Advances in High Energy Physics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 651247, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/651247

Research Article

Gamma-Ray Effects of Dark Forces in Dark Matter Clumps

K. Belotsky,1,2 M. Khlopov,1,2,3 and A. Kirillov1,2

¹National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow 115409, Russia

²Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics “Cosmion”, Moscow 115409, Russia

³APC Laboratory, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

Received 28 October 2013; Revised 20 December 2013; Accepted 2 April 2014; Published 23 April 2014

Academic Editor: Jean-René Cudell

Copyright © 2014 K. Belotsky et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

Existence of new gauge U(1) symmetry possessed by dark matter (DM) particles implies the existence of a new Coulomb-like interaction, which leads to Sommerfeld-Gamow-Sakharov enhancement of dark matter annihilation at low relative velocities. We discuss a possibility to put constraints on such dark forces of dark matter from the observational data on the gamma radiation in our Galaxy. Gamma-rays are supposed to originate from annihilation of DM particles in the small scale clumps, in which annihilation rate is supposed to be enhanced, besides higher density, due to smaller relative velocities v of DM particles. For possible cross sections, mass of annihilating particles, masses of clumps, and the contribution of annihilating particles in the total DM density we constrain the strength of new dark long range forces from comparison of predicted gamma-ray signal with Fermi/LAT data on unidentified point-like gamma-ray sources (PGS) as well as on diffuse -radiation. Both data on diffuse radiation and data on PGS put lower constraints on annihilation cross section at any dark interaction constant, where diffuse radiation provides stronger constraint at smaller clump mass. Density of annihilating DM particles is conventionally supposed to be defined by the frozen annihilation processes in early Universe.

1. Introduction

From the first articles revealing the indirect effects of the cold dark matter (CDM) in the form of heavy neutral leptons [1–8] or supersymmetric particles [7, 9, 10], indirect effects of dark matter annihilation had been the subject of intensive studies in the data on the cosmic rays (CR) and gamma radiation. In the CDM scenario DM particles could form the hierarchic structures over a wide range of scales and masses (from small scale clumps to large scale structures) [11–16]. The annihilation rate of DM particles within these clumpy structures, giving rise to cosmic ray signals [4–8, 17–25], should be enhanced due to higher density of DM particles in them, as compared with their averaged density in the Galaxy. The annihilation cross section can be also enhanced at small relative velocities of DM particles, which are especially small in the lightest clumps, which are likely to be the most abundant. Due to these factors the clumps, located in a neighborhood of Solar System, can be observed as discrete (basically point-like) gamma-ray sources [19, 21, 26–33], while the overall effect of such clumps should increase the diffuse gamma background in the Galaxy.

In this paper we address the sensitivity of the given effect [31–33] to the existence of long range dark forces originated from new U gauge charges, which annihilating dark matter particles possess. Coulomb-like interaction (we will refer to it as “-interaction”) of these U charges leads to Sommerfeld-Gamow-Sakharov (SGS) enhancement of particle annihilation at low relative velocities. Since small scale clumps of dark matter have small gravitational potential, the relative velocities of particles, annihilating within these clumps, are much smaller than those of unclumped particles in the galactic halo, which enhances the sensitivity of both the data on the discrete gamma-ray sources and the data on the diffuse -radiation to the effects of the dark forces in dark matter annihilation.

One should note that effects of DM annihilation enhancement due to new interaction were first considered in [34, 35] and then in many successive papers, for example, [36–40]. In most of these papers SGS enhancement was mainly studied for the case of dominant form of DM that possesses new interaction with massive carrier, and the effect of this enhancement for point-like gamma-ray sources, treated in the present work, was not considered.

The existence of new U gauge symmetry implies the existence of the corresponding massless dark photons. They can increase the effective number of relativistic species at the radiation dominated stage. Decoupling of such photons from the plasma in the early Universe takes place in the period of freezing out of the CDM particles, which makes this contribution compatible with the measurements of the effective number of the neutrino species (see, e.g., [41] for review and references).

Note that new interaction can lead to binding of DM particles into atomic-like states with their successive annihilation [41], or stable dark atoms in case of multicomponent (charge asymmetric) DM [41–43]. This effect, going beyond the scope of the present work, deserves separate consideration.

2. Gamma-Ray Signal from -Interacting DM Clumps

In calculations of gamma-ray signals from the clump in this paper we follow our previous work [31–33]. For density profile inside the clumps we use profile BGZ obtained in [19, 21, 26], which gives the minimal estimation of the -flux from the clump [31–33]. Fraction from total density of surrounding DM is taken for the clumps that survived until present time. We study -radiation effect for only minimal clump mass, formally assuming that all DM clumps are with this mass. According to theoretical estimates consistent with observations, the small mass clumps are predicted to be the most abundant [19, 21, 44]. However, the following merging and formation of the high-mass clumps (subhalos) lead to the transformation of the mass distribution and the subhalos effect can be also noticeable [45], but the picture does not change a lot.

To cover a wide class of models of DM particles, we parametrize their annihilation cross section as follows:

with being relative velocity of annihilating DM particle and antiparticle. Parameter is determined by cosmological density of the particles . The factor takes explicitly into account a possible Coulomb-like -interaction of DM particles, which leads to a Sommerfeld-Gamow-Sakharov enhancement [46–48] and has the form

Here is the fine structure constant of additional interaction.

One should note that -interaction not only implies SGS enhancement of the annihilation cross section but also leads to the existence of new channels that involve -photons in the final state. The corresponding suppression of the branching ratio for ordinary photon production is effectively taken into account in our calculations by a multiplicity of produced photons, (see below).

The enhancement (2) of the annihilation cross section may lead to decrease of the frozen out density of DM particles. However in the period of their freezing out in the early Universe the particles were semirelativistic (with typical velocities ) so that relic density cannot decrease significantly. Effect of annihilation of DM particles in massless bosons of -interaction (-photons) not only needs in general special study in the framework of particular models of DM particles but it also cannot strongly increase the annihilation cross section (and correspondingly decrease the relic abundance) taking into account all the other possible annihilation channels.

In the modern Universe, when the particle velocities are nonrelativistic, factor (2) may significantly enhance the annihilation effects [49–52]. Such effects become noticeable even for a subdominant component with as it takes place in case of heavy stable neutrinos with -interaction [53]. Therefore we suppose that an active (annihilating) component of DM may be both dominant and subdominant; that is, with being the total relative density of cold dark matter in Universe. In estimation of cosmological density we follow the standard approach [54, 55].

It is worth noting that the given scheme does not take into account possibility of binding pairs of considered particle-antiparticle due to -interaction. If nonrelativistic DM particles are decoupled from the ambient plasma, their rapid cooling can strongly enhance the rate of such recombination that may exceed the expansion rate due to high recombination cross section. This process leads inevitably to annihilation and it may strongly suppress the abundance of these DM particles [35].

Since the Coulomb-like -interaction is excluded for Majorana particles (in fact, ordinary Majorana mass term implies violation of U gauge symmetry of -interaction which is inconsistent with its long range nature (existence of massless dark photons)), it is assumed in our estimations that the considered DM particles are Dirac particles with mass  GeV. If annihilating DM particles do not constitute all DM (), then their contribution to density of clumps is assumed to be proportional to (4). We do not specify annihilation channel of photon production, assuming that their averaged multiplicity for energy  MeV is . It is quite typical value for high energy processes at respective energy release.

The photon flux at distance from the clump centre is given by

where the particles/antiparticles number density is

Note that the fraction of subdominant DM particles should be suppressed in the clumps of mass , where is the minimal mass which could be formed by considered DM particles if they prevailed in density. In our study we do not take into account this. The value is determined by averaging over velocity distribution of DM particles inside the clump, assumed to be Maxwellian one with the “virial” temperature .

LAT registers -radiation with energy  MeV [56] and the flux  . The value determines the maximal distance at which the clump can be registered as -source. It gives for chosen profile  pc for  cm² and without -interaction and  pc with -interaction and the same parameters. The last magnitude corresponds to and changes as for and for . All the obtained Galactic size, which justifies assumption that clump number density and corresponds to the local one. So

where  GeV/cm³. The number of clumps which may be detected by LAT is

Note that the given results turn out to be independent of . It is not so for other laws of velocity dependence of cross section [31–33].

The analogous results for some other profile models are given in [33].

Since the clumps at distance are expected to be distributed homogeneously, we can try to explain by them only isotropic component of unidentified PGS registered by Fermi LAT [57]. It includes ~100 sources. From this, respective regions of the parameters and for the typical clump masses [22] are obtained. The results are shown at Figure 1. Note that unidentified PGS data also allow another application to the exotic physics [58, 59].

Figure 1: Allowed and forbidden regions of parameters and are shown as they are obtained on the base of Fermi LAT data on PGS and diffuse -radiation.

The distant clumps situated at should contribute to the diffuse -radiation. -flux from them per given solid angle can be expressed as

where and are introduced in (3), is the distance to the edge of halo along line of sight, and  kpc is its effective value (typical for many halo density profiles (for direction opposite Galactic center (where flux is more relevant to be compared with extracted by Fermi/LAT isotropic component of gamma background) this value varies from 6 to 11 kpc depending on profile and is almost insensitive to )); is negligible with respect to . One requires that

where is the diffuse -background measured by LAT [60]. It puts, as in the case of PGS, the lower constraint on cross section parameter and upper constraint on parameter , which are also plotted on Figure 1. It follows from these constraints that the possibility to have PGS for clump mass is completely ruled out, while such possibility for is constrained but up to ~10 PGS is still possible. Higher masses of clumps avoid these restrictions.

As to the parameters and , the ranges  cm² and are found to be the most interesting (Figure 1). Note that given range virtually excludes considerable contribution into of the annihilation channel into -photons. In fact if DM particles are Dirac particles, then this contribution is being much less than the obtained region of .

The obtained results can be generalized for a case of arbitrary values of the used parameters by multiplying on Figure 1 by :

Effects of DM annihilation during period of the recombination of hydrogen can put constraints on the parameters of -interaction. However, this question should be considered along with effects of DM recombination which might help to escape these constraints, which is out of the scope of the present paper.

It is interesting to note that one of the subdominant dark matter candidates, heavy neutrinos with -interaction, can explain a part of unidentified point-like LAT sources due to -annihilation with mass ~46–49 GeV [31–33]. At Figure 2 a typical -spectrum from 47 GeV neutrinos annihilation is shown in comparison with measured spectrum of one of the nonidentified PGS (annihilation spectrum was obtained with the help of Monte-Carlo generator Pythia 6.4 [61]). However, one should take into account that the heavy neutrino parameters are strongly restricted by underground experiments [53, 62], and the predicted relic density suffers with an uncertainty related with their possible annihilation due to recombination of the -interacting neutrinos and antineutrinos after their freezing out in the early Universe [53].

Figure 2: Expected spectrum from -annihilation is shown for  GeV in comparison with the observed spectrum of unidentified source 2FGL J1653.6-0159.

3. Conclusion

In this paper we apply the approach developed earlier in our analysis of -radiation from annihilation of dark matter in clumps [31–33] to the case of new U symmetry and put constraints on the parameters of the corresponding dark force from the data on discrete gamma sources and gamma background. We have shown that DM clumps in vicinity of the Solar System could be observed as point-like sources of the -radiation and they can partially explain unidentified -sources, registered by LAT. Effects of DM annihilation in more distant clumps contribute to the diffuse gamma background and this contribution strongly depends on the minimal mass of the clumps. The smaller the mass of clumps the stronger the effect of Sommerfeld-Gamow-Sakharov enhancement of the annihilation rate so that the observational data on -background and on the unidentified point-like -sources provide constraints on the strength of the Coulomb-like dark force.

These constraints are highly sensitive to the choice of a density profile inside the clump and are obtained for the most “conservative” BGZ [21] model. It should be also noted that the suppression of the subdominant fraction of DM particles in clumps of mass has not been taken into account and requires special study. In addition the extragalactic clumps should give contribution in diffuse radiation, strengthening the constraint somewhat [63], while observational limits on -flux from separate galaxies or their clusters may become evaded [64].

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors express gratitude to V. Dokuchaev and Yu. Eroshenko for useful discussion of clump evolution. The work of A. Kirillov was supported by Grant of RFBR no. 14-02-31417.

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