Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 8314784, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8314784

Research Article

The Effect of Tensor Interaction in Splitting the Energy Levels of Relativistic Systems

Mohammad Reza Shojaei and Mohsen Mousavi

Department of Physics, University of Shahrood, P.O. Box 36155-316, Shahrood, Iran

Received 9 September 2015; Revised 10 November 2015; Accepted 22 November 2015

Academic Editor: Sally Seidel

Copyright © 2016 Mohammad Reza Shojaei and Mohsen Mousavi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We solve approximately Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with Coulomb-like and Yukawa-like tensor interaction in the presence of spin and pseudospin symmetry for . The formula method is used to obtain the energy eigenvalues and wave functions. We also discuss the energy eigenvalues and the Dirac spinors for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with formula method. To show the accuracy of the present model, some numerical results are shown in both pseudospin and spin symmetry limits.

1. Introduction

One of the interesting problems in nuclear and high energy physics is to obtain analytical solution of the Klein-Gordon, Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau, and Dirac equations for mixed vector and scalar potentials [1]. The study of relativistic effect is always useful in some quantum mechanical systems [2, 3]. Therefore, the Dirac equation has become the most appealing relativistic wave equation for spin-1/2 particles. For example, in the relativistic treatment of nuclear phenomena, the Dirac equation is used to describe the behavior of the nuclei in nucleus and also to solve many problems of high energy physics and chemistry. For this reason, it has been used extensively to study the relativistic heavy ion collisions and heavy ion spectroscopy and more recently in laser-matter interaction (for a review, see [4] and references therein) and condensed matter physics [5, 6]. The idea about spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry with the nuclear shell model has been introduced in 1969 by Arima et al. (1969) and Hecht and Adler (1969) [7, 8]. Spin and pseudospin symmetries are symmetries of a Dirac Hamiltonian with vector and scalar potentials. They are realized when the difference, , or the sum, , is constant. The near realization of these symmetries may explain degeneracy in some heavy meson spectra (spin symmetry) or in single-particle energy levels in nuclei (pseudospin symmetry), when these physical systems are described by relativistic mean-field theories (RMF) with scalar and vector potentials [9]. Recently, some authors have studied various types of potential with a tensor potential, under the conditions of pseudospin and spin symmetry. They have found out that the tensor interaction removes the degeneracy between two states in the pseudospin and spin doublet [10–13]. The pseudospin and spin symmetry appearing in nuclear physics refers to a quasidegeneracy of the single-nucleon doublets and can be characterized with the nonrelativistic quantum numbers () and (), where , , and are the single-nucleon radial, orbital, and total angular momentum quantum numbers for a single particle, respectively [7, 8]. These kinds of various methods have been used for the analytical solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation such as the super symmetric quantum mechanics [14–16], asymptotic iteration method (AIM) [17, 18], factorization method [19, 20], Laplace transform approach [21], GPS method [22, 23] and the path integral method [24–26], and Nikiforov-Uvarov method [27–29]. The Klein-Gordon and Dirac wave equations are frequently used to describe the particle dynamics in relativistic quantum mechanics with some typical kinds of potential by using different methods [30]. For example, Kratzer potential [31, 32], Woods-Saxon potential [33, 34], Scarf potential [35, 36], Hartmann potential [37, 38], Rosen Morse potential, [39, 40], Hulthen potential [41], and Eckart potential [42, 43].

In this paper, we attempt to solve approximately Dirac wave equation for for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials for the spin and pseudospin symmetry with a tensor potential by using the formula method. The organization of this paper is as follows: in Section 2, the formula method is reviewed [44]. In Section 3 we review basic Dirac equations briefly. In Sections 3.1 and 3.2, solutions of Dirac wave equation for the spin and pseudospin symmetry of these potentials in the presence of Coulomb-like tensor interaction are presented, respectively. In Sections 3.3 and 3.4, solutions of Dirac wave equation for the spin and pseudospin symmetry of these potentials in the presence of Coulomb-like plus Yukawa-like tensor interaction are presented, respectively. In Section 4, we provide results and discussion. The conclusion is given in Section 5.

2. Review of Formula Method

The formula method has been used to solve the Schrodinger, Dirac, and Klein-Gordon wave equations for a certain kind of potential. In this method, the differential equations can be written as follows [44]:

For a given Schrödinger-like equation in the presence of any potential model which can be written in the form of (1), the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave function can be obtained by using the following formulas, respectively [44]:

where

And is the normalization constant. In special case where , the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave function can be obtained as [44]

The solution provides a valuable means for checking and improving models and numerical methods introduced for solving complicated quantum systems.

3. Basic Dirac Equations

In the relativistic description, the Dirac equation of a single nucleon with the mass moving in an attractive scalar potential and a repulsive vector potential can be written as [45]

where is the relativistic energy, is the mass of a single particle, and and are the 4 × 4 Dirac matrices. For a particle in a central field, the total angular momentum and commute with the Dirac Hamiltonian, where is the orbital angular momentum. For a given total angular momentum , the eigenvalues of the are , where negative sign is for aligned spin and positive sign is for unaligned spin. The wave functions can be classified according to their angular momentum and spin-orbit quantum number as follows:

where and are upper and lower components and and are the spherical harmonic functions. is the radial quantum number and is the projection of the angular momentum on the -axis. The orbital angular momentum quantum numbers and represent the spin and pseudospin quantum numbers. Substituting (7) into (6), we obtain couple equations for the radial part of the Dirac equation as follows by :

where and are the difference and the sum of the potentials and , respectively, and is a tensor potential. We obtain the second-order Schrodinger-like equation as

We consider bound state solutions that demand the radial components satisfying , and [45].

3.1. Solution Spin Symmetric with Coulomb-Like Tensor Interaction

Under the condition of the spin symmetry—that is, or —the upper component Dirac equation can be written as

The potential is taken as the Eckart [42, 43] plus Hulthen potentials [41]:

where the parameters , , , and are real parameters; these parameters describe the depth of the potential well, and the parameter is related to the range of the potential.

For the tensor term, we consider the Coulomb-like potential [46],

where is the Coulomb radius and and stand for the charges of the projectile particle and the target nucleus , respectively.

By substituting (11) and (12) into (10), we obtain the upper radial equation of Dirac equation as

where , and .

Equation (13) is exactly solvable only for the case of . In order to obtain the analytical solutions of (13), we employ the improved approximation scheme suggested by Greene and Aldrich [47, 48] and replace the spin-orbit coupling term with the expression that is valid for [49]:

The behavior of the improved approximation is plotted in Figure 1. We can see the good agreement for small values.

Figure 1: The behavior approximation for  fm⁻¹.

By applying the transformation , (13) is brought into the form

where the parameters , , and are considered as follows:

Now by comparing (15) with (1), we can easily obtain the coefficients () as follows:

The values of the coefficients () are also found from (4) as below:

Thus, by the use of energy equation (2) for energy eigenvalues, we find

In Tables 1–3, we give the numerical results for the spin symmetric energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹).

Table 1: Energies of the spin symmetry limit in the presence and absence of Coulomb-like tensor interaction by parameters  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹, = 0.4 fm⁻¹, = 0.3 fm⁻¹, = 0.1 fm⁻¹, = 0.2 fm⁻¹, and = 5 fm⁻¹.

State ()
()
()

State ()
()
()

1

1p1/2
3.854830541
5.230932502

1p3/2
3.854830541
2.022333483

2

1d3/2
5.816938791
6.683341758

1d5/2
5.816938791
4.646742373

3

1f5/2
7.054878462
7.612226007

1f7/2
7.054878462
6.315225843

4

1g7/2
7.855626422
8.227670602

1g9/2
7.855626422
7.373922639

1

2p1/2
5.770989098
6.634606185

2p3/2
5.770989098
4.607350329

2

2d3/2
7.005594455
7.562996503

2d5/2
7.005594455
6.267433123

3

2f5/2
7.806806149
8.180021794

2f7/2
7.806806149
7.324529686

4

2g7/2
8.346470004
8.605903663

2g9/2
8.346470004
8.019210395

Table 2: The energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹) for the spin symmetry limit with parameters  fm⁻¹, , , = 4 fm⁻¹, = 3 fm⁻¹, = 1 fm⁻¹, = 2 fm⁻¹, and = 5 fm⁻¹.

(fm⁻¹)
()
()

1d3/2
1d5/2
1d3/2
1d5/2

0.3
2.367211785
2.367211785
3.624581074
0.93609384

0.35
3.53989514
3.53989514
4.771398349
2.070547382

0.4
4.521194951
4.521194951
5.690996586
3.069929104

0.5
5.998968975
5.998968975
7.009500454
4.671333928

0.6
6.995852039
6.995852039
7.853318047
5.827299953

0.7
7.670572507
7.670572507
8.400594789
6.652859598

Table 3: The energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹) for the spin symmetry limit with parameters , ,  fm⁻¹, = 4 fm⁻¹, = 3 fm⁻¹, = 1 fm⁻¹, = 2 fm⁻¹, and = 5 fm⁻¹.

(fm⁻¹)
()
()

1d3/2
1d5/2
1d3/2
1d5/2

5.5
3.335677895
3.335677895
3.893525562
2.662575645

6
3.479942785
3.479942785
4.105505756
2.72071499

6.5
3.618211096
3.618211096
4.311706034
2.7725715

7
3.752572889
3.752572889
4.514086551
2.820419493

8
4.013951033
4.013951033
4.911575769
2.908709541

9
4.269356779
4.269356779
5.303088298
2.991067928

10
4.521194951
4.521194951
5.690996586
3.069929104

Let us find the corresponding wave functions. In reference to (3) and (18), we can obtain the upper wave function as

where is the normalization constant; on the other hand, the lower component of the Dirac spinor can be calculated from

We have obtained the energy eigenvalues and the wave function of the radial Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with Coulomb-like tensor interaction in the presence of the spin symmetry for .

3.2. Solution Pseudospin Symmetry with Coulomb-Like Tensor Interaction

For pseudospin symmetry—that is, or —the lower component Dirac equation can be written as

We consider the scalar, vector, and tensor potentials as the following [41]:

Substituting (23) into (22), we obtain the lower radial equation of Dirac equation as

where , and .

By using the transformation and employing the improved approximation, (24) is brought into the form

where the parameters , , and are considered as follows:

We can easily obtain the coefficients () by comparing (25) with (1) as follows:

The values of the coefficients () are also found from (4) as below:

We have (29) for energy eigenvalues by the use of (2):

In Tables 4–6, we give the numerical results for the pseudospin symmetric energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹).

Table 4: The energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹) for the pseudospin symmetry limit in the presence and absence of Coulomb-like tensor interaction:  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹, = 0.4 fm⁻¹, = 0.3 fm⁻¹, = 0.1 fm⁻¹, = −0.2 fm⁻¹, and = −5 fm⁻¹.

State

()
()

State
()
()
()

1

1s1/2

1d3/2

2

1p3/2

1f5/2

3

1d5/2

1g7/2

4

1f7/2

1h9/2

1

2s1/2

2d3/2

2

2p3/2

2f5/2

3

2d5/2

2g7/2

4

2f7/2

2h9/2

Table 5: The energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹) for the pseudospin symmetry limit with parameters  fm⁻¹, , , = 4 fm⁻¹, = 3 fm⁻¹, = 1 fm⁻¹, = −2 fm⁻¹, and = −5 fm⁻¹.

(fm⁻¹)
()
()

1s1/2
1d3/2
1s1/2
1d3/2

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Table 6: The energy eigenvalues (in units of fm⁻¹) for the pseudospin symmetry limit with parameters , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

(fm⁻¹)
()
()

1s1/2
1d3/2
1s1/2
1d3/2

5.5

6

6.5

7

8

9

10

By using (3) and (28), we can finally obtain the lower component of the Dirac spinor as below:

where is the normalization constant; on the other hand, the upper component of the Dirac spinor can be calculated from (30) as

We have obtained the energy eigenvalues and the spinors of the radial Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with Coulomb-like tensor interaction in the presence of the pseudospin symmetry for . We show in Figure 2 behavior energy for various in the spin and pseudospin symmetry.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Energy spectra in the (a) spin and (b) pseudospin symmetries at various for Coulomb-tensor interaction with parameters  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

3.3. Solution Spin Symmetry with Coulomb Plus Yukawa-Like Tensor Interaction

In this section, for the spin symmetry, we consider , , and as the following:

where and are the real parameters; substitution of (32) into (10) yields

where the parameters , , and are considered as follows:

By comparing (33) with (1), we can easily obtain the coefficients () as follows:

The values of the coefficients () are also found from (4) as below:

By the use of energy equation (2) for energy eigenvalues, we have

In reference to (3) and using (36), we can obtain the upper wave function:

where is the normalization constant; on the other hand, the upper component of the Dirac spinor can be calculated from (38) as

The effects of the Yukawa-like tensor interactions on the upper and lower components for the spin symmetry are shown in Figure 3.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Upper and (b) lower components of in the spin symmetry in the presence and absence of Yukawa tensor interaction for  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

We have obtained the energy eigenvalues and the spinors of the radial Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with the spin symmetry for in the presence and absence of Yukawa tensor.

3.4. Solution Pseudospin Symmetry with Coulomb Plus Yukawa-Like Tensor Interaction

In this section, for the pseudospin symmetry, we consider , , and as the following:

where and are the real parameters. Substitution of (40) into (22) yields

where the parameters , , and are considered as follows:

By comparing (41) with (1), we can easily obtain the coefficients () as follows:

The values of the coefficients () are also found from (4) as below:

By using energy equation (2) for energy eigenvalues, we have

By the use of (3) and (44), we can finally obtain the lower component of the Dirac spinor as below:

where is the normalization constant; on the other hand, the upper component of the Dirac spinor can be calculated from (46) as

The effects of the Yukawa-like tensor interactions on the upper and lower components for the pseudospin symmetry are shown in Figure 4.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: (a) Upper and (b) lower components of in the pseudospin symmetry in the presence and absence of Yukawa tensor interaction for  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

We have obtained the energy eigenvalues and the spinors of the radial Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with the pseudospin symmetry for in the presence and absence of Yukawa tensor interaction. In Figures 5 and 6, we show the effect of Coulomb-like tensor interaction and Yukawa plus Coulomb-like tensor interaction in the remove of degeneracy.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: Energy spectra in the (a) spin and (b) pseudospin symmetries versus for Yukawa-like tensor interaction with parameters  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Energy spectra in the (a) spin and (b) pseudospin symmetries versus for Yukawa plus Coulomb-like tensor interaction with parameters  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

In Figure 7, we show the comparison between Coulomb and Yukawa-like tensor interaction for spin and pseudospin symmetries.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Energy spectra in the (a) spin and (b) pseudospin symmetries at various and for comparison between Coulomb and Yukawa-like tensor interaction with parameters  fm⁻¹, , ,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹,  fm⁻¹, and  fm⁻¹.

In Figures 5, 6, and 7, we showed that degeneracy is removed by tensor interaction. Furthermore, the amount of the energy difference between the two states in the doublets increases with increasing and .

4. Results and Discussion

We obtained the energy eigenvalues in the absence and the presence of the Coulomb-like tensor potential for various values of the quantum numbers and . In Tables 1 and 4, in the absence of the tensor interaction (), the degeneracy between spin doublets and pseudospin doublets is observed. For example, we observe the degeneracy in (, ), (, ), and so forth in the spin symmetry, and we observe the degeneracy in (, ), (, ), and so forth in the pseudospin symmetry. When we consider the tensor interaction, for example, by parameter , the degeneracy is removed. In Tables 2 and 3 for the spin symmetry and also in Tables 5 and 6 for the pseudospin symmetry, we show that degeneracy exists between spin doublets for several of the parameters and , and we show that degeneracy is removed in the presence of tensor interaction. In Figure 2, the degeneracy is removed by tensor interaction effect in spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry; also the amount of the energy difference between the two states in the doublets increases with increasing parameter . The effects of the Yukawa-like tensor interactions on the upper and lower components of radial Dirac equation for the symmetries are shown in Figures 3 and 4. The sensitiveness of the pseudospin doublets (, ) and (, ) and spin doublets (, ) and (, ) for the effects of the Yukawa-like tensor interactions and for Yukawa plus Coulomb-like tensor interaction is given in Figures 5 and 6. In Figure 7 we show that the Coulomb-tensor interaction is stronger than Yukawa-like tensor interaction to remove degeneracy.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we have discussed approximately the solutions of the Dirac equation for Eckart plus Hulthen potentials with spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry for . We obtained the energy eigenvalues and the wave function in terms of the generalized polynomials functions via the formula method. To show the accuracy of the present model, some numerical values of the energy levels are shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6. We have showed that the energy degeneracy in pseudospin and spin doublets is removed by the tensor interaction effect.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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