Advances in High Energy Physics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 168487, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/168487

Research Article

Quantum Tunnelling for Hawking Radiation from Both Static and Dynamic Black Holes

Subenoy Chakraborty and Subhajit Saha

Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India

Received 31 December 2013; Revised 12 March 2014; Accepted 25 March 2014; Published 23 April 2014

Academic Editor: Christian Corda

Copyright © 2014 Subenoy Chakraborty and Subhajit Saha. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

The paper deals with Hawking radiation from both a general static black hole and a nonstatic spherically symmetric black hole. In case of static black hole, tunnelling of nonzero mass particles is considered and due to complicated calculations, quantum corrections are calculated only up to the first order. The results are compared with those for massless particles near the horizon. On the other hand, for dynamical black hole, quantum corrections are incorporated using the Hamilton-Jacobi method beyond semiclassical approximation. It is found that different order correction terms satisfy identical differential equation and are solved by a typical technique. Finally, using the law of black hole mechanics, a general modified form of the black hole entropy is obtained considering modified Hawking temperature.

1. Introduction

Hawking radiation is one of the most important effects in black hole (BH) physics. Classically, nothing can escape from the BH across its event horizon. But in 1974, there was a dramatic change in view when Hawking and Hartle [1, 2] showed that BHs are not totally black; they radiate analogous to thermal black body radiation. Since then, there has been lots of attraction to this issue and various approaches have been developed to derive Hawking radiation and its corresponding temperature [3–7]. However, in the last decade, two distinct semiclassical methods have been developed which enhanced the study of Hawking radiation to a great extent. The first approach developed by Parikh and Wilczek [8, 9] is based on the heuristic pictures of visualisation of the source of radiation as tunnelling and is known as radial null geodesic method. The essence of this method is to calculate the imaginary part of the action for the s-wave emission (across the horizon) using the radial null geodesic equation and is then related to the Boltzmann factor to obtain Hawking radiation by the relation:

where is the energy associated with the tunnelling particle and is the usual Hawking temperature.

The alternative way of looking into this aspect is known as complex paths method developed by Srinivasan et al. [10, 11]. In this approach, the differential equation of the action of a classical scalar particle can be obtained by plugging the scalar field wave function into the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation in a gravitational background. Then, the Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) method is employed to solve the differential equation for . Finally, Hawking temperature is obtained using the “principle of detailed balance” [10–12] (time-reversal invariant). It should be noted that the first method is limited to massless particles only. Also, this method is applicable to such coordinate system only in which there is no singularity across the horizon. On the other hand, in complex paths method, the emitted particles are considered without self-gravitation and the action is assumed to satisfy the relativistic HJ equation. Here tunnelling of both massless and massive particles is possible and it is applicable to any coordinate system to describe the BH.

Most of the studies [13–18] dealing with the Hawking radiation are connected to semiclassical analysis. Recently, Banerjee and Majhi [19] and Corda et al. [20, 21] initiated the calculation of Hawking temperature beyond the semiclassical limit. Mostly, both groups have considered tunnelling of massless particle and evaluated the modified Hawking temperature with quantum corrections.

In the present work, at first we consider a general nonstatic metric for dynamical BH. HJ method is extended beyond semiclassical approximation to consider all the terms in the expansion of the one particle action. It is found that the higher order terms (quantum corrections) satisfy identical differential equations as the semiclassical action and the complicated terms are eliminated considering BH horizon as one way barrier. We derive the modified Hawking temperature using both the above approaches which are found to be identical at the semiclassical level. Also, modified form of the BH entropy with quantum correction has been evaluated.

Subsequently, in the next section, we consider tunnelling of particles having nonzero mass beyond semiclassical approximation. Due to nonzero mass, the imaginary part of the action cannot be evaluated using first approach; only HJ method will be applicable. Further, the complicated form of the equations involved restricted us to only first order quantum correction.

2. Method of Radial Null Geodesic: A Survey of Earlier Works

This section deals with a brief survey of the method of radial null geodesics method [8] considering the picture of Hawking radiation as quantum tunnelling. In a word, the method correlates the imaginary part of the action for the classically forbidden process of s-wave emission across the horizon with the Boltzmann factor for the black body radiation at the Hawking temperature. We start with a general class of nonstatic spherically symmetric BH metric of the form

where the horizon is located at and the metric has a coordinate singularity at the horizon. To remove the coordinate singularity, we make the following Painleve-type transformation of coordinates:

and as a result metric (2) transforms to

This metric (i.e., the choice of coordinates) has some distinct features over the former one, as follows.

(i)The metric is singularity free across the horizon.(ii)At any fixed time, we have a flat spatial geometry.(iii)Both the metric will have the same boundary geometry at any fixed radius.

The radial null geodesic (characterized by ) has the differential equation (using (3)):

where outgoing or ingoing geodesic is identified by the + or − sign within the square bracket in (4). In the present case, we deal with the absorption of particles through the horizon (i.e., + sign only) and according to Parikh and Wilczek [8], the imaginary part of the action is obtained as

Note that in the last step of the above derivation we have used the Hamilton’s equation , where (,) are canonical pair. Further, it is to be mentioned that in quantum mechanics, the action of a tunnelled particle in a potential barrier having energy larger than the energy of the particle will be imaginary as . For the present nonstatic BH, the mass of the BH is not constant and hence the integration extends over all the values of energy of outgoing particle, from zero to [22] (say). As we are dealing with tunnelling across the BH horizon, so using Taylor series expansion about the horizon we write

So, in the neighbourhood of the horizon, the geodesic equation (4) can be approximated as

Substituting this value of in the last step of (5) we have

where the choice of contour for -integration is on the upper half complex plane to avoid the coordinate singularity at . Thus, the tunnelling probability is given by

which in turn equates with the Boltzmann factor ; the expression for the Hawking temperature is

From the above expression, it is to be noted that is time dependent.

Recently, a drawback of the above approach has been noted [23–25]. It has been shown that is not canonically invariant and hence is not a proper observable; it should be modified as . The closed path goes across the horizon and back. For tunnelling across the ordinary barrier, it is immaterial whether the particle goes from the left to the right or the reverse path. So in that case

and there is no problem of canonical invariance. But difficulty arises for BH horizon which behaves as a barrier for particles going from inside of the BH to outside but it does not act as a barrier for particles going from outside to the inside. So relation (12) is no longer valid. Also, using tunnelling the probability is , so there will be a problem of factor two in Hawking temperature [24, 26, 27].

Further, the above analysis of tunnelling approach remains incomplete unless effects of self-gravitation and back reaction are taken into account. But unfortunately, no general approaches to account for the above effects are there in the literature; only few results are available for some known BH solutions [26–32].

Finally, it is worth mentioning that so far the above tunnelling approach is purely semiclassical in nature and quantum corrections are not included. Also, this method is applicable for Painleve-type coordinates only; one cannot use the original metric coordinates to avoid horizon singularity. Lastly, the tunnelling approach is not applicable for massive particles [19].

3. Hamilton-Jacobi Method: Quantum Corrections

We will now follow the alternative approach as mentioned in the introduction, that is, the HJ method to evaluate the imaginary part of the action and hence the Hawking temperature. We will analyze the beyond semiclassical approximation by incorporating possible quantum corrections. As this method is not affected by the coordinate singularity at the horizon so we will use the general BH metric (2) for convenience.

In the background of the gravitational field described by the metric (2), massless scalar particles obey the Klein-Gordon equation

For spherically symmetric BH, as we are only considering radial trajectories, so we will consider ()-sector in the spacetime given by (2); that is, we concentrate on two-dimensional BH problems. Using (2), the above Klein-Gordon equation becomes

Using the standard ansatz for the semiclassical wave function, namely,

the differential equation for the action is

To solve this partial differential equation we expand the action in powers of Planck’s constant as

with being a positive integer. Note that, in the above expansion, terms of the order of Planck’s constant and its higher powers are considered as quantum corrections over the semiclassical action . Now substituting ansatz (17) for into (16) and equating different powers of on both sides, we obtain the following set of partial differential equations:

and so on.

Apparently, different order partial differential equations are very complicated but fortunately there will be lot of simplifications if, in the partial differential equation corresponding to , all previous partial differential equations are used and finally we obtain identical partial differential equation, namely,

for .

Thus, quantum corrections satisfy the same differential equation as the semiclassical action . Hence, the solutions will be very similar. To solve , it is to be noted that due to nonstatic BHs the metric coefficients are functions of and and hence standard HJ method cannot be applied; some generalization is needed. We start with a general metric [22]

Here behaves as the energy of the emitted particle and the justification of the choice of the integral is that the outgoing particle should have time-dependent continuum energy.

Now substituting the above ansatz for into (18) and using the radial null geodesic in the usual metric from (2), namely,

we have

that is,

which gives

Hence, the complete semiclassical action takes the form

Here the − (or +) sign corresponds to absorption (or emission) particle. As solution (27) contains an arbitrary time-dependent function , so a general solution for can be written as

Thus, from (15), using solutions (27) and (28) into (17), the wave functions for absorption and emission of scalar particle can be expressed as

respectively. Due to tunnelling across the horizon, there will be a change of sign of the metric coefficients in the -part of the metric and as a result, function of coordinate has an imaginary part which will contribute to the probabilities. So we write

To have some simplification, we will now use the physical fact that all incoming particles certainly cross the horizon; that is, . So from (30),

and hence simplifies to

Then from the principle of “detailed balance” [10–12] (which states that transitions between any two states take place with equal frequency in either direction at equilibrium), we write

So, comparing (33) and (34), the temperature of the BH is given by

where

is the usual Hawking temperature of the BH. Thus, due to quantum corrections, the temperature of the BH is modified from the Hawking temperature and both temperatures are functions of and . Note that (36) is the standard expression for semiclassical Hawking temperature and it is valid for nonspherical metric also. However, for spherical metric, one can use the Taylor series expansions (7) near the horizon and obtain as given in (11) by performing the contour integration. The ambiguity of factor of two (as mentioned earlier) in the Hawking temperature does not arise here.

Further, one may note that solutions (27) or (28) are the unique solutions to (18) or (21) except for a premultiplication factor. This arbitrary multiplicative factor does not appear in the expression for Hawking temperature; only the particle energy () or is rescaled. As quantum correction term contains , so it does not involve the arbitrary multiplicative factor and hence it is unique.

To have some interpretation about the arbitrary functions appearing in the quantum correction terms, we make use of dimensional analysis. As has the dimension , so the arbitrary function has the dimension . In standard choice of units, namely, , and so , where is the mass of the BH.

Similar to the Hawking temperature, the surface gravity of the BH is modified due to quantum corrections. If is the semiclassical surface gravity corresponding to Hawking temperature, that is, , then the quantum corrected surface gravity is related to the semiclassical value by the relation:

Moreover, based on the dimensional analysis, if we choose, for simplicity,

then expression (37) is simplified to

This is related to the one loop back reaction effects in the spacetime [6, 33] with the parameter corresponding to trace anomaly. Higher order loop corrections to the surface gravity can be obtained similarly by suitable choice of the functions . For static BHs, Banerjee and Majhi [19] have studied these corrections in detail. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that identical result for BH temperature may be obtained if we use the Painleve coordinate system as in the previous section.

4. Entropy Function and Quantum Correction

We will now examine how the semiclassical Bekenstein-Hawking area law, namely, ( is the area of the horizon) is modified due to quantum corrections described in the previous section. The first law of the BH mechanics, which is essentially the energy conservation relation, related the change of BH mass () to the change of its entropy (), electric charge (), and angular momentum () as

Here, is the angular velocity and is the electrostatic potential. So, for nonrotating uncharged BHs, the entropy has the simple form

or using (35) for , we get

For choice (38) corresponding to one loop back reaction effects, we have from (42) the quantum corrected BH entropy as

The first term is the usual semiclassical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the subsequent terms are the quantum corrections of different order. For static BHs, Banerjee and Majhi [19] have shown the correction terms of which the leading one gives the standard logarithmic correction. On the other hand, for nonstatic BHs, as the proportionality factors are time-dependent and arbitrary (see (42)) so the leading order correction term may not be logarithmic. For future work, we will attempt to determine physical interpretation of the arbitrary time-dependent proportionality factors so that quantum corrections may be evaluated.

5. Hamilton-Jacobi Method for Massive Particles: Quantum Corrections

The KG equation for a scalar field describing a scalar particle of mass has the form [10]

where the box operator is evaluated in the background of a general static BH metric of the form

The explicit form of the KG equation for the metric (45) is

Due to spherical symmetry, we can decompose in the form

where satisfies [10]

If we substitute the standard ansatz for the semiclassical wave function, namely,

then the action will satisfy the following differential equation:

where and is the angular momentum. To incorporate quantum corrections over the semiclassical action, we expand the actions in powers of Planck constant as

where is the semiclassical action and is a positive integer. Now substituting this ansatz for in the differential equation (50) and equating different powers of on both sides, we obtain the following set of partial differential equations:

and so on.

To solve the semiclassical action , we start with the standard separable choice [10]

Substituting this choice in (52), we obtain

where + or − sign corresponds to absorption or emission of scalar particle. Now substituting this choice for in (53), we have the differential equation for first order corrections as

As before, can be written in separable form as

where

Now due to complicated form, if we retain terms up to first order quantum corrections, that is,

then the wave function denoting absorption and emission solutions of the KG equation (48) using (49) are of the form

It is to be noted that in course of tunnelling across the horizon, the coordinate nature changes; that is, more precisely the signs of the metric coefficients in the -hyperplane are altered. Thus, we can interpret this as that the time coordinate has an imaginary part in crossing the horizon and accordingly the temporal part has contribution to the probabilities [19, 33]. Thus, absorption and emission probabilities are given by

In the classical limit , there is no reflection, so all ingoing particles should be absorbed and hence [33]

So, from (62), we must have

and as a result simplifies to

Using the principle of “detailed balance” [10, 11, 20, 21], namely,

the temperature of the BH is given by

where the semiclassical Hawking temperature of the BH has the expression

Now, to obtain the modified form of the surface gravity of the BH, we start with the usual relation between surface gravity and Hawking temperature, namely,

where is given by (69).

So the quantum corrected surface gravity is given by

Further, for the present nonrotating, uncharged, static BHs, using the law of BH thermodynamics , we have the expression for the entropy of the BH as

Finally, it is easy to see from (68) that near the horizon the presence of term can be neglected as it is multiplied by the metric coefficient . Therefore, the quantum corrected (up to first order) temperature of the BH (in (68)) reduces to

and the Hawking temperature (given in (69)) becomes

So we have

We see that if the energy of the tunnelling particle is chosen as (i.e., ) and (for notations see Banerjee and Majhi [19]) then the Hawking temperature given by (74) is the usual one derived for massless particles and the quantum corrected temperature given in (75) agrees with that of Banerjee and Majhi [19] for massless particle. Therefore, Hawking temperature near the horizon remains the same for both massless and nonzero mass tunnelling particles and it agrees with the claim of Srinivasan and Padmanabhan [10] and Banerjee and Majhi [19]. For future work, it will be interesting to calculate the temperature of the BH for tunnelling nonzero mass particle with full quantum corrections and examine whether the result agrees with that of Banerjee and Majhi [19] near the horizon. Finally, it will be nice to determine quantum corrected entropy of the BH in a convenient form.

6. Summary of the Work

This work is an attempt to study quantum corrections to Hawking radiation of massless particle from a dynamical BH as well as for massive particle from a static BH. At first, radial null geodesic tunnelling approach has been used with Painleve-type choice of coordinate system to derive semiclassical Hawking temperature. Then full quantum mechanical calculations have performed writing action in a power series of the Planck constant to evaluate the quantum corrections to the Hawking temperature. Subsequently, quantum corrected surface gravity has been calculated and it is found that one loop back reaction effects in the spacetime can be obtained by suitable choice of the arbitrary functions and parameters. Finally, an expression for the quantum corrected entropy of the BH has been evaluated. It is found that, due to the presence of the arbitrary functions in the expression for entropy, the leading order quantum correction may not be logarithmic in nature. On the other hand, in the case of Hawking radiation of massive particle from static BH, it is found that Hawking temperature near the horizon does not depend on the mass term as predicted by Srinivasan and Padmanabhan [10] and Banerjee et al. [16–18]. For future work, we will try to find a solution for the partial differential equation (18) in a more simple form so that more physical interpretations can be done from the BH parameters. Also, it will be interesting to calculate temperature of the BH for tunnelling nonzero mass particle with full quantum correction and examine whether the result agrees with that of Banerjee and Majhi [19] near the horizon. Finally, it will be nice to determine quantum corrected entropy of the BH in a convenient form.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to IUCAA, Pune, India, for their warm hospitality and research facilities as the work has been done there during a visit. Also, Subenoy Chakraborty acknowledges the UGC-DRS Programme in the Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University. The author Subhajit Saha is thankful to UGC-BSR Programme of Jadavpur University for awarding research fellowship. The authors are thankful to Ritabrata Biswas and Nairwita Mazumder for their help at the initial part of the work.

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