Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 195157, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/195157

Research Article

Minimal Length and the Existence of Some Infinitesimal Quantities in Quantum Theory and Gravity

A. E. Shalyt-Margolin

National Centre of Particles and High Energy Physics, Pervomayskaya Street 18, 220088 Minsk, Belarus

Received 23 September 2014; Accepted 25 November 2014; Published 10 December 2014

Academic Editor: George Siopsis

Copyright © 2014 A. E. Shalyt-Margolin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

It is demonstrated that provided a theory involves a minimal length, this theory must be free from such infinitesimal quantities as infinitely small variations in surface of the holographic screen, its volume, and entropy. The corresponding infinitesimal quantities in this case must be replaced by the “minimal variations possible”—finite quantities dependent on the existent energies. As a result, the initial low-energy theory (quantum theory or general relativity) inevitably must be replaced by a minimal length theory that gives very close results but operates with absolutely other mathematical apparatus.

At the present time all high-energy generalizations (limits) of the basic components in fundamental physics (quantum theory [1] and gravity [2]) of necessity lead to a minimal length on the order of the Planck length . This follows from string theory [3–6], loop quantum gravity [7], and other approaches [8–22].

But it is clear that provided a minimal length exists, it is existent at all the energy scales and not at high (Planck’s) scales only.

What is inferred on this basis for real physics? At least, it is suggested that the use of infinitesimal quantities in a mathematical apparatus of both quantum theory and gravity is incorrect, despite the fact that both these theories give the results correlating well with the experiment (e.g., [23]).

Indeed, in all cases, the infinitesimal quantities bring about an infinitely small length [2]

that is inexistent because of .

The same is true for any function dependent only on different parameters whose dimensions of length of the exponents are equal to or greater than 1 :

Obviously, the infinitely small variation of is senseless as, according to (2), we have

But, because of , the infinitesimal quantities make no sense and hence makes no sense too.

Instead of these infinitesimal quantities, it seems reasonable to denote them as “minimal variations possible” of the quantity having the dimension of length, that is, the quantity

And then

However, the “minimal variations possible” of any quantity having the dimensions of length (4) which are equal to require, according to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) [24], maximal momentum and energy . Here are Planck’s length, momentum, and energy, respectively.

But at low energies (far from the Planck energy) there are no such quantities and hence in essence   (4) corresponds to the high-energy (Planck’s) case only.

For the energies lower than Planck’s energy, the “minimal variations possible” of the quantity having the dimensions of length must be greater than and dependent on the present :

Besides, as we have a minimal length unit , it is clear that any quantity having the dimensions of length is “quantized”; that is, its value measured in the units equals an integer number and we have

where is positive integer number.

The problem is that how the “minimal variations possible”   (6) are dependent on the energy or, similarly, on the scales of the measured lengths?

To solve the above-mentioned problem, initially we can use the space-time quantum fluctuations (STQF) with regard to quantum theory and gravity.

The definition (STQF) is closely associated with the notion of “space-time foam.” The notion “space-time foam,” introduced by Wheeler about 60 years ago for the description and investigation of physics at Planck’s scales (Early Universe) [25, 26], is fairly settled. Despite the fact that in the last decade numerous works have been devoted to physics at Planck’s scales within the scope of this notion, for example, [27–46], by this time still their is no clear understanding of the “space-time foam” as it is.

On the other hand, it is undoubtful that a quantum theory of the Early Universe should be a deformation of the well-known quantum theory.

In my works with colleagues [47–56], I have put forward one of the possible approaches to resolution of a quantum theory at Planck’s scales on the basis of the density matrix deformation.

In accordance with the modern concepts, the space-time foam [26] notion forms the basis for space-time at Planck’s scales (Big Bang). This object is associated with the quantum fluctuations generated by uncertainties in measurements of the fundamental quantities, inducing uncertainties in any distance measurement. A precise description of the space-time foam is still lacking along with an adequate quantum gravity theory. But for the description of quantum fluctuations we have a number of interesting methods (e.g., [36–46, 57, 58]).

In what follows, we use the terms and symbols from [38]. Then for the fluctuations of the distance we have the following estimate:

or that same one:

where , coefficient is of order 1, and .

From (8) and (9), we can derive the quantum fluctuations for all the primary characteristics, specifically for the time , energy , and metrics . In particular, for , we can use formula (10) in [38]:

Further in the text it is assumed that the theory involves a minimal length on the order of Planck’s length

or similarly

where the coefficient is on the order of unity too.

In this case the origin of the minimal length is not important. For simplicity, we assume that it comes from the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) that is an extension of HUP for Planck’s energies, where gravity must be taken into consideration [3–22]:

Here is the model-dependent dimensionless numerical factor.

Inequality (13) leads to the minimal length .

Therefore, in this case, replacement of Planck’s length by the minimal length in all the above formulae is absolutely correct and is used without detriment to the generality [59]:

Thus, and then (8)–(10) upon the replacement of (14) remain unchanged.

As noted in the overview [38], the value derived in [57, 58] is totally consistent with the Holographic Principle [60–63].

The following points of importance should be noted [59].

(1.1) It is clear that at Planck’s scales, that is, at the minimal length scales,

models for different values of the parameter are coincident.

(1.2) As noted, specifically in (7), provided some quantity has a minimal measuring unit, values of this quantity are multiples of this unit.

Naturally, any quantity having a minimal measuring unit is uniformly discrete.

The latter property is not met, in particular, by the energy .

As , where is measurable scale, the energy is a discrete but nonuniform quantity. It is clear that the difference between the adjacent values of is the less the lower . In other words, for , that is,

becomes a practically continuous quantity.

(1.3) In fact, the parameter was introduced earlier in [47–56] as a deformation parameter on going from the canonical quantum mechanics to the quantum mechanics at Planck’s scales (Early Universe) that are considered to be the quantum mechanics with the fundamental length (QMFL):

where is the measuring scale, .

The deformation is understood as an extension of a particular theory by inclusion of one or several additional parameters in such a way that the initial theory appears in the limiting transition [64].

Obviously, everywhere, apart from the limiting point or , we have

From (17) it is seen that at the limiting point the parameter is not defined due to the appearance of singularity [47–56]. But at this point its definition may be extended (regularized).

The parameter has the following clear physical meaning:

where

is the well-known Bekenstein-Hawking formula for the black hole entropy in the semiclassical approximation [65, 66] for the black hole event horizon surface , with the characteristics linear dimension (“radius”) . This is especially obvious in the spherically symmetric case.

In what follows we use both parameters and .

Turning back to the introductory section of this work and to the definition , we assume the following:

where is from formula (9), is fixed parameter from formulae (8) and (9), and .

In physics, and in thermodynamics in particular, the extensive quantities or parameters are those proportional to the mass of a system or to its volume. Proceeding from definition (2) of the function , one can generalize this notion, taking, as a generalized extensive quantity (GEQ) of some spatial system , the function dependent only on the linear dimensions of this system, with the exponents no less than 1.

The function , ,  (2) is GEQ of the system with the characteristic linear dimensions , , or, identically, a sum of the systems , , each of which has its individual characteristic linear dimension .

Then from the initial formulae (2)–(6) it directly follows that provided the minimal length is existent, there are no infinitesimal variations of GEQ.

In the first place, this is true for such simplest objects as the -dimensional sphere , whose surface area (area of the corresponding hypersphere ) and volume represent GEQs and are equal to the following:

where —radius of a sphere the length of which is a characteristic linear size, , and is a gamma-function.

Of course, the same is true for the -dimensional cube (or hypercube) ; its surface area and its volume are GEQs, and a length of its edge is a characteristic linear dimension.

Provided exists, there are no infinitesimal increments for both the surface area and volume of or ; only minimal variations possible for these quantities are the case.

In what follows we consider only the spatial systems whose surface areas and volumes are GEQs.

Let us consider a simple but very important example of gravity in horizon spaces.

Gravity and thermodynamics of horizon spaces and their interrelations are currently most actively studied [67–79]. Let us consider a relatively simple illustration—the case of a static spherically symmetric horizon in space-time, the horizon being described by the metric

The horizon location will be given by a simple zero of the function , at the radius .

This case is studied in detail by Padmanabhan in his works [67, 78] and by the author of this paper in [80]. We use the notation system of [78]. Let, for simplicity, the space be denoted by .

It is known that for horizon spaces one can introduce the temperature that can be identified with an analytic continuation to imaginary time. In the case under consideration ([78], Equation (116)),

Therewith, the conditions and must be fulfilled.

Then at the horizon Einstein’s equations have the form

where is the trace of the momentum-energy tensor and radial pressure.

Now we proceed to the variables “” from formula  (17) to consider (25) in a new notation, expressing in terms of the corresponding deformation parameter . In what follows we omit the subscript in formula (17) of , where the context implies which index is the case. In particular, here we use instead of . Then we have

Therefore,

Substituting this into (25), we obtain in the considered case of Einstein’s equations in the “-representation” as follows [80]:

Multiplying the left- and right-hand sides of the last equation by , we get

L.h.s. of (29) is dependent on . Because of this, r.h.s. of (29) must be dependent on as well; that is, ; that is,

Note that in this specific case the parameter within constant factors is coincident with the Gaussian curvature [81] corresponding to :

Substituting r.h.s of (31) into (30), we obtain the Einstein equation on horizon, in this case in terms of the Gaussian curvature,

This means that up to the constants

that is, the Gaussian curvature, is a solution of Einstein equations in this case. Then we examine different cases of the solution (33) with due regard for considerations of formula (21).

(2.1) First, let us assume that . As, according to (7), the radius is quantized, we have with the natural number . Then it is clear that the Gaussian curvature takes a (nonuniform) discrete series of values close to zero, and, within the factor , this series represents inverse squares of natural numbers:

Let us return to formulas (9) and (21) for ; consider

where in this case contains the proportionality factor that relates and .

Then, according to (21), is a measurable value of the radius following after , and we have

But, as , for sufficiently large and fixed , the bracketed expression in r.h.s. (36) is close to 1:

Obviously, we get

As a result, the Gaussian curvature corresponding to

in the case under study is only slightly different from .

And this is the case for sufficiently large values of , for any value of the parameter , and for as well, corresponding to the absolute minimum of fluctuations , or more precisely, to . However, as all the quantities of the length dimension are quantized and the factor is on the order of 1, actually we have .

Because of this, provided the minimal length is involved,   (9) is read as

But, according to (12), is on the order of Planck’s length, and it is clear that the fluctuation corresponds to Planck’s energies and Planck’s scales. The Gaussian curvature , due to its smallness ( up to the constant factor ) and smooth variations independent of (formulas (36)–(39)), is insensitive to the differences between various values of .

Consequently, for sufficiently small Gaussian curvature , we can take any parameter from the interval as .

It is obvious that the case , that is, , is associated with infinitely small variations of the radius in the Riemannian geometry.

Since then is varying practically continuously, in terms of up to the constant factor we can obtain the following expression:

where we have

that is, l.h.s of (32) (or (33)).

But in fact, as in this case the energies are low, it is more correct to consider

where , rather than (41).

In view of the foregoing arguments (2.1), the difference between (43) and (41) is insignificant and it is perfectly correct to use (41) instead of (43).

(2.2) Now we consider the opposite case or the transition to the ultraviolet limit

That is,

Here is on the order of 1.

Taking into consideration point (1.1) stating that in this case models for different values of the parameter are coincident, by formula (40) for any , we have

But in this case the Gaussian curvature is not a “small value” continuously dependent on , taking, according to (39), a discrete series of values .

Yet (25), similar to (32), (33) is valid in the semiclassical approximation only, that is, at low energies.

Then, in accordance with the above arguments, the limiting transition to high energies  (44) gives a discrete chain of equations or a single equation with a discrete set of solutions as follows:

and so on. Here is some function that in the limiting transition to low energies must reproduce the low-energy result to a high degree of accuracy; that is, appears for from formula (33):

In general, may lack coincidence with the high-energy limit of the momentum-energy tensor trace (if any):

At the same time, when we naturally assume that the static spherically-symmetric horizon space-time with the radius of several Planck’s units (45) is nothing else but a micro black hole, then the high-energy limit (49) is existing and the replacement of by in r.h.s. of the foregoing equations is possible to give a hypothetical gravitational equation for the event horizon micro black hole. But a question arises, for which values of the parameter   (45) (or ) is this valid and what is a minimal value of the parameter in this case.

In all the cases under study, (2.1) and (2.2), the deformation parameter   (17) (  (18)) is, within the constant factor, coincident with the Gaussian curvature (resp., ) that is in essence continuous in the low-energy case and discrete in the high-energy case.

In this way the above-mentioned example shows that, despite the absence of infinitesimal spatial-temporal increments owing to the existence of and the essential “discreteness” of a theory, this discreteness at low energies is not felt, the theory being actually continuous. The indicated discreteness is significant only in the case of high (Planck’s) energies.

In [78] it is shown that the Einstein equation for horizon spaces in the differential form may be written as a thermodynamic identity (the first principle of thermodynamics) ([78], formula (119)):

where, as noted above, is temperature of the horizon surface, is corresponding entropy, is internal energy, and is space volume.

Note that, because of the existing , practically all quantities in (50) (except of ) represent GEQ. Apparently, the radius of a sphere , its volume , and entropy represent such quantities

within the constant factor equal to a sphere with the radius .

Because of this, there are no infinitesimal increments of these quantities, that is, . And, provided is involved, the Einstein equation for the above-mentioned case in the differential form (50) makes no sense and is useless. If may be, purely formerly, replaced by , then, as the quantity is fixed, it is obvious that “” and “” in (50) will be growing as and , respectively. And at low energies, that is, for large values of , this naturally leads to infinitely large rather than infinitesimal values.

In a similar way it is easily seen that the “Entropic Approach to Gravity” [82] in the present formalism is invalid within the scope of the minimal length theory. In fact, the “main instrument” in [82] is a formula for the infinitesimal variation in the bit numbers on the holographic screen with the radius and with the surface area ([82], formula (4.18)):

As and represents GEQ, it is clear that is also GEQ and hence neither nor makes sense.

It is obvious that infinitesimal variations of the screen surface area are possible only in a continuous theory involving no .

When is involved, the minimal variation is evidently associated with a minimal variation in the radius

is dependent on and growing as for :

where , as indicated above.

But, as noted above, a minimal increment of the radius equal to corresponds only to the case of maximal (Planck’s) energies or, similarly, to the parameter in formula (21). However, in [82], the considered low energies are far from the Planck energies and hence in this case in (21)   , (53), and (54) are, respectively, replaced by

An increase of r.h.s in (56) with the growth of (or identically of ) for is obvious.

So, if is involved, formula (4.18) from [82] makes no sense similar to other formulae derived on its basis (4.19), (4.20), (4.22), (5.32)–(5.34),… in [82] and similar to the derivation method for Einstein’s equations proposed in this work.

Proceeding from the principal parameters of this work , the fact is obvious and is supported by formula (19) given in this paper, meaning that

That is, small variations of (low energies) result in large variations of , as indicated by formula (54).

In fact, we have no-go theorems.

The last statements concerning may be explicitly interpreted using the language of a quantum information theory as follows: due to the existence of the minimal length , the minimal area and volume are also involved, and that means “quantization” of the areas and volumes. As, up to the known constants, the “bit number” from (52) and the entropy from (51) are nothing else but

it is obvious that there is a “minimal measure” for the “amount of data” that may be referred to as “one bit” (or “one qubit”).

The statement that there is no such quantity as (and, resp., ) is equivalent to claiming the absence of 0.25 bit, 0.001 bit, and so on.

This inference completely conforms to the Hooft-Susskind Holographic Principle (HP) [60–63] that includes two main statements as follows.

(a)All information contained in a particular spatial domain is concentrated at the boundary of this domain.(b)A theory for the boundary of the spatial domain under study should contain maximally one degree of freedom per Planck’s area .

In fact (but not explicitly) HP implicates the existence of . The existence of totally conforms to HP, providing its generalization. Specifically, without the loss of generality, in point (b) may be replaced by .

So, the principal inference of this work is as follows: provided the minimal length is involved, its existence must be taken into consideration not only at high but also at low energies, both in a quantum theory and in gravity. This becomes apparent by rejection of the infinitesimal quantities associated with the spatial-temporal variations . In other words, with the involvement of , the general relativity (GR) must be replaced by a (still unframed) minimal length gravitation theory that may be denoted as . In their results GR and should be very close but, as regards their mathematical apparatus (instruments), these theories are absolutely different.

Besides, should offer a rather natural transition from high to low energies

and vice versa

where is integer from formula (7) determining the characteristics scale of the lengths (energies ).

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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