Advances in High Energy Physics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 686371, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/686371

Research Article

Maxwell’s Equations on Cantor Sets: A Local Fractional Approach

Yang Zhao,1,2 Dumitru Baleanu,3,4,5 Carlo Cattani,⁶ De-Fu Cheng,¹ and Xiao-Jun Yang⁷

¹College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China

²Electronic and Information Technology Department, Jiangmen Polytechnic, Jiangmen 529090, China

³Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey

⁵Institute of Space Sciences, Magurele, 077125 Bucharest, Romania

⁶Department of Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy

⁷Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Campus, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221008, China

Received 3 October 2013; Accepted 7 November 2013

Academic Editor: Gongnan Xie

Copyright © 2013 Yang Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets are derived from the local fractional vector calculus. It is shown that Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets in a fractal bounded domain give efficiency and accuracy for describing the fractal electric and magnetic fields. Local fractional differential forms of Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets in the Cantorian and Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates are obtained. Maxwell's equations on Cantor set with local fractional operators are the first step towards a unified theory of Maxwell’s equations for the dynamics of cold dark matter.

1. Introduction

Nondifferentiability, complexity, and similarity represent the basic properties of the nature. Fractals [1] are the basic characteristics of nature, which are that fractal geometry of substances generalizes to noninteger dimensions. Microphysics reveals the fractal behaviors of matter distribution in the universe [2] and soft materials [3].

Fractal time was used to describe the transport of charges and defects in the condensed matter [4]. In fractal space-time, the geometric analogue of relativistic quantum mechanics was presented in [5–8]. In fractal-Cantorian space-time [9, 10], the unified field theory, quantum physics, cosmology, and chaotic systems were discussed in [11–13].

Based on the fractal distribution of charged particles, the electric and magnetic fields in time-space were developed in [14] and fractional Maxwell’s equations were proposed in [15]. In [16, 17], the concept of static fractional electric potential was developed. Recently, based on the Hausdorff derivative, fractal continuum electrodynamics in time-space was proposed [18]. The fractional differential form of Maxwell’s equations on fractal sets was suggested in [19]. In [20], the Maxwell equations of fractional electrodynamics in time-space were considered. The Maxwell equations on anisotropic fractal media in time-space were developed in [21].

The local fractional calculus theory [22, 23] was applied to model some dynamics systems with nondifferentiable characteristics. In [22–26], the heat-conduction equation on Cantor sets was considered. In [27], the Navier-Stokes equations on Cantor sets based on local fractional vector calculus were proposed. Helmholtz and diffusion equations via local fractional vector calculus were reported in [28]. The Fokker-Planck equation with local fractional space derivative was suggested in [29]. In [30], Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics with local fractional space derivative was presented. The measuring structures of time in fractal, fractional, classical, and discrete electrodynamics are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Graph for comparison of the measuring structures of time in fractal, fractional, and classical electrodynamics.

The aim of this paper is to structure Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets from the local fractional calculus theory [23, 27, 28] point of view. This paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the basic definitions and theorems for local fractional vector calculus. In Section 3, Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets in the local fractional vector integral form are presented. Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets in the Cantorian and Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates are given in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 is devoted to conclusions.

2. Fundaments

In this section, we recall the basic definitions and theorems for local fractional vector calculus, which are used throughout the paper.

Local fractional gradient of the scale function is defined as [23, 27]

where is its bounding fractal surface, is a small fractal volume enclosing , and the local fractional surface integral is given by [23, 27, 28]

with elements of area with a unit normal local fractional vector , as for , and is denoted as the local fractional Laplace operator [22, 23].

The local fractional divergence of the vector function is defined through [23]

where the local fractional surface integral is suggested by [23, 27, 28]

with elements of area with a unit normal local fractional vector , as for .

The local fractional curl of the vector function [23] is defined as follows:

where the local fractional line integral of the function along a fractal line is given by [23]

with the elements of line requiring that all as and .

The local fractional Gauss theorem of the fractal vector field states that [23, 27]

where the local fractional volume integral of the function is written as [23]

with the elements of volume as and .

The local fractional Stokes theorem of the fractal field states that [23, 27]

The Reynolds transport theorem of the local fractional vector field states that [27]

where is the fractal fluid velocity.

3. Local Fractional Integral Forms of Maxwell’s Equations on Cantor Sets

According to fractional complex transform method [31], the fact that the classical differential equations always transform into the local fractional differential equations leads to the idea of yielding Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets using the local fractional vector calculus.

3.1. Charge Conservations in Local Fractional Field

Let us consider the total charge, which is described as follows:

and the total electrical current is as follows

where is the fractal electric charge density and is the fractal electric current density.

The Reynolds transport theorem in the fractal field gives

which leads to

From (14), we have

where represents the current density in the fractal field.

Hence, from (15), we get

By analogy with electric charge density in the fractal field, we obtain the conservation of fractal magnetic charge, namely,

where is the fractal magnetic charge density and is the fractal magnetic current density in the fractal field.

3.2. Formulation of Maxwell’s Equations on Cantor Sets

We now derive Maxwell’s equations on Cantor set based on the local fractional vector calculus.

3.2.1. Gauss’s Law for the Fractal Electric Field

From (3), the electric charge density can be written as

where is electric displacement in the fractal electric field.

From (7), (18) becomes

Hence, we obtain Gauss’s law for the fractal electric field in the form

3.2.2. Ampere’s Law in the Fractal Magnetic Field

Mathematically, Ampere’s law in the fractal magnetic field can be suggested as [23]

where is the magnetic field strength in the fractal field.

The current density in the fractal field can be written as

which leads to

The total current in the fractal fried reads

where is the conductive current and

which satisfies the following condition:

Hence, Ampere’s law in the fractal field is expressed as follows:

3.2.3. Faraday’s Law in the Fractal Electric Field

Mathematically, Faraday’s law in the local fractional field is expressed as

where is the magnetic potential in the fractal field and is the electrical field strength in the fractal field.

From (28), we have

where is the magnetic induction in the fractal field.

In view of (9), we rewrite (29) as

So, from (30), Faraday’s law in the fractal field reads as

3.2.4. Magnetic Gauss’s Law for the Fractal Magnetic Field

From (3), we derive the local fractional divergence of the magnetic induction in the fractal field, namely,

Furthermore, the magnetic Gauss’ law for the fractal magnetic field reads as

3.2.5. The Constitutive Equations in the Fractal Field

Similar to the constitutive relations in fractal continuous medium mechanics [23], the constitutive relationships in fractal electromagnetic can be written as

where is the fractal dielectric permittivity and is the fractal magnetic permeability.

4. Local Fractional Differential Forms of Maxwell’s Equations on Cantor Sets

In this section, we investigate the local fractional differential forms of Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets.

The Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates can be written as follows [26]:

with , , , and .

Making use of (35), we have

where

From (7) and (20), the local fractional differential form of Gauss’s law for the fractal electric field is expressed by

which leads to

where .

In view of (9) and (27), we can present the local fractional differential forms of Ampere’s law in the fractal magnetic field

where .

Using (9) and (31), the local fractional differential forms of Faraday’s law in the fractal electric field can be written as

where .

From (7) and (33), the local fractional differential forms of the magnetic Gauss law for the fractal magnetic field read as follows:

where .

5. Conclusions

In this work, we proposed the local fractional approach for Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets based on the local fractional vector calculus. Employing the local fractional divergence and curl of the vector function, we deduced Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets. The local fractional differential forms of Maxwell’s equations on Cantor sets in the Cantorian and Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates were discussed. Finding a formulation of Maxwell's equations on Cantor set within local fractional operators is the first step towards generalizing a simple field equation which allows the unification of Maxwell’s equations to the standard model with the dynamics of cold dark matter. We noticed that the classical case was debated in [32].

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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