Advances in High Energy PhysicsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 715038, 18 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/715038

Research Article

Gauge Boson Mixing in the 3-3-1 Models with Discrete Symmetries

P. V. Dong, V. T. N. Huyen, H. N. Long, and H. V. Thuy

Institute of Physics, VAST, 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi 1000, Vietnam

Received 19 September 2011; Accepted 6 December 2011

Academic Editor: Marc Sher

Copyright © 2012 P. V. Dong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The mixing among gauge bosons in the 3-3-1 models with the discrete symmetries is investigated. To get tribimaximal neutrino mixing, we have to introduce sextets containing neutral scalar components with lepton number . Assignation of VEVs to these fields leads to the mixing of the new gauge bosons and those in the standard model. The mixing in the charged gauge bosons leads to the lepton number violating interactions of the boson. The same situation happens in the neutral gauge boson sector.

1. Introduction

The experimental evidences of nonzero neutrino masses and mixing [1] have shown that the standard model of fundamental particles and interactions must be extended. Among many extensions of the standard model known today, the models based on gauge symmetry (called 3-3-1 models) [2–9] have interesting features. First, anomaly cancelation requires that the number of fermion triplets must be equal to that of antitriplets. If these multiplets are respectively enlarged from those of the standard model, the fermion family number is deduced to be a multiple of the fundamental color number, which is three, coinciding with the observation (see Frampton in [2]). In addition, one family of quarks has to transform under differently from the other two. This can lead to an explanation why the top quark is characteristically heavy (see, e.g., [10]). To complete the fundamental representations for leptons, the right-handed neutrinos or neutral fermions can be imposed which imply natural seesaw mechanisms for the neutrino small masses [11]. The 3-3-1 models can also provide a solution of electric charge quantization observed in the nature [12–16].

There are two typical versions of the 3-3-1 models concerning respective lepton contents. In the minimal 3-3-1 model [2–4] the lepton triplets include ordinary leptons of the standard model such as . The 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos [5–9] introduces right-handed neutrinos into the lepton sector, that is, and . In the framework of 3-3-1 models, to explain the smallness of neutrino masses and the tribimaximal mixing [17–20] we should propose another variant of the lepton sector such as and where are neutral chiral fermions carrying no lepton number (called 3-3-1 model with neutral fermions), and including discrete symmetries either or [21, 22]. The 3-3-1 model with neutral fermions based on flavor symmetry instead of , has been studied in [23].

One of the most important ingredients is the sextets in which neutral scalar fields carrying lepton number or 2. Assignation of VEVs to these fields leads to the mixing among new gauge bosons and that of the SM similarly in the economical 3-3-1 model [24–26], and such mixing leads to the lepton violating interactions. In this work we will pay attention to gauge bosons in the mentioned 3-3-1 models and give some phenomenological consequences.

The rest of this work is follows. In Section 2 we give a review of the 3-3-1 model with neutral fermions-based flavor symmetry. The other models with and can be done similarly, thus should be skip. Section 3 identifies gauge bosons and obtained the mixings among the standard model gauge bosons and the new ones. Section 4 is devoted to charged currents and give a constraint on the charged gauge boson mixing-angle. Finally we make conclusions in Section 5.

2. Brief Review of the Model

Before looking into the model, we provide a sketch of group theory [27, 28]. The that is a permutation group of three objects has six elements divided into three conjugacy classes. It possesses three nonequivalent irreducible representations , of one dimension, and of two dimensions. Denoting and as the order of class and the order of elements within each class, respectively, the character table is given by Table 1.

Table 1: Character table of , where stands for character of representation and for class.

Class

1
1
1
1
2

2
3
1
1
−1

3
2
1
−1
0

We will work in the basis that is complex (see, e.g. [27]). Decomposition rules are Here the first and second factors of the terms appearing in the parentheses indicate to the multiplet components of the first and second representations given in l.h.s, respectively. In this basis, the conjugation rules are given by

The lepton number in the 3-3-1 model with symmetry [23] does not commute with the gauge symmetry. It is thus better to work with a new lepton charge related to the lepton number by diagonal matrices . Applying to the lepton triplet with the notation that , the coefficients are defined as , , and thus [29]. The leptons and quarks under symmetries correspondingly transform as follows: where is a family index of the last two lepton and quark families, which are in order defined as the components of representations.

To generate masses for the charged leptons, we need two scalar multiplets: with VEVs and . To generate masses for quarks, we additionally acquire the following scalar multiplets: Suppose that the VEVs of , , and are , and , where , , , and , , and vanish. The exotic quarks get masses and . In addition, has to be much larger than those of and . Notice that the numbered subscripts are the indices of .

Because of the -symmetry, the couplings and are suppressed. We therefore propose a new antisextet instead coupling to responsible for neutrino masses. The antisextet transforms as where the numbered subscripts are the indices. Henceforth the indices of on scalar fields will be kept and should be understood. The VEVs of is set as under , where Due to the symmetry, all these VEVs are equal to each others, that is, , and , which can be found from the potential minimization.

With the scalar multiplets as defined, the Yukawa lagrangian is given by It is easily shown that the charged leptons and ordinary quarks get consistent masses [23]. However, this case does not lead to neutrino masses and mixing consistent with the experimental data. The analysis in [21, 22] shows that (i) a “perturbation” is required: A possibility to derive this is to impose another antisextet but with the VEVs being very smaller than those of , respectively. Thus, in the followings the should be skipped since it does not contribute at the first order. Otherwise, the contributions start from the second order in similarity to those of which are easily included. (ii) A scalar triplet similar to must be imposed. The is also skip for the same reason as , that is, its contribution is similar to that of . Let us emphasis that our conclusions remain unchanged if and present.

The hierarchies in the VEVs were given in [23]: In the following, the two limits are often taken into account: (i) the lepton-number violating parameters tend to zero, that is, , and (ii) the large scales of symmetry break down to that of the standard model approx infinity, that is, . Let us note also that , and are in the electroweak scale as well as the large scales all conserving the lepton number.

3. Gauge Bosons

The covariant derivative of a general triplet is given by where the gauge fields and transform as the adjoint representations of and , respectively, and the corresponding gauge coupling constants and . The is chosen so that with . The neutral gauge bosons of the theory get masses from the triplet as follows: where the subscript denotes diagonal part of the covariant derivative:

The covariant derivative for an antisextet with the VEV part is [30]

Let us denote the antisextet in term of the indices by . Then, the mass Lagrangian due to the antisextet’s contribution is given by

Let us denote the following combinations: having defined charges under the generators of the group. For the sake of convenience in further reading, we note that and are pure real and imaginary parts of and , respectively: Then is rewritten in a convenient form: with .

The covariant derivative acting on the antisextet VEV is given by The masses of gauge bosons in this model are followed from In the following, we notice that ; namely, , , and are taken into account.

From (3.10), the imaginary part is decoupled with mass given by In the limit ,

The charged gauge bosons and mix via where Diagonalizing this mass matrix, we get physical charged gauge bosons The mixing angle is given by provided that . The mass eigenvalues are Note that, in the limit , the mixing angle tends to zero and the mass eigenvalues are

There is a mixing among the neutral gauge bosons , and . The mass Lagrangian in this case has the form In the basis of these elements, the mass matrix is given by where

This mass matrix contains one exact eigenvalue: The associated eigenvector is Using continuation of the gauge coupling constant of the at the spontaneous symmetry breaking point, we have [2–9]

In order to diagonalize the mass matrix, we choose the base of , with The new base is changed from the old by unitary matrix: In this basis, the mass matrix becomes In the approximation , we have with It is noteworthy that in the limit , the elements and (or equivalently in the old base) vanish. In this case, the mixing between and disappears.

Three bosons gain masses via seesaw mechanism: where We have then where

The parameter in the our model is given by where gets contribution from the oblique correction depending on the masses of top quark and standard model Higgs boson [1]. The tree level correction describes the new physics as given by It is noted that even if and go to infinity. This is because the 33 components of antisextets and the third components of scalar triplets can be integrated out. There leave the standard model scalar doublets and triplets (the submultiplets of the 3-3-1 model triplets and antisextets). Such standard model scalar triplets imply to be given by The parameter has already been given in [1] as from the global fit: Hence or where we have used and .

Diagonalizing the mass matrix , we get new gauge bosons: The mixing angle is defined by Substituting (3.28) into (3.41), we get provided that , where The physical mass eigenvalues are defined by with

In the limit , we have Thus the and components have the same mass. With this result, we should identify the combination of and as physical neutral non-Hermitian gauge boson. The subscript 0 denotes neutrality of gauge boson . However, to get tribimaximal mixing, the previous limit is not valid [21, 22]. This means that neutrino tribimaximal mixing leads to the masses of and to be different. Consequence of this fact is that there is CPT violation [1, 31] in the model under consideration. We will return to this problem in the future work.

In the limit (or ), the mixings between the charged gauge bosons and the neutral ones are in the same order since from (3.16) and (3.42) they are proportional to . In addition, from (3.46), is bigger than (or ). It is also verified that . In that limit, the masses of and degenerate.

Note that the formulas for masses and mixing of gauge bosons previously presented, are common for the 3-3-1 models with more complicated Higgs sector such as with or discrete symmetries.

4. Charged Currents

The interaction among fermions with gauge bosons arises from part

Similarly in the economical 3-3-1 model, despite neutrality, the gauge bosons and belong to this section by their nature. Because of the mixing among the SM boson and the charged bilepton as well as among () with (), the new terms exist the same as the economical 3-3-1 model [25, 26]: where

All aforementioned interactions are lepton-number violating and weak (proportional to or its square ). However, these couplings lead to lepton-number violations only in the neutrino sector.

Let us consider some constraints on the parameters of the model; one of the ways to do that is the consideration for decay. In our model, the boson has the following normal main decay modes: which are the same as in the SM and in the 331 with right-handed neutrinos. Beside the aforementioned modes, there are additional ones which are lepton-number violating the model’s specific feature: The interaction that provides these modes is as follows: where is related to via the seesaw mechanism given by . Here and are right-handed Majorana and Dirac mass matrices (due to the contribution of ), respectively, which can be derived from the Yukawa Lagrangian above to yield . On the other hand, from (3.16) we have if is largest among the VEVs. It is therefore that and The total decay width of is given by [25, 26]

where the first term is due to the quark productions (with chosen for the QCD radiative corrections), the second term comes from the normal modes with leptons, and the last one is for the unnormal modes. Let us choose ,  GeV, and  GeV [1]. The total decay width is plotted in Figure 1. From the figure, we get an upper limit on the in the model: which is bigger than that given in [25, 26].

Figure 1: The total decay width of [GeV] is depicted as a function of . The two horizontal lines are the upper and lower limits, respectively.

There are lepton number violating interactions in the neutral Gauge boson sector, we refer interested reader to [25, 26].

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we have investigated Gauge boson sector: their mixing and masses. The vacuum expectation values and are a source of lepton-number violations and a reason for the mixing between the charged Gauge bosons—the standard model and the singly-charged bilepton Gauge bosons, as well as between neutral non-Hermitian and neutral Gauge bosons: the photon, the , and the new exotic . The interesting new physics compared with 3-3-1 models is the neutrino physics. Due to lepton-number violating couplings, we have many interesting consequences. We have shown that the neutrino tribimaximal mixing leads to the CPT violation. This feature will be considered in the future publication.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported in part by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) of Vietnam under Grant no. 103.01–2011.63.

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