation methods include AHP, economic value added (EVA), data envelopment analysis (DEA), and probability statistics (PS) [19]. Although these methods have been used successfully in some researches, some limitations still existed for a comprehensive evaluation of enterprise informalization, such as a higher requirement for much more data and limited to the decision-making of real-world enterprise informatization [49]. Therefore, a combined evaluation method needs to be developed for evaluating the comprehensive index system of the enterprise informatization performance. Based on the above literature review, it is found that research on the informatization evaluation of construction industrialization enterprises is missing, especially in China, and the performance of construction industrialization informatization is unknown. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation method is required for the informatization evaluation of construction industrialization enterprises.

3. Research Methodology

This research entails qualitative and quantitative studies to evaluate the informatization performance of construction industrialization EPC enterprises: (1) the index system of informatization performance evaluation is established through qualitative studies. Based on the characteristics of the construction industrialization EPC enterprise, a series of methods are used to select the indexes, including reviewing related literature, performing frequency statistics, field surveys, and expert consultation. The index framework is then sorted and integrated by referring to the performance prism method and the national enterprise informatization evaluation index system. (2) A mixed quantitative method is applied to evaluate the informatization performance of construction industrialization EPC enterprises. The DEA method is a popular approach for ranking the decision-making units (DMUs) according to their performance based on its excellent data processing ability [50]. However, two shortcomings exist for DEA: one is preference relations cannot be addressed for decision-making problems and another is DEA just can classify the units into efficient and inefficient two groups, but it cannot further rank the efficient DMUs. However, the AHP method usually is used to derive preference relation [51], and FCA can tackle fuzziness or the problem of vague decision-making more efficiently [52]. Therefore, the AHP and FCA methods are introduced to compensate the shortcomings. An improved D-FCA aggregation method is applied to evaluate the informatization performance. The specific steps as follows: (i) the AHP method is used as the first step to determine the weight of the evaluation indicators; (ii) the DEA method is used as the second step to calculate the relative efficiency index of each enterprise; and (iii) the FCA method is used as the third step to calculate the evaluation results. The application process is presented in detail in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Research framework.

4. Input and Output Metrics of Enterprise Informatization

Based on the characteristics of the construction industrialization EPC enterprise, a series of methods are used to select the indexes such as reviewing related literature, performing frequency statistics, field surveys, and expert consultation. The index framework is sorted and integrated by referring to the performance prism method [53] and the national enterprise informatization evaluation index system. The index design mechanism is then established, which requires two dimensions with input and output metrics. Finally, following the principles of reasonable index level, quantitative and qualitative integration, objective, and mutual independence [54], a multilayer informatization performance evaluation index system is constructed for construction industrialization EPC enterprises.

The index system is divided into two indicator sets. The first is the input metrics, including 4 first-level and 17 second-level indicators, which refer to the investment collection of various resources in the process of enterprise informatization construction, including the internal planning and construction and the promotion of external environment of the enterprise. The second is the output, including 6 first-level and 27 second-level indicators as the metrics, which mainly refers to the growth of enterprise performance capability after the informatization construction. The index system is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Performance evaluation index system of construction industrialization enterprise.

Category
First-level indicator
Second-level indicator

Input metrics
Strategic planning X₁
Informatization planning rationality X₁₁

Informatization management planning investment X₁₂

Organization orientation of informatization department X₁₃

Position and rights of informatization department X₁₄

Infrastructure establishment X₂
Informatization management system integrity X₂₁

Network construction and degree of interconnection X₂₂

Informatization hardware investment X₂₃

Informatization software investment X₂₄

Team formation X₃
Informatization team construction X₃₁

Level of leader’s information culture X₃₂

Level of employee’s information culture X₃₃

Informatization talent training system X₃₄

Staff information training expenditure X₃₅

External environmental X₄
Government-related policies and regulations support X₄₁

Stakeholder information construction X₄₂

Construction bidding environment construction X₄₃

Prefabricated plant site selection X₄₄

Output metrics
Financial indicator Y₁
Profit rate of main business of the enterprise Y₁₁

The increasing of enterprise fund turnover rate Y₁₂

Quantifiable economic benefits Y₁₃

Business process performance Y₂
Human resources management application level Y₂₁

Automation office level Y₂₂

Information system application level Y₂₃

Business process softness Y₂₄

Project informatization application level Y₂₅

Project informatization management level Y₂₆

Industrialization construction settlement improvement Y₂₇

Management performance Y₃
Internal resource integration Y₃₁

Standardized degree of informatization management Y₃₂

Scientific of management decision support Y₃₃

Sensitivity to engineering emergencies Y₃₄

Sensitivity to major changes in engineering Y₃₅

Market performance Y₄
EPC enterprise market share or status Y₄₁

Market acceptance of industrialized building products Y₄₂

Sensitivity of the enterprise to market change Y₄₃

Impacts on other stakeholders Y₅
Increased government satisfaction Y₅₁

Increased supplier satisfaction Y₅₂

Increased customer satisfaction Y₅₃

Increased the third-party agency satisfaction Y₅₄

Stakeholder coordination and response capabilities Y₅₅

Learning and growth Y₆
Types of informatization talents Y₆₁

Employee knowledge innovation ability Y₆₂

Corporate employees’ acceptance of information Y₆₃

Project information standard Y₆₄

4.1. Input Metrics of Informatization

4.1.1. Strategic Planning

It is necessary for the construction industrialization EPC enterprise to provide a comprehensive and feasible strategic plan for informatization construction. A plan of detailed investment and management objectives should match the present level of informatization. For this reason, four first-level indicators are set, including the informatization planning rationality and informatization management planning investment.

The scoring method is applied to score the value of the second-level indicators. Taking the strategic planning as an example, if a detailed investment and management objective for the enterprise’s informatization is put forward, the recorded value is 100 points; if an overall plan is conducted along with a rationality analysis, the recorded value is 75 points; if only an overall plan is conducted, the recorded value is 50 points; and if no strategic plan has been conducted, the recorded value is 0 points. The other second-level indicators follow a similar method.

4.1.2. Infrastructure Establishment

The development of information infrastructure is vital to the enterprise’s information construction; it is the basis of information activities, including constructing an information management system, setting up a network, and investing in hardware and software. The information management system primarily includes an investment control system and operation and maintenance system of which the perfection degree has a direct impact on the information activities. The setting up of a network aims to expand the information flow, which forms the basis to carry out internal and external work. The importance of the investment in hardware and software facilities is evident such that they are carriers and tools for all information activities.

4.1.3. Team Formation

Increasing attention has been paid to talent development in enterprise informatization construction. The key aspects include the proportion of information technology personnel among the total number of staffs, the level of informatization understanding and support from leaders, the quality of information culture and information level of the staff (which mainly refers to the proficiency degree in the operation of information equipment), the establishment of a sound personnel training system and supervision quality assessment system, and the expenditure of enterprise staff information training.

4.1.4. External Environment

In China, the development of construction industrialization is advancing rapidly, which indicates a series of unique characteristics: (i) The government has issued a significant number of policies to promote industrialized building, EPC mode, and application of information technology. (ii) There are several stakeholders for the enterprise, such as the government, the material supplier, and the factories. The information construction of each stakeholder directly affects the information flow transmission and its speed. (iii) Due to the popularization and application of information technology, the working environment of projects has changed. (iv) Construction industrialization has different production processes as components are prefabricated in factory. Moreover, due to significant regional differences in China, site selection has significant impacts on the benefits of projects and enterprises.

4.2. Output Metrics of Informatization

4.2.1. Financial Indicator

The financial indicator is the most direct economic efficiency indicator, but it is difficult to clarify. From the perspective of information technology application, it is mainly manifested in three aspects, namely, the profit rate of construction industrialization, the speed of enterprise capital circulation, and quantifiable economic benefits. Furthermore, the financial indicator is the one that greatly concerns management in the process of enterprise informalization construction.

4.2.2. Business Process Performance

Business process performance contains the richest contents. The information technology applications focus on two aspects: enterprise operation and project industrialization. Enterprise operation involves the level of fully digital paperless work, the level of office automation represented by the per capita occupancy of computers, the efficiency of using an ERP system in enterprise business, the routine information maintenance process, the reasonable business softness, and effective business management. Project industrialization includes the extent to which the information technology software functions can be realized in the overall life cycle, the level of information management of the project’s life cycle, and the performance of final settlement speed and engineering dispute reduction.

4.2.3. Management Performance

Management performance mainly illustrates the level of enterprise management based on information data collection and processing. In order to determine this, the second-level indicator of internal resource integration is set to measure the ability to achieve information resource sharing and communicating effectively for each major task. The level of information management standardization is then investigated from the perspective of management system formulation and implementation. Also, the information technology application can provide basic data support for decision-making and engineering changing and improve the accuracy and scientific nature of the result.

4.2.4. Market Performance

The market is the source that determines the survival of an enterprise, especially for a construction industrialization EPC enterprise, which is determined by its production and cooperation attributes. Thus, for the informatization market performance, the main evaluation attributes include the enterprise’s market share, the market recognition of industrialized building products or prefabricated components, and the sensitivity to market changes.

4.2.5. Impacts on Other Stakeholders

The first-level indicator of impacts on other stakeholders primarily refers to the level of informatization construction for the stakeholders of the construction industrialization EPC enterprise such as the government and the material suppliers. In addition, it is important to improve the coordination and responsiveness among stakeholders, and the stakeholders need to pay more attention to the application of information sharing and collaborative platform.

4.2.6. Learning and Growth

Learning and growth are assessed from the perspective of informational knowledge output. This primarily includes the information-based talent training and its diversification, the knowledge innovation output, the employee recognition of informatization construction, and the information standard for construction industrialization projects.

5. Comprehensive Evaluation Model

Constructing a comprehensive informatization performance evaluation model is a vital step to measure the informatization level for construction industrialization EPC enterprises. An improved D-FCA method is developed to calculate the evaluation results of the informatization performance.

5.1. AHP Index Weight Calculation

AHP is a subjective empowerment method based on multiple expert scores for the evaluation of objects with several evaluation indicators and complicated structural relationships, which can resolve complex problems by organizing decision-makers’ judgments into a hierarchy of forces that influence decision results [55, 56]. This method mainly adopts the form of scales, makes full use of human experience and judgments, compares the relative importance of relevant factors at the same level, and synthesizes the measures to measure the decision goals [57, 58]. The present research uses expert scoring methods to collect data and uses the AHP method to calculate the informatization performance evaluation index weights as follows.

A judgment matrix was constructed according to the relative importance scale of AHP. The 1–9 scale method was used to assign values. The specific scoring rules are presented in detail in Table 2; specifically, A = (aij)n  n, where aij > 0, aij = 1/aji, and aii = 1. Then, a one-time inspection was carried out at both the single level and overall. In order to judge whether the consistency of the matrix can be accepted, the maximum eigenvalue, λmax, of the judgment matrix, A, is calculated as expressed in equation (1), and the consistency index, CI, and consistency ratio, CR, are also calculated as expressed in equations (2)–(4).

Table 2: Temperature and wildlife count in the three areas covered by the study.

Scale
Meaning

1
The factors i and j are equally important for the upper level

3
The factor i is slightly more important than factor j

5
The factor i is clearly more important than factor j

7
The factor i is significantly more important than factor j

9
The factor i is extremely more important than factor j

2, 4, 6, 8
The median of the two adjacent judgments mentioned above

Reciprocal
The importance of the j and i factors to the next level

The judgment matrix:

If CR < 0.10, then the consistency of general ranking is considered to be acceptable, otherwise the judgment matrix must be modified. The average consistency indicator, RI, is presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Average random consistency index.

n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

RI
0
0
0.52
0.89
1.12
1.26
1.36
1.41
1.46
1.49
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

If the single-level consistency check is passed, the overall consistency model of the entire hierarchy model must then be checked. When CRp < 0.10, the consistency of general ranking is acceptable:

Thus, when the overall consistency of general ranking is considered to be acceptable, combined weight vectors of the first-level indicators can be obtained by means of weight vector of the target analytic hierarchy process as expressed in the following equation:

5.2. DEA Relative Efficiency Calculation

DEA method is a mathematical programming method suitable for determining the relative efficiency of a set of comparable decision-making units [59]. Based on various input and output metrics, the method usually is applied to assess the related benefit or effectiveness of a system [60]. The informatization performance evaluation index is designed to encompass two dimensions with the characteristics of input and output metrics. In this paper, the DEA method is used to normalize the index data, and each relative efficiency index is calculated as the basic data of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

In order to ensure the objectivity and scientific nature of the informatization performance evaluation of the construction industrialization EPC enterprise, the basic enterprise data were obtained using the enterprise survey method. In general, the information department of the enterprise is required to respond to a questionnaire. The most representative C²R model of DEA is then applied to process the data.

5.2.1. Selecting the Data Processing Model

The process for selecting the dual model of C²R linear programming model is expressed in the following equation:

If θ₀ = 1, and s⁻, s⁺, θ₀, λ0j, j = 1, 2, …, n satisfy s⁰⁺ = 0, s⁰⁻ = 0, then DMUj0 can be judged to valid. Thus, the relative efficiency index calculated by the model is qualified.

5.2.2. Building Fuzzy Membership Functions

The relative efficiency index calculated by the C²R model cannot be directly used for FCA evaluation. Thus, it was necessary to construct a fuzzy membership function to calculate the fuzzy relative efficiency index. According to the index value standard and preliminary results of DEA data processing, the following fuzzy membership function was constructed, as expressed in equation (7). Informatization performance was divided into six levels: AAA, AA, A, good, qualified, and unqualified:

Using this fuzzy membership function, the relative efficiency index of each DMU calculated by the C²R model was fuzzified, and the membership degree vector matrix, R, of each index was obtained, which was used as data preparation for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

5.3. FCA Evaluation Result Calculation

FCA method is used to quantitative evaluation based on the membership theory of fuzzy mathematics and uses fuzzy mathematics to make an overall multilayer object evaluation [61, 62]. In this study, based on the objective data of the second step, the FCA method is deployed in the proposed research to make the informatization performance evaluation results more objective and conform more fully to the actual situation.

Based on the weight calculation and calculation of relative efficiency, the research used the FCA method to conduct a comprehensive informatization performance evaluation and conducted a comparison of the results of each evaluation unit.

The fuzziness of fuzzy membership function can be processed through the relative efficiency index, and the single-indicator fuzzy relation matrix can be constructed, as expressed in the following equation:

According to the fuzzy relation matrix and its index weights, the fuzzy evaluation results of EPC enterprises’ informatization performance was calculated, as expressed in the following equation:

By calculating the evaluation results of informatization performance and combining with the DEA evaluation results, comprehensive analysis was conducted.

6. Case Study

6.1. Data Collection

In order to understand the actual situation of information construction of construction industrialization enterprises, a rigid selection was carried out based on three principles: (1) the enterprise should be the first or super grade general contractor of housing construction; (2) the enterprise has its own prefabricated component factory; and (3) the enterprise mainly adopts the EPC mode in the projects under construction. For instance, Longxin Group and Shenyang Wanrong modern construction industry, Co., Ltd. Based on the characteristics and scope of business operations, this research identified 30 construction industrialization EPC enterprises with effective responses. The regional distribution of the enterprises is presented in Figure 2. During field research, an interview was conducted with the head of the informatization department, and the “construction industrialization EPC Enterprise Informatization Performance Evaluation Questionnaire” was completed. Therefore, the data obtained through the questionnaire are a direct representation of the actual input and output performance of enterprise informatization construction. Analysis of these data can objectively determine the level of enterprise informatization performance evaluation and define the issues confronted by the enterprise.

Figure 2: Regional distribution mapping of the surveyed enterprises.

In addition, the development of China’s construction industrialization is still in its infancy; thus, its promotion focuses on key pilot cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. Therefore, the created questionnaire primarily came from the construction industrialization EPC enterprises in the above areas, and the results of the questionnaire distributed focus on these cities.

The data used in this research originated from two sources: (1) the original data provided by the surveyed enterprises and (2) the collected data through a survey.

6.2. Data Analysis

6.2.1. Calculating the Weight Value

According to the requirements for the number of expert scores using the AHP method, at least 3 experts with odd numbers are required to ensure reliable results. In this study, five experts, all of whom offer extensive influence and significant experience in the field of construction industrialization, were invited to apply the “1–9 scale method” to the performance evaluation index system. In order to integrate the opinions of different experts, the aggregation method is applied by averaging the response from each expert. Based on the aggregation, the overall weight is obtained for each criterion, and the general ranking weight is also calculated. The yaahp V11.1 software was deployed for data entry and processing.

The process was presented as “constructing judgment matrix ⟶ normalizing processing ⟶ calculating maximum eigenvalue ⟶ hierarchical ordering and consistency checking ⟶ hierarchical total ordering and consistency checking ⟶ combining weight.” The calculation results are provided in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4: Weight index of the evaluation index for construction industrialization enterprise.

Category
First-level
Weight
Second-level
Weight

Input metrics
Strategic planning X₁
0.0690
Informatization planning rationality X₁₁
0.0074

Informatization management planning investment X₁₂
0.0190

Organization orientation of informatization department X₁₃
0.0032

Position and rights of informatization department X₁₄
0.0049

Infrastructure establishment X₂
0.5565
Informatization management system integrity X₂₁
0.0231

Network construction and degree of interconnection X₂₂
0.0151

Informatization hardware investment X₂₃
0.1200

Informatization software investment X₂₄
0.1200

Team formation X₃
0.2356
Informatization team construction X₃₁
0.0052

Level of leader’s information culture X₃₂
0.0063

Level of employee’s information culture X₃₃
0.0122

Enterprise informatization talent training system X₃₄
0.0297

Staff information training expenditure X₃₅
0.0644

External environmental X₄
0.1389
Government-related policies and regulations support X₄₁
0.0146

Stakeholder information construction X₄₂
0.0367

Construction bidding environment construction X₄₃
0.0146

Prefabricated plant site selection X₄₄
0.0036

Output metrics
Financial indicator Y₁
0.3687
Profit rate of main business of the enterprise Y₁₁
0.0767

The increase of enterprise fund turnover rate Y₁₂
0.0232

Quantifiable economic benefits Y₁₃
0.0844

Business process performance Y₂
0.1492
Human resources management application level Y₂₁
0.0025

Automation office level Y₂₂
0.0051

Information system application level Y₂₃
0.0036

Business process softness Y₂₄
0.0063

Project informatization application level Y₂₅
0.0192

Project informatization management level Y₂₆
0.0254

Industrialization construction settlement improvement Y₂₇
0.0125

Management performance Y₃
0.1237
Internal resource integration Y₃₁
0.0105

Standardized degree of informatization management Y₃₂
0.0023

Scientific of management decision support Y₃₃
0.0344

Sensitivity to engineering emergencies Y₃₄
0.0072

Sensitivity to major changes in engineering Y₃₅
0.0074

Market performance Y₄
0.2575
EPC enterprise market share or status Y₄₁
0.0921

Market acceptance of industrialized building products Y₄₂
0.0241

Sensitivity of the enterprise to market change Y₄₃
0.0126

Impacts on other stakeholders Y₅
0.0591
Increased government satisfaction Y₅₁
0.0023

Increased supplier satisfaction Y₅₂
0.0039

Increased customer satisfaction Y₅₃
0.0137

Increased the third-party agencies satisfaction Y₅₄
0.0012

Stakeholder coordination and response capabilities Y₅₅
0.0084

Learning and growth Y₆
0.0418
Types of informatization talents Y₆₁
0.0123

Employee knowledge innovation ability Y₆₂
0.0012

Corporate employees’ acceptance of information Y₆₃
0.0043

Project information standard Y64
0.0031

Table 5: Consistency test of first-level elements with decision objectives (CR < 0.10).

X₁
X₂
X₃
X₄
Y₁
Y₂
Y₃
Y₄
Y₅
Y₆

0.0212
0.0137
0.0731
0.0275
0.0088
0.0701
0.0770
0.0019
0.0667
0.0666

The results indicated that the consistency of the first-level indicators was checked. The second-level indicators assumed that the 3 plans contributed equally; thus CR = 0.0000 < 0.10 passed the test. Finally, a general ranking and global consistency checking calculation were carried out as follows:

From the above results, it can be observed that two levels of indicators for the overall goal pass the global consistency checking. So, the combined weights indicated high validity and reliability. The ranking weight and combination weight of the first-level indicators are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Ranking weight and combination weight of first-level indicators.

Second index
X₁
X₂
X₃
X₄
Y₁
Y₂
Y₃
Y₄
Y₅
Y₆

Weigh
0.0690
0.5565
0.2356
0.1389
0.3687
0.1492
0.1237
0.2575
0.0591
0.0418

Middle layer
X(W = 0.5000)
Y(W = 0.5000)

Weight
0.0345
0.2782
0.1178
0.0695
0.1844
0.0746
0.0618
0.1288
0.0295
0.0209

Sort
8
1
4
6
2
5
7
3
9
10

The weight of the target combined weights is calculated with the following equation:

6.2.2. Constructing Fuzzy Relation Matrix

DEA-Solver Pro 5.0 software was selected as a tool for data processing. Selecting the data processing model of Model Name = DEA-Solver Pro 5.0/CCR(CCR-I), the original data were processed and calculated. The sample data of the first-level indicators X = [X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄] were utilized as the input metrics (I), and the first-level indicators Y = [Y₁, Y₂, Y₃, Y₄, Y₅, Y₆] were utilized as the output metrics (O). The index value was substituted into the program, and the relative efficiency of DEA and relative efficiency of the first-level indicators of each evaluation unit were calculated. The results are presented in Appendix Table A1.

The relative efficiency value of the first-level indicators of each evaluation unit was fuzzed, thereby introducing the membership degree function to manage the data and obtain the fuzzy membership degree of the relative efficiency of DEA. The vectors were arranged according to the columns, forming the fuzzy relational matrix, R, and utilizing DMU3 as an example, and the calculation is as follows:

6.2.3. Calculation of Comprehensive Evaluation Results

The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation matrix, B = W × R, was calculated by using the combined weight vector, W, and DEA relative efficiency fuzzy value matrix. The evaluation results of the enterprises were calculated. According to the rank of AAA, AA, A, good, qualified, and unqualified, the evaluation grade was given by adopting the maximum membership degree principle (shown in Table 7), which is summarized in Table 8.

Table 7: Result evaluation rank interpretation of enterprise informatization performance.

Rank
Contents
Situations

AAA
Harmonization of input and output in performance
Begin development

AA
Basic harmonization of input and output in performance
Begin development

A
Basic harmonization of input and output in performance
Normal development

Good
The input and output can meet the normal operation
Normal development

Qualified
The output and input are inconsistent
Minor adjustment

Unqualified
The output and input are inconsistent
Major adjustment

Table 8: Comprehensive evaluation results of construction industrialization enterprises.

Evaluation unit
Comprehensive evaluation results
Evaluation grade

DMU1
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU2
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU3
(0.0913, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.4189, 0.1453, 0.3445)
Good

DMU4
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU5
(0.5302, 0.1195, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0508, 0.2995)
AAA

DMU6
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU7
(0.6863, 0.0599, 0.1150, 0.1057, 0.0331, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU8
(0.4035, 0.1044, 0.0000, 0.3152, 0.1769, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU9
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU10
(0.2115, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0249, 0.4328, 0.3308)
Qualified

DMU11
(0.1497, 0.0000, 0.0323, 0.3950, 0.2139, 0.2092)
Good

DMU12
(0.2053, 0.2629, 0.2992, 0.0755, 0.0608, 0.0963)
A

DMU13
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU14
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU15
(0.3793, 0.0166, 0.0000, 0.1245, 0.4177, 0.0618)
Qualified

DMU16
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU17
(0.0913, 0.3051, 0.0827, 0.2178, 0.3031, 0.0000)
AA

DMU18
(0.2246, 0.0102, 0.1056, 0.1002, 0.5343, 0.0251)
Qualified

DMU19
(0.2472, 0.0600, 0.0821, 0.4367, 0.1581, 0.0159)
Good

DMU20
(0.1122, 0.1128, 0.0160, 0.0150, 0.6251, 0.1188)
Qualified

DMU21
(0.0250, 0.1247, 0.0000, 0.3562, 0.3080, 0.1861)
Good

DMU22
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU23
(0.3750, 0.0236, 0.0059, 0.4626, 0.1329, 0.0000)
Good

DMU24
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU25
(0.3503, 0.0000, 0.0752, 0.4607, 0.0929, 0.0209)
Good

DMU26
(0.2799, 0.1635, 0.3475, 0.1486, 0.0310, 0.0295)
A

DMU27
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU28
(0.2462, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.5511, 0.0433, 0.1594)
Good

DMU29
(1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000)
AAA

DMU30
(0.2201, 0.0000, 0.0676, 0.0070, 0.4400, 0.2653)
Qualified

7. Results and Discussion

7.1. Analysis of Comprehensive Evaluation Results

From Table 8, the following observations can be made: (1) a total of 15 enterprises received AAA rating; (2) one enterprise received the grade of AA; (3) two enterprises achieved grade A; (4) seven enterprises received a Good rating; (5) a total of 15 enterprises obtained a Qualified rating; and (6) none of the enterprise’s received an evaluation result of Failed.

From the results, it can be observed that among all the 30 enterprises are qualified, and the proportion of information construction at the A level or above accounted for 60%, of which 83.3% accounted for the industry-leading enterprise information level. This is because construction industrialization is in the initial stage [63], and informatization construction in the early stage has played a positive role in promoting such enterprises [64]. About 40% of enterprises indicated good performance, which reveals that enterprises need to strengthen their informatization construction, which indirectly reflects the status quo of the primary level of enterprise informatization.

From the analysis of performance value, the highest scores are observed in infrastructure establishment (81.51) and strategic planning (79.88), and their standard deviation (SD) values are small, which indicates that the enterprise informatization is the best in these areas. It also reveals that the informatization construction of China’s enterprises is in a period of rapid growth. The score for learning and growth (59.84), external environment (62.63), and team formation (63.43) are the lowest, and the SD value is greater, which indicates that the effect of the informatization performance on these three aspects is bad, and the output effect is uneven.

7.2. Analysis of DEA Evaluation Results

By collating the data collected by the enterprise questionnaire and applying DEA software, the following calculated results were obtained. The results are presented in Tables 9–11.

Table 9: Basic situation of data processing.

No.
Category
Scores

1
No. of DMUs in data
30

2
No. of DMUs with inappropriate data
0

3
No. of evaluated DMUs
30

4
Average of scores
0.94645

5
No. of efficient DMUs
12

6
No. of inefficient DMUs
18

7
No. of over iteration DMUs
0

Table 10: Statistics on input/output data.

Category
Strategic planning
Infrastructure establishment
Team formation
External environmental
Financial indicator
Business process performance
Management performance
Market performance
Impacts on other stakeholders
Learning and growth

Max
100
97.25377
89.05772
82.10072
86.61334
96.64745
94.68447
97.49922
96.81356
94.42584

Min
30.02899
20.06111
0
26.80576
34.77495
25.92493
10
28.54814
12
10.23923

Average
79.88
81.51062
63.43379
62.63367
66.17907
69.02125
67.04585
76.28776
74.72418
59.84386

SD
16.90536
15.88588
22.39797
15.19242
12.91599
16.18504
20.03315
16.22821
20.58967
22.83599

Table 11: Correlation of first-level indicators.

Indicators
Strategic planning
Infrastructure establishment
Team formation
External environmental
Financial indicator
Business process performance
Management performance
Market performance
Impacts on other stakeholders
Learning and growth

Strategic planning
1
0.224608
0.140699
0.309229
0.304746
0.542449
0.391199
0.308043
0.190219
0.272592

Infrastructure establishment
0.224608
1
−0.03134
0.281151
0.145632
0.309504
0.298895
0.339426
0.290264
0.25502

Team formation
0.140699
−0.03134
1
0.00579
0.197793
−0.03702
0.490041
0.444233
0.204432
0.323437

External environmental
0.309229
0.281151
0.00579
1
0.259501
0.172765
0.338784
0.074785
−0.04682
0.531755

Financial indicator
0.304746
0.145632
0.197793
0.259501
1
0.253349
0.401722
0.299539
0.148131
0.370651

Business process performance
0.542449
0.309504
−0.03702
0.172765
0.253349
1
0.299559
0.478108
0.259195
0.244259

Management performance
0.391199
0.298895
0.490041
0.338784
0.401722
0.299559
1
0.414026
0.216255
0.370497

Market performance
0.308043
0.339426
0.444233
0.074785
0.299539
0.478108
0.414026
1
0.563293
0.517415

Impacts on other stakeholders
0.190219
0.290264
0.204432
−0.04682
0.148131
0.259195
0.216255
0.563293
1
0.186052

Learning and growth
0.272592
0.25502
0.323437
0.531755
0.370651
0.244259
0.370497
0.517415
0.186052
1

From the summary of the software processing results, it can be observed that there are 12 sample enterprises where DEA is valid: DMU1, DMU2, DMU4, DMU6, DMU9, DMU13, DMU14, DMU16, DMU22, DMU24, DMU27, and DMU29. The DEA relative efficiency of DMU5, DMU7, and DMU8 is near to 1, which is nearly valid, and it is consistent with the AAA-rating enterprise of D-FCA comprehensive evaluation. The ratings of other companies are also consistent with their DEA relative efficiency.

7.2.1. Correlation Analysis

From Table 11, it can be observed that strategic planning played a significant role in informatization construction such that there is a direct guideline for enterprise development, which can be obtained from the correlation of business process performance (0.5424), management performance (0.3911), and external environment (0.3092). Infrastructure establishment has a strong correlation with market performance (0.3394), business process performance (0.3095), and management performance (0.2989), indicating that the enterprise’s informatization infrastructure is the basis for business, and it is also the basis for market expansion. It is worth mentioning that infrastructure establishment and team formation (−0.0313) are negatively related, indicating that team formation investment with software and hardware investment is in conflict. Team formation has a strong correlation with market performance (0.4442), management performance (0.4900), and learning and growth (0.3234) because the information quality of senior management and employees is enhanced, and the enterprise management plays a catalytic role, which will certainly improve the enterprise’s learning and innovation capabilities. External environmental is strongly related to learning and growth (0.5317) and management performance (0.3388). It can be explained that government policy support and informatization construction of other stakeholders have played a key role in the growth processing. Financial indicators are closely related to management performance (0.4017), learning and growth (0.3707), and market performance (0.2995) because the rapid operation of enterprises’ funds and high-yield businesses has contributed to the market growth and expansion. Business process performance is strongly related to market performance (0.4781) and management performance (0.3000). Considering the day-to-day business operations, it can be ascertained that internal management and external market are directly related. Management performance is strongly related to market performance (0.4140) because the enterprise achievement of increasing market share cannot be separated from the effective management. Market performance is strongly related to impacts on other stakeholders (0.5633) and learning and growth (0.5174) because the partners’ market support is critical for market development. And since the market is the source of external resources, it is also the base for learning and growth.

7.2.2. Mapping Analysis of Single Enterprise

The DEA’s ineffective construction industrialization EPC enterprises include DMU3, DMU5, DMU7, DMU8, DMU10, DMU11, DMU12, DMU15, DMU17, DMU18, DMU19, DMU20, DMU21, DMU23, DMU25, DMU26 DMU28, and DMU30. By adjusting corresponding index items to achieve the consistency of input and output, the maximization of enterprise informatization performance can be achieved.

The evaluation score of DMU3 is neither the highest nor the lowest; thus it is the most representative. While the score of DMU10 is the lowest, its effect of adjustment measures is clear. Thus, taking the evaluation units DMU3 and DMU10 as examples to analyse, the specific adjustment measures are presented in Tables 12 and 13.

Table 12: Specific improvement measures for DMU3.

DMU I/O
Score data
Projection
Difference
%

DMU 3
0.91557
—
—
—

Strategic planning
87.37681
79.99937
−7.37745
−8.44

Infrastructure establishment
71.90151
65.83068
−6.07083
−8.44

Team formation
74.70289
68.39553
−6.30735
−8.44

External environmental
51.48201
47.13526
−4.34676
−8.44

Financial indicator
50.36659
63.48938
13.12279
26.05

Business process performance
54.65147
77.54062
22.88914
41.88

Management performance
71.31068
71.31068
0
0.00

Market performance
35.31056
85.94299
50.63243
143.39

Impacts on other stakeholders
83.55254
83.55254
0
0.00

Learning and growth
36.17225
52.75407
16.58182
45.84

Table 13: Specific improvement measures for DMU10.

DMU I/O
Score data
Projection
Difference
%

DMU10
0.78683
—
—
—

Strategic planning
56.43478
44.40478
−12.03
−21.32

Infrastructure establishment
94.50755
68.14699
−26.3606
−27.89

Team formation
61.57046
48.4457
−13.1248
−21.32

External environmental
56.80576
44.69667
−12.1091
−21.32

Financial indicator
49.11876
56.1949
7.076139
14.41

Business process performance
57.18499
67.1388
9.953809
17.41

Management performance
49.30421
49.30421
0
0.00

Market performance
67.88354
67.88354
0
0.00

Impacts on other stakeholders
56.61017
79.24868
22.63851
39.99

Learning and growth
50.04785
50.04785
0
0.00

As presented in Table 12, the relative efficiency index of DMU3 is near to 1, and its score is 0.91557. So, DMU3 has not yet achieved the best performance of informatization construction, and improvements can be made. As per analysis from the angle of a single indicator score, its early investment is relatively large, but the late output is insufficient. Thus, some recommendations can be made to achieve the consistency of input and output of enterprise informatization for DMU3: (1) by reducing investment in strategic planning, infrastructure establishment, team formation, and external environmental aspects, the input proportion can be reduced by about 8.4%; (2) for output metrics, it should increase investment in the areas of financial indicator, business process performance, market performance, and learning and growth, and the increased proportions were 26.05%, 41.88%, 143.39%, and 45.84%, respectively; and (3) its other indicators can remain unchanged.

From Table 13, it can be observed that the relative efficiency index of DMU10 is less than 1, and its score is 0.78683. Overall, its informatization construction is characterized by early investment redundancy. From the input indicators analysis, the enterprise needs to reduce investments by 21.32%, while the indicator of infrastructure establishment should be reduced by 27.89%. In terms of output indicators, the enterprise performs well in the areas of management performance, market performance, and learning and growth, while it should be intensified in the areas of financial indicator, business process performance, and impacts on other stakeholders, by an increasing proportion of 14.41%, 17.41%, and 39.99%, respectively.

8. Conclusions

The informatization of construction industrialization enterprises in China is receiving increasing attention, and an enormous amount of investment has been spent towards informatization management of construction industrialization in China. However, the performance and outputs of industrialization enterprise informatization remain uncertain. This paper constructed an informatization evaluation framework for China’s construction industrialization EPC enterprises based on informalization “input-output”. Qualitative and quantitative studies are applied to evaluate the informatization performance: (1) the index system of informatization performance evaluation is established through qualitative studies and (2) a mixed quantitative method is applied to evaluate the informatization performance of construction industrialization EPC enterprises. Finally, case studies are conducted for the model application and validation of 30 enterprises in China.

The index framework is sorted and integrated by referring to the performance prism method and the national enterprise informatization evaluation index system. The index system entails a hierarchical input and output structure, i.e., the input metrics include 4 first-level and 17 second-level indicators, and the output metrics include 6 first-level and 27 second-level indicators, respectively. A survey is conducted to collect data within 30 enterprises in China. Based on the collected data, a combined method (improved D-FCA) is proposed to evaluate the overall informalization performance of construction industrialization EPC enterprises in China, which incorporates that (1) the AHP method is used to determine the weight of the evaluation indicators, (2) the DEA method is used to calculate the relative efficiency index of each enterprise, and (3) the FCA method is used to calculate the comprehensive evaluation results.

The evaluation results showed that the informatization of construction industrialization EPC enterprises is currently in the process of rapid development. All the surveyed enterprises met the performance requirement, and 60% of the thirty enterprises showed excellent performance, reaching A level, AA level, and AAA level. Correlation analysis of the single indicator is also conducted, based on which it was found that strategic planning, which played a significant role in guiding construction of enterprise informatization, has a strong correlation with business process performance, management performance, and external environment. In addition, by comparing average scores and SD values, it can be concluded that external environment, market performance, impacts on other stakeholders, and learning and growth have a smaller score and SD values, and specific attention should be given for them to improve their performance. Furthermore, for the enterprises with DEA scores less than 1, several specific adjustment measures are recommended to reach the performance maximization. This study contributes a comprehensive framework to the informatization evaluation of construction industrialization EPC enterprises in China, which can help enterprisers understand the current situation and shortcomings of their informatization construction and provide specific strategies to improve the performance.

The enterprises studied in this paper mainly come from some developed areas in China; due to the current status of giving priority to the development of construction industrialization in Beijing, Shanghai and other developed areas, the overall situation for construction industrialization needs to be further studied in future research with the rapid development of construction industrialization and informalization. In addition, more advanced methods can be selected in data processing.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0701810 in 2016YFC0701800), the Yujie Talent Project of NCUT (grant number 107051360019XN134/006), the Innovative Engineering Project of NCUT (grant number 110051360019XN120), and the Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (71401002).

Supplementary Materials

Table A1: DEA relative efficiency value of first-level index of each DMU. (Supplementary Materials)

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