Distance Based Entropy Measure of Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Its Application in Multicriteria Decision Making

Fuzzy entropy means the measurement of fuzziness in a fuzzy set and therefore plays a vital role in solving the fuzzy multicriteria decision making (MCDM) and multicriteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems. In this study, the notion of the measure of distance based entropy for uncertain information in the context of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS) is introduced. The arithmetic and geometric average operators are firstly used to aggregate the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information provided by the decisionmakers (DMs) or experts corresponding to each alternative, and then the fuzzy entropy of each alternative is calculated based on proposed distancemeasure. Several numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the application toMCDM and MCGDM problems to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Introduction
In fuzzy set theory, the measurement of the degree of fuzziness in fuzzy sets and other extended higher order fuzzy sets is an important concept in dealing with real world problems.Zadeh [1] proposed the fuzzy entropy theory in 1965 which has been realized as a great achievement in various fields of MCDM.To measure of the amount of information in decision processes, De Luca and Termini [2] introduced their axiomatic construction of entropy of fuzzy sets by using the idea of Shannon's probability entropy.Kaufmann [3] pointed out that the entropy of a fuzzy set can be found by calculating the distance between the fuzzy set and its nearest nonfuzzy set.However, Yager [4] constructed the entropy of a fuzzy set by using the distance of a fuzzy set to its complement.Based on the concept of entropy measure of a fuzzy set proposed by De Luca and Termini [2] and Zadeh [5], Loo [6] further extended the definition of entropy and developed new entropy measure of a fuzzy set.Liu [7] proposed the axiomatic definition of similarity, distance, and entropy measure of fuzzy set whereas Mi et al. [8] introduced a generalized axiomatic definition of entropy based on a distance in comparison with the axiomatic definition of Liu [7].A great number of scholars have introduced various techniques of entropy measures for fuzzy set [9][10][11].Szmidt [12] and Vlachos [13] introduced some entropy measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and discussed their applications in pattern recognition.Furthermore, Burillo and Bustince [14] proposed some entropy measures for intervalvalued fuzzy sets (IVFSs) and IFSs while Zeng [15] and Zhang [16] proposed different entropy measures in the context of IVFSs.Liu [7], Zeng [17,18], and Li [19] investigated some valuable relationships between similarity, distance, and entropy measures for fuzzy sets, IVFSs and IFSs.Farhadinia [20] came up with some entropy measures in the context of hesitant fuzzy sets and interval-valued fuzzy soft sets.
The IVIFS introduced by Atanassov [21] is a very useful generalization of IFS [22].The IVIFS greatly helps in working under vagueness and uncertainty with a membership and nonmembership interval values of an element belonging to an IVIFS instead of real values in [0, 1].In the uncertain environments, IVIFS has played a powerful role and received great consideration from the researchers.Most of the researchers got useful results in solving the MCDM [23][24][25][26] and MCGDM [27,28] problems in the context of IVIFSs.In the past few years, the distance, similarity, inclusion, and information entropy measures for IVIFSs were very important topics.Therefore, there are a large number of researchers who have investigated their studies considering all the measures as mentioned above.Huang et al. [29] proposed an idea of information entropy for IVIFS and used it in uncertain system control and decision making.Furthermore, more work on entropy measures for IVIFSs has been proposed by many researchers in different viewpoints; for example, Liu [30], Zhang [31][32][33], Wei [34], and Ye [35] have investigated and contributed a lot of work on this topic and discussed their applications to solve different MCDM problems in real life.However, many entropy measures for IVIFS are very complicated and unacceptable in the intuitive sense.In order to overcome this weakness in the existing entropy measures, Zhang et al. [36] proposed the distance based information entropy measure for IFS and IVIFSs and then established some relationships between the entropy, similarity, and inclusion measures of IVIFSs.
Recently, the studies on the similarity and entropy measures of different extensions of fuzzy sets are growing; for example, Pramanik et al. [37] discussed NS-cross entropy and designed a MAGDM strategy which is symmetric, free from undefined phenomena, and very useful for MCGDM problems.Dalapati et al. [38] further introduced IN-cross entropy and weighted IN-cross entropy and used them to design a MCGDM strategy.Pramanik et al. [39] discussed vector similarity measures of single-valued and interval neutrosophic sets by hybridizing the ideas of dice and cosine similarity measures and presented its applications in MCDM problems.Uluay et al. [40] proposed dice similarity, weighted dice similarity, hybrid vector similarity, and weighted hybrid vector similarity measures for bipolar neutrosophic sets and presented a MCDM strategy.Pramanik et al. [41] discussed cross entropy measures of bipolar neutrosophic sets and interval bipolar neutrosophic sets and designed MCDM strategies based on the cross entropy measures.
The distance between fuzzy sets and the entropy measure are very important to calculate the degree of fuzziness of a fuzzy set, and a lot of work as mentioned above has been contributed to the literature by various researchers.Therefore, motivated by the advantages of the entropy measures of different extensions of fuzzy sets, in this paper we proposes an entropy measure based on new distance measure for IVIFSs.In this approach, we first put forward a useful distance measure for IVIFSs which is completely different from the existing ones and then propose an entropy measure formula based on this distance measure.Furthermore, a useful comparison of the proposed entropy measure with the existing entropy measures formulae is performed to avoid any inconsistency in the proposed approach.In order to ensure the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed approach, we finally apply this approach to solve various MCDM and MCGDM problems using IVIFSs.
The remaining part of the paper can be summarized briefly as follows.Some basic concepts related to the work are presented in Section 2. A comparison of the performance of proposed entropy measure to those of all known entropy measures is established in Section 3. Different approaches are developed in Section 4 to handle MCDM and MCGDM problems using IVIFSs.Several numerical examples are provided to make out the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed approach in Section 5. We wind up the paper with some useful remarks in Section 6.

Preliminary
In this section, basic definitions of IVIFS, the weighted arithmetic and geometric average operators, and some distance measures for IVIFSs are presented.The entropy measure for IVIFS based on different distance measures along with some basic properties is also discussed in this section.Furthermore, throughout the paper, the set of all closed subintervals of [0, 1] is denoted by [], the domain or universe of discourse is denoted by a set  = { 1 ,  2 , . . .,   }, the collection of all the crisp sets is denoted by (), and the set of all IVIFSs in  are denoted by IVIF(X).
Definition 8.For any two IVIFSs in , the following six distance measures were discussed in [36].
Definition 10 (see [36]).The entropy measure of IVIFS on  can be defined as a function  : IVIF(X) → [0, 1] which fulfills the properties as follows: (1) () = 0, ∀ ∈ (), i.e., if  is a crisp set; (2) Remark 11.The properties as discussed above reveal the following important points: (1) a crisp set is always nonfuzzy; i.e., an IVIFS has no vagueness when it degenerates to a crisp set; (2) the fuzziest IVIFS is (3) the IVIFS is more fuzzier when it is closer to   ; (4) the IVIFS and its complement have the same fuzziness.
Zhang [36] introduced the following useful method to obtain an entropy measure of IVIFSs, which possesses all the abovementioned four properties.

Comparison of Entropy Measures for IVIFSs
Liu [7] developed few distance measures of fuzzy sets and discussed some of their desired properties.Zeng [17] and Grzegorzewski [44] developed a number of normalized distance measures for IVFSs.Park [45] The proposed distance measure of IVIFSs  and  is defined by   (, ) = (1/2)( + ).
Remark 14.It is easy to show that the new proposed distance   satisfies all the four properties discussed in Definition 7.
Some important entropy measures of IVIFSs have been introduced in the literature by various researchers to handle MCDM problems of real-life applications [33][34][35].Zhang [31] extended the intuitionistic fuzzy entropy axioms presented in [12] and introduced a new definition of entropy for IVIFSs.Zhang [36] further extended the entropy concept for fuzzy set [2,7] to introduce another useful distance based entropy measure for IVIFS.Now, we introduce another entropy measure of IVIFSs based on a proposed distance measure   as follows.Proof.We will try to prove that   fulfills all the properties discussed in Definition 10. ( Hence,   () = 1 − 2  (,   ) = 0.
Zhang [36] compared the performances of the proposed entropies  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 , and  6 to those of   [30],   [31],  , [34],   [33], and   [35].Now we shall also compare the performance of proposed entropy measure to those of all entropy measures as mentioned above with the help of the following example.
It can be easily seen that the purposed entropy measure also looks quite reasonable as compared with existing entropy measures of IVIFSs.

Optimal Decision Making Approaches Using IVIFSs
In this section, we develop some procedures to solve various MCDM and MCGDM problems based on a proposed entropy measure formula in the context of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment.during the assessment process.By using the proposed entropy formula of IVIFSs (see Definition 15), the entropy value of each alternative corresponding to each criterion can be easily computed.Suppose  1 ,  2 , . . .,   are the corresponding entropy measures of each alternative   ( = 1, 2, . . ., ), respectively.As it is generally known, the DM can get more useful information from an alternative if its entropy value corresponding to each criterion is smaller.Therefore, the less the entropy value of an alternative, the more it will be considered as a better option among all the given alternatives.Thus, with respect to the descending order of the entropy values as calculated above, we can find the ranking order of all the alternatives.

For Single DM with Given Weights of Criteria.
Let , , and  = (  ) × be as previously mentioned in Section 4.1.Suppose the DM  entered the weight value   ,   ∈ [0, 1], ∑  =1   = 1 for each   ( = 1, 2, . . ., ).Now, we try to develop a procedure to solve this MCDM problem, according to the defined measures in the following two steps.
Step 2. Calculate   (  ,   ) by using the proposed distance measure (see Definition 13) for each  = 1, 2, . . ., , and then find their corresponding entropy measures  1 ,  2 , . . .,   of each alternative by using Definition 15.The ranking order of all the alternatives can be obtained by using again the concept of entropy theory.
Step 2. By using the proposed entropy formula of IVIFSs (see Definition 15), it is easy to compute the entropy value of each possible alternative in the aggregated decision matrix  and then deduce the ranking order of all the alternatives   ( = 1, 2, . . ., ) using again the concept of entropy theory.

Numerical Examples
In this section, various practical MCDM and MCGDM problems are offered to show the concrete applications of the proposed method.First, we study the same MCDM problem as presented by Nayagam in [22].
Example 1 (see [22]).Assume there exists a panel with four possible alternatives for investment: (1)  1 : a car company; (2)  2 : a food company; (3)  3 : a computer company; (4)  4 : an arms company.The investment entity must make a decision according to the following three criteria:  1 (risk),  2 (growth), and  3 (environmental impact).The interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy assessment values of four alternatives provided by the DMs under the above-mentioned three criteria can be seen as in the following matrix: ) .
The proposed method is now applied to solve the given problem, according to the computational practice as follows.
Step 1.If we focus on the groups' influence, the following weighted arithmetic average values   of all the alternatives   ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) are obtained by using a definition of weighted arithmetic average operator (see Definition 5) as presented in Section 2: ( Step 2. Let   's denote the entropy of   's ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), respectively.Then by using our proposed distance measures of IVIFSs (see Definition 13), the corresponding entropy measures of   's are obtained, respectively, as  1 = 0.6863,  2 = 0.6563,  3 = 0.6636,  4 = 0.5078, and  5 = 0.6397.Based on these entropy measures, the optimal ranking order of the five alternatives is  4 >  5 >  2 >  3 >  1 and the most suitable alternative is  4 .The ranking results coincide with the ones obtained by Xu in [42].
If we focus on the individual influence, the weighted geometric average values   of all the alternatives are calculated by applying Definition 6.The IVIF values   for   ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) are computed as follows:  The corresponding entropy measures of   's can be calculated again as, respectively,  1 = 0.7726,  2 = 0.7081,  3 = 0.6657,  4 = 0.5477, and  5 = 0.6786, and therefore the ranking order of the given alternatives is  4 >  3 >  5 >  2 >  1 and, obviously,  4 is again the best alternative as we have seen earlier.Now, we discuss a MCGDM problem adapted from Park et al. [27] concerning a manufacturing company, searching the finest international dealer for one of its main key parts used in assembling procedure.

Advances in Fuzzy Systems
Example 3 (see [27]).Suppose there are four potential international dealers (attributes)  = ( 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ) and these are evaluated with respect to five criteria: (1)  1 : overall cost of the product; (2)  2 : quality of the product; (3)  3 : service performance of dealer; (4)  4 : dealer's profile; (5)  5 : risk factor.Let us assume that a group of four experts   ( = 1, 2, 3, 4) is formed from each strategic decision area and they provide the following four decision matrices based on their judgements:  ( We follow the same methodology as discussed in Section 4.3 for solving the MCGDM problems by following the two steps as discussed.
Step 1.By using Definition 4, compute the aggregated matrix  of the decision matrices  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 where  =  1 ⊕  2 ⊕  3 ⊕  4 .The aggregated matrix  is given as follows: Step 2. By using the proposed entropy formula of IVIFSs (see Definition 15), the corresponding entropy values of all alternatives  1 ,  2 ,  3 , and  4 can be obtained, respectively, as  1 = 0.1834,  2 = 0.2810,  3 = 0.0799, and  4 = 0.4154.Again with respect to the descending order of these entropy measures, the ranking order of the alternatives is  3 >  1 >  2 >  4 .We can see that the most desirable global supplier is  3 and the results are in agreement with Park et al. [27].
Again, by the descending order of the entropy values, the ranking of the four alternatives is  4 >  2 >  1 >  3 .We observe that the ranking order of the alternatives is reversed.

Conclusion
In this paper, we propose a new formula to compute the distance measure between IVIFSs.Based on the proposed distance measure, we further introduce a definition of entropy measure for IVIFS.The methodology proposed in this paper helps the DMs in providing their assessment about an alternative by considering the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information in real-life applications.The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated by conducting a comparison analysis between the proposed entropy measure and different other entropy measures of IVIFSs.Finally, various practical MCDM and MCGDM problems are given to further validate the usefulness of the proposed method which can efficiently help the DMs at large.Future studies will now extend the methodology of investigating different entropy measures for linguistic decision environments, such as hesitant 2-tuple linguistic information model and intuitionistic 2-tuple linguistic information model.

Table 1 :
Comparison of the proposed entropy measure with existing entropy measures of IVIFSs.