Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 1540243, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1540243

Research Article

Excited Muon Searches at the FCC-Based Muon-Hadron Colliders

A. Caliskan,¹ S. O. Kara,² and A. Ozansoy³

¹Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Physics Engineering, Gümüşhane University, 29100 Gümüşhane, Turkey
²Omer Halisdemir University, Bor Vocational School, 51240 Nigde, Turkey
³Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to A. Caliskan; acaliskan@gumushane.edu.tr

Received 8 February 2017; Revised 8 March 2017; Accepted 13 March 2017; Published 30 March 2017

Academic Editor: Luca Stanco

Copyright © 2017 A. Caliskan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We study the excited muon production at the FCC-based muon-hadron colliders. We give the excited muon decay widths and production cross-sections. We deal with the process and plot the transverse momentum and normalized pseudorapidity distributions of final state particles to define the kinematical cuts best suited for discovery. By using these cuts, we get the mass limits for excited muons. It is shown that the discovery limits obtained on the mass of are 2.2, 5.8, and 7.5 TeV for muon energies of 63, 750, and 1500 GeV, respectively.

1. Introduction

Discovery of the Higgs boson by ATLAS and CMS collaborations in 2012 [1, 2] has proved the accuracy and reliability of the Standard Model (SM) of the particle physics. But, many questions about dark matter, supersymmetric particles, extra dimensions, neutrino masses, asymmetry between matter and antimatter, existence of new fundamental interactions, and fermion substructure are keeping their mystery and waiting to be solved. Many theories beyond the SM (BSM) have been proposed for these puzzling phenomena. Evidently, it is necessary to perform the particle physics experiments in more powerful colliders with higher energies and luminosities.

Compositeness is one of the BSM models that intend to solve the problem of fermionic families replication, by introducing more fundamental matter constituents called preons. Excited fermions are predicted by preonic models and their existence would be a strong evidence for fermion substructure [3–5]. If known quarks and leptons present composite structures, reasonable explanations could be given for the still unanswered questions about the number and replication of SM families and their mass hierarchy. The appearance of excited states is an indisputable consequence of composite structure of known fermions [6–9]. In composite models, SM fermions are considered as ground states of a rich and heavier spectrum of excited states. Charged () and neutral () excited leptons come on the scene in the framework of composite models. Excited leptons with spin-1/2 and weak-isospin-1/2 are considered as the lowest radial and orbital excitations. Excited states with higher spins also appear in composite models [10–14].

Considerable searches for the spin-1/2 charged and neutral excited lepton signatures have been performed for the and colliders [15–18]; [19–22] and [14, 23] colliders; [24–27] and [28–30] colliders. Production and decay properties of spin-1/2 excited leptons in a left-right symmetric scenario are studied in [31]. Also, spin-3/2 excited leptons are studied at various colliders in [32–38].

Excited electrons () are extensively investigated in the field of excited leptonic state studies. To perform a main comparison it is necessary to study the other charged excited leptons ( and ). In principle, and contributions would differ from contribution in the mass and decay products of the SM leptons.

The mass limit for excited spin-1/2 muons obtained from their pair production () by OPAL collaboration at  GeV is  GeV [39]. From single production (), in events with three or more charged leptons at  TeV including contact interactions in the production and decay mechanism, the ATLAS collaboration sets the mass limits as  GeV [40]. Other studies on excited muon searches can be found in [41–51].

Enormous efforts are being made for the research and development of new particle colliders for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) era and post-LHC era. A staged approach will be taken into consideration for the planning of these energy frontiers. The first stage is low-energy lepton colliders to make the precision measurements of the LHC discoveries. These projects are the International Linear Collider (ILC) [52] with a center-of-mass energy of  TeV and low-energy muon collider (a collider, shortly C) [53]. Lepton-hadron collider projects would be considered as a second stage, including an collider under design, namely, Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) with  TeV (possibly upgraded to  TeV) [54, 55], and a hypothetical collider -LHC at this stage. The ILC with an increased center-of-mass energy ( TeV), the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) [56] with an optimal center-of-mass energy of  TeV, and the Plasma Wake-Field Accelerator-Linear Collider project (PWFA-LC) [57] are high-energy linear colliders under consideration to be built after the LHC. On the side of muon colliders, C with up to 3 TeV is planned as a high-energy muon collider [53].

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) [58] project investigates the various concepts of the circular colliders at CERN for the post-LHC era. The FCC is proposed as the future collider with  TeV and supported by the European Union within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for research and innovation. Besides the option, it is also being planned to include the collider option (TLEP or FCC-ee) [59] and several collider options [60, 61].

Building a muon collider as a dedicated -ring tangential to the FCC will give opportunity to handle multi-TeV scale and colliders [62, 63]. Assumed values for muon energy, center-of-mass energy, and average instantaneous luminosity for different FCC-based collider options are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Main parameters of the FCC-based collider.

Collider
(TeV)
(TeV)

-FCC
0.063
3.50

-FCC
0.75
12.2

-FCC
1.5
17.3

Excited muon searches would provide complementary information for the compositeness studies. This work is dedicated to the search for excited muons at future FCC-based muon-proton colliders. We introduce the effective Lagrangian responsible for the gauge interactions of excited muons and give their decay widths in Section 2. Production cross-sections and the analysis for the decay mode are presented in Section 3. We summarized our results in Section 4.

2. Effective Lagrangian

A spin-1/2 excited lepton is the lowest radial and orbital excitation according to the classification by quantum numbers. Interactions between excited spin-1/2 leptons and ordinary leptons are of magnetic transition type [15, 16, 64]. The effective Lagrangian for the interaction between a spin-1/2 excited lepton, a gauge boson (), and the SM lepton is given by

where is the new physics scale, and are the field strength tensors, denotes the Pauli matrices, is the hypercharge, and are the gauge couplings, and and are the scaling factors for the gauge couplings of and ; with being the Dirac matrices. An excited lepton has three possible decay modes: radiative decay , neutral weak decay , and charged weak decay . Neglecting the SM lepton mass, we find the decay width of excited leptons as

where is the new electroweak coupling parameter corresponding to the gauge boson , and , , and ; is the weak mixing angle, is the mass of the gauge boson, and is the mass of the excited lepton. Total decay widths of excited leptons for and  TeV are given in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Decay width of excited leptons for and  TeV.

3. Excited Muon Production at Colliders

The FCC-based colliders will provide the potential reach for excited muon searches through the process. Feynman diagrams for the subprocesses are shown in Figure 2. We implemented excited muon interaction vertices in high-energy physics simulation programme CALCHEP [65–67] and used it in our calculations.

Figure 2: Leading-order Feynman diagrams for the production at collider.

The total cross-section for the process as a function of the excited muon mass is shown in Figure 3. We used the CTEQ6L parton distribution function in our calculations.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Total cross-section as a function of the excited muon mass for the colliders with various center-of-mass energies for (a) and  TeV (b), respectively.

For the analysis we take into account the decay mode of the . We deal with the process (subprocess ) and impose generic cuts,  GeV, for the final state muon, photon, and jets.

Standard Model cross-sections after the application of the generic cuts are  pb,  pb, and  pb for , and  TeV, respectively. We show the transverse momentum distributions in Figure 4 (for -FCC), in Figure 6 (for -FCC), and in Figure 8 (for -FCC); the normalized pseudorapidity distributions are in Figure 5 (for -FCC), in Figure 7 (for -FCC), and in Figure 9 (for -FCC). We choose and in our calculations. As it is seen from Figures 4, 6, and 8 excited muons carry high transverse momentum and these distributions show a peak around . Also, normalized pseudorapidity distributions are so asymmetric. Since pseudorapidity is defined to be , where is the polar angle, it is concluded that excited muons are produced mostly in the backward direction.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Muon (a) and photon (b) distributions for the -FCC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: Muon (a) and photon (b) normalized distributions for the -FCC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Muon (a) and photon (b) distributions for the -FCC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Muon (a) and photon (b) normalized distributions for the -FCC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: Muon (a) and photon (b) distributions for the -FCC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9: Muon (a) and photon (b) normalized distributions for the -FCC -FCC.

By examining these distributions we determine the discovery cuts presented in Table 2. To determine these discovery cuts we specify the optimal regions where we cut off the most of the background but at the same time do not affect the signal so much. Since we choose the decay mode of the excited muon (try to identify the excited muons through its decay products), no further cut is made on jets.

Table 2: Discovery cuts.

Collider
cut
cut
cut
cut

-FCC
 GeV
 GeV

-FCC
 GeV
 GeV

-FCC
 GeV
 GeV

The invariant mass distributions following these cuts are shown in Figure 10. We define the statistical significance of the expected signal yield as

where denotes cross-section due to the excited muon production and denotes the SM cross-section, is the integrated luminosity of the collider, and is the selection efficiency to detect the signal in the chosen channel ( is assumed to be the same both on signal and on background). Taking into account the criteria ( CL) and ( CL), we derive the mass limits for excited muons. Our results are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: Mass limits for at FCC-based colliders.

Collider

(GeV)

-FCC

2330
2250

 TeV
2300
2180

-FCC

6500
5950

 TeV
6000
5830

-FCC

8050
7540

 TeV
7930
7480

Figure 10: Invariant mass distributions of the system after the discovery cuts for -FCC, -FCC, and -FCC, respectively.

4. Conclusion

It is shown that the FCC-based muon-proton colliders have a significant potential in excited muon investigations. We have studied the excited muon production and decay in various FCC-based collider options with muon energies of , and  GeV. Our analysis shows that taking into account the criteria, for , excited muon mass limits are 2250 GeV, 5950 GeV, and 7540 GeV, for , and  TeV, respectively. Also, for the same criteria, for  TeV, excited muon mass limits are 2180, 5830, and 7480 GeV for , and  TeV, respectively.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

A. Caliskan and S. O. Kara’s work is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the Grant no. 114F337.

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