Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 6738409, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6738409

Research Article

Bounds on the Electromagnetic Dipole Moments through the Single Top Production at the CLIC

M. Köksal,¹ A. A. Billur,² and A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez³

¹Department of Optical Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
²Department of Physics, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
³Facultad de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Apartado Postal C-580, 98060 Zacatecas, ZAC, Mexico

Correspondence should be addressed to A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez; alexgu@fisica.uaz.edu.mx

Received 11 September 2016; Revised 6 November 2016; Accepted 15 November 2016; Published 6 February 2017

Academic Editor: Lorenzo Bianchini

Copyright © 2017 M. Köksal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We obtain bounds on the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the -quark from a future high-energy and high-luminosity linear electron positron collider, as the CLIC, with polarized and unpolarized electron beams which are powerful tools for determining new physics. We consider the processes ( is the Compton backscattering photon) and ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) as they are one of the most important sources of single top quark production. For systematic uncertainties of , , center-of-mass energy of , and integrated luminosity of the future collider may put bounds on the electromagnetic dipole moments and of the top quark of the order of at the level, which are competitive with those recently reported in previous studies at hadron colliders and the ILC.

1. Introduction

The top quark is by far the heaviest particle of the Standard Model (SM) [1–3], with a mass of [4]. Up to now, the top quark has only been studied at the Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Its large mass implies that the top quark is the SM particle most strongly coupled to the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. This is the principal reason it is considered to be one of the most likely places where new physics might be discovered. This means the top quark is a window to any new physics at the energy scale. While much information about the top quark is already available that shows consistency with SM expectations, its properties and interactions are among the most important measurements for present and future high-energy colliders [5–16].

The construction of a high-energy International Linear Collider (ILC) has been proposed to complement direct searches carried out at the LHC. Precision measurements of top quark properties, in particular of its couplings, are especially interesting because the top quark is the heaviest known elementary particle and thus expected to be more sensitive to new physics at higher scales.

The top quark has been studied in some detail at the Tevatron and LHC. Many of its properties are still poorly constrained such as mass, spin, color and electric charges, the electric and magnetic dipole moments, and the chromomagnetic and chromoelectric dipole moments. Therefore, significant new insights on top quark properties will be one of the tasks of the LHC, the ILC [7–10, 15, 16], and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) [12, 17].

The dipole moments of the top quark are some of the most sensitive observables, and although these intrinsic properties have been studied extensively both theoretically and experimentally, it is necessary to have more precise measurements. The dipole moments of the top quark have been investigated by several authors and in a variety of theoretical models [18–25]. Further, a number of studies show that, in the processes and , the dipole moments of the top quark can be measured with great sensitivity [26–29]. However, there are a significant number of top quarks that are produced in single form via the weak interaction. There are several single top quark production processes of interest in and collisions, characterized by the virtuality of the W boson [30–39].

Although studying single top quark production may not be considered of great importance, there are several reasons why its study is necessary in future linear colliders: It is a very good alternative to study the dipole moments and of the top quark, as well as the anomalous coupling . Single top production at CLIC in association with a boson and bottom quark through production leads to the same final state as quark pair production. The cross section for single top quark production processes is significant since production is abundant in colliders that operate at high energies. In addition, the single top quark production is directly proportional to the square of the coupling, and therefore it is potentially very sensitive to the structure [40]. Single top quarks are produced with nearly polarization due to the weak interaction [41, 42]. New physics can influence single top production by inducing weak interactions beyond the SM weak interactions [42, 43], through loop effects [44–46], or by providing new sources of single top quark production [47–49]. For these reasons, it is important to study the properties of the top quark, in particular their dipole moments through the single top quark production processes.

In the SM, the prediction for the magnetic dipole moment (MDM) of the top quark is [50], which can be tested in current and future colliders, such as LHC and CLIC. In contrast, its electric dipole moment (EDM) is strongly suppressed and less than [18, 51, 52], which is too small to be observed. It is, however, highly attractive for probing new physics.

The sensitivity to the EDM has been studied in models with vector-like multiplets which predicted the top quark EDM close to [53].

There are studies performed via the production for the LHC at and and , with limits of and , respectively [54]. Other limits are reported in the literature: and which are obtained from the branching ratio and the CP asymmetry from radiative transitions [55], while the bounds of and come from measurements of cross section with uncertainty, respectively [56]. More recent limits on the top quark magnetic and electric dipole moments through the process at the LHC with , , and C.L. are and [57]. Sensitivity limits for the anomalous couplings of the top quark through the production process of top quark pairs for the ILC at , , , and are predicted to be of the order of . Thus, the measurements at an electron positron collider lead to a significant improvement in comparison with LHC. Detailed discussions on the dipole moments of the top quark in top quark pairs production at the ILC are reported in the literature [7–11, 14–16, 26–29, 58–60]. It is worth mentioning that there are no limits reported in the literature on the dipole moments and via single top quark production processes.

CP violation was first observed in a small fraction of mesons decaying to two pions in the SM. This phenomenology in the SM can be easily introduced by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism in the quark sector. For this reason, the presence of new physics beyond the SM can be investigated by examining the electromagnetic properties of the top quark that are defined with CP-symmetric and CP-asymmetric anomalous form factors. Its dipole moments such as the MDM come from one-loop level perturbations and the corresponding EDM, which is described as a source of CP violation.

Following [54, 57, 61–63], the definition of the general effective coupling , including the SM coupling and contributions from dimension-six effective operators, can be parameterized by the following effective Lagrangian:

where is the electromagnetic coupling constant and is the top quark electric charge and the Lorentz-invariant vertex function which describes the interaction of a photon with two top quarks and can be parameterized by

where is the mass of the top quark, is the momentum transfer to the photon, and the couplings and are real and related to the anomalous magnetic moment and the electric dipole moment of the top quark, respectively.

The majority of physics research in linear colliders is done assuming positron and electron beams are unpolarized. However, another significant advantage of the linear colliders is to obtain suitability of a highly polarized electron beam that can be polarized up to . A polarized electron beam provides a method to investigate the SM and to diagnose new physics beyond the SM. Observation of even the tiniest signal which conflicts with the SM expectations would be persuasive evidence for new physics. Proper selection of the electron beam polarization may therefore be used to enhance the new physics signal and also to considerably suppress backgrounds.

In this work we study the sensibility of the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the top quark through the processes ( is the Compton backscattering photon) and ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) which are among the most important sources of single top quark production [30, 33]. We use center-of-mass energies of the CLIC [17]. These values are for a center-of-mass energy of with integrated luminosity of and with and polarized and unpolarized electron beams and [64]. Not only can the future linear collider be designed to operate in collision mode, but also it can be operated as and collider. This is achieved by using Compton backscattered photons in the scattering of intense laser photons on the initial beams. Another well-known application of linear colliders is to study new physics beyond the SM through and collisions. A quasireal photon emitted from one of the incoming or beams interacts with the other lepton shortly after generating the subprocess . Hence, first we calculate the main reaction by integrating the cross section for the subprocess . In this case, the quasireal photons in collisions can be examined by Equivalent Photon Approximation (EPA) [65–67] using the Weizsacker-Williams approximation (WWA). In EPA, photons emitted from incoming leptons which have very low virtuality are scattered at very small angles from the beam pipe. These emitted quasireal photons have a low virtuality and are therefore almost real. We only use the photon virtuality of . Also, we can add parts related to the large values of which do not significantly contribute to obtaining sensitivity limits on the anomalous couplings [68–71]. These processes have been observed phenomenologically and experimentally at the LEP, Tevatron, and LHC [72–93].

Taking all of the aforementioned into account, we study the potential of the processes and via Compton backscattering and WWA, respectively, and derive bounds on the dipole moments and at and level ( and C.L.) and at a future high-energy and high-luminosity linear electron positron collider, as the CLIC, to study the sensibility on the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the top quark. The corresponding schematic and Feynman diagrams for the main reactions as well as for the subprocesses which give the most significant contribution to the total cross section are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram for the process of single top quark production .

Figure 2: The Feynman diagrams contributing to the process and the subprocess .

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we study the dipole moments of the top quark through the process and in Section 3, through the process . Finally, we summarize our conclusions in Section 4.

2. Compton Backscattering: Cross Section of

In this section we present numerical results of the cross section for the process , using the CalcHEP [94] packages for calculations of the matrix elements and cross sections. These packages provide automatic computation of the cross sections and distributions in the SM as well as their extensions at tree level. We consider the high-energy stage of possible future linear collisions with and 3 and design luminosity of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000  according to the new data reported by the CLIC [17]. In addition, in all numerical analysis we consider the -tagging efficiency of and systematic uncertainty of and the acceptance cuts will be imposed as for pseudorapidity and and for transverse momentums of the final state particles. We also consider the hadronic decay channels of the top quark (hadronic branching ratio). There are systematic uncertainties for hadron colliders for single top quark production [95]. For example, these uncertainties arise from luminosity, jet identification, backgrounds, . On the other hand, linear colliders have less uncertainties with respect to hadron colliders for determination of the cross section of single top quark production [96]. Therefore, for events estimation in analysis, we have taken into account and consider systematic uncertainties of and . The values close to this systematic uncertainty value have been taken into account in previous studies; for example, in [97], a systematic error in the total cross section has been assumed for the process at the ILC. It can be seen that the systematic error in the cross section determination has been lowered from to [98]. However, since there is no study related to the systematic error on the single top quark production at the CLIC, we use systematic errors of and for the processes studied in this paper.

In our study we examined the projected and sensitivities on the dipole moments and of the top quark for the processes ( is the Compton backscattering photon) and ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) at the CLIC-1.4  and CLIC-3 , respectively. We use the chi-squared distribution test defined as

where is the total cross section including contributions from the SM and new physics, , is the statistical error, is the systematic error, and is the number of signal expected events , where is the and is the integrated CLIC luminosity.

2.1. Top Quark Dipole Moments through the Process with Polarized and Unpolarized Beams

With polarized beams of electrons and positrons, the cross section of a process can be expressed as [64]

where is the polarization degree of the electron (positron) beam, while stands for the cross section for completely left-handed polarized beam and completely right-handed polarized beam , and other cross sections , and are defined analogously.

The corresponding Feynman diagrams for the process that give the most important contribution to the total cross sections are shown in Figure 2. In this figure the Feynman diagrams correspond to the contribution of the SM, while diagram corresponds to the anomalous contribution; that is, for the collisions there is SM background at the tree level so the total cross section is proportional to , respectively.

To illustrate our results, we show the dependence of the cross section on the anomalous couplings and for in Figure 3 for , , as well as on unpolarized beams and two different center-of-mass energies [17], whereas the () anomalous coupling is kept fixed at zero. We observed that the cross section is sensitive to the value of the center-of-mass energies. The sensitivity to increases with the collider energy reaching a maximum at the end of the range considered, , and the cross section for increases relative to up to with polarized beams and up to with unpolarized beams. By contrast, in the vicinity of the total cross section is smaller. We notice that, as shown in Figure 3, the production process at an CLIC-based collider reaches a value of for for polarized and unpolarized beams. Although the cross section for unpolarized beams is approximately half of that of polarized beams, in both cases the coupling could be probed with remarkable sensitivity (see Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1: Bounds on the magnetic moment and electric dipole moment for the process ( is the Compton backscattering photon) for , , , , at and C.L.

()
()

C.L.

1.4
50

0.1615

0.2352

1.4
300

0.1032

0.2235

1.4
500

0.0908

0.2224

1.4
1000

0.0763

0.2217

1.4
1500

0.0689

0.2214

3
50

0.0768

0.1208

3
300

0.0491

0.1164

3
500

0.0432

0.1161

3
1000

0.0364

0.1158

3
1500

0.0329

0.1157

3
2000

0.0277

0.1156

C.L.

1.4
50

0.1762

0.2567

1.4
300

0.1126

0.2438

1.4
500

0.0990

0.2427

1.4
1000

0.0833

0.2418

1.4
1500

0.0752

0.2416

3
50

0.0838

0.1318

3
300

0.0535

0.1270

3
500

0.0472

0.1266

3
1000

0.0396

0.1263

3
1500

0.0358

0.1262

3
2000

0.0301

0.1261

Table 2: Bounds on the magnetic moment and electric dipole moment for the process ( is the Compton backscattering photon) for , , at and C.L.

C.L.

1.4
50

0.1872

0.2451

1.4
300

0.1196

0.2255

1.4
500

0.1052

0.2237

1.4
1000

0.0885

0.2223

1.4
1500

0.0800

0.2218

3
50

0.0887

0.1246

3
300

0.0563

0.1172

3
500

0.0494

0.1165

3
1000

0.0414

0.1160

3
1500

0.0373

0.1159

3
2000

0.0312

0.1158

C.L.

1.4
50

0.2043

0.2674

1.4
300

0.1305

0.2460

1.4
500

0.1149

0.2440

1.4
1000

0.0969

0.2425

1.4
1500

0.0873

0.2420

3
50

0.0966

0.1360

3
300

0.0616

0.1279

3
500

0.0541

0.1271

3
1000

0.0453

0.1266

3
1500

0.0408

0.1264

3
2000

0.0341

0.1263

Figure 3: The integrated total cross section of the process ( is the Compton backscattering photon) as a function of and with and polarized and unpolarized beams.

In Figure 4 we used two center-of-mass energies expected for the CLIC accelerator in order to get contour limits in the plane for and the expected luminosities of with polarized and unpolarized beams of electrons and positrons.

Figure 4: Limits contours at the in the plane for ( is the Compton backscattering photon) and with polarized and unpolarized beams.

As an indicator of the order of magnitude, using -tagging efficiency of 0.8 and considering the systematic errors of , in Tables 1 and 2 we present the bounds obtained on the magnetic moment and electric dipole moments of the -quark with the polarization for the electron beams and for the positron, as well as with unpolarized beams, with , at and C.L., respectively. As expected, the results presented in Tables 1 and 2 clearly show that as the energy and luminosity of the collider increase, the bounds on the dipole moments of the top quark are stronger. We observed that these results are competitive with those recently reported in previous studies [54–57]. From results presented in Table 1, it is obvious that the effect of polarized beams is more significant than the effect of unpolarized beams (see Table 2).

To complement our results, in Table 3 we show the single top production total cross section for the process as a function of the dipole moments and at the two CLIC energies of 1.4 and 3. For polarized beams (), the total cross section most significant for the process considered is for , , and , while for , , and the total cross section is . On the other hand, for unpolarized beams (), the total cross sections are for , and for , with , respectively. Therefore, the total cross section for the case of polarized beams shows improvement by a factor of 1.8 with respect to the unpolarized case.

Table 3: Total cross sections for the process ( is the Compton backscattering photon) as a function of and for at and , , respectively.

1.4
−1

−1

1.4
−0.5

−0.5

1.4
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

1.4
0.5

0.5

1.4
1

1

3
−1

−1

3
−0.5

−0.5

3
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

3
0.5

0.5

3
1

1

1.4
−1

−1

1.4
−0.5

−0.5

1.4
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

1.4
0.5

0.5

1.4
1

1

3
−1

−1

3
−0.5

−0.5

3
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

3
0.5

0.5

3
1

1

3. Weizsacker-Williams Approximation (WWA): Cross Section of

We use the WWA and consider the process which is potentially useful for studying the dipole moments of the top quark with polarized and unpolarized beams and for the center-of-mass energies of the CLIC [17].

3.1. Top Quark Dipole Moments through the Process with Polarized and Unpolarized Beams

The Feynman diagrams for the subprocess are shown in Figure 2. The total cross section of the subprocess depends on the contribution of the SM (diagrams ) plus the contribution of the anomalous couplings (diagram ).

For the study of the process , in Figure 5 we show the total cross section as a function of the electromagnetic form factors of the top quark and for [64], two different center-of-mass energies [17], and the Weizsacker-Williams photon virtuality [68–71] (Table 6). We can see from this figure that the total cross section changes strongly with reaching and at the end of the range considered to with polarized and unpolarized beams.

Figure 5: The integrated total cross section of the process ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) as a function of and with , and polarized and unpolarized beams.

In Figure 6 we present the limit contours for the dipole moments in the () plane for the process . The curves are for and . We have used and .

Figure 6: Limits contours at the in the plane for ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) with , and polarized and unpolarized beams.

We summarize the bounds obtained on the anomalous parameters and for , systematic uncertainties of , , , and at and in Tables 4 and 5. The bounds obtained on these parameters with polarized/unpolarized beams are slightly moderate with respect to those obtained by the process as shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Table 4: Bounds on the magnetic moment and electric dipole moment for the process ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) for , , , at and C.L.

  ()
()

C.L.

1.4
50

0.3908

0.4104

1.4
300

0.2497

0.3074

1.4
500

0.2197

0.2931

1.4
1000

0.1848

0.2807

1.4
1500

0.1670

0.2762

3
50

0.1984

0.2216

3
300

0.1267

0.1829

3
500

0.1115

0.1785

3
1000

0.0937

0.1750

3
1500

0.0847

0.1738

3
2000

0.0713

0.1732

C.L.

1.4
50

0.4264

0.4478

1.4
300

0.2724

0.3354

1.4
500

0.2397

0.3197

1.4
1000

0.2016

0.3063

1.4
1500

0.1822

0.3013

3
50

0.2165

0.2418

3
300

0.1383

0.1995

3
500

0.1217

0.1948

3
1000

0.1023

0.1909

3
1500

0.0924

0.1896

3
2000

0.0777

0.1890

Table 5: Bounds on the magnetic moment and electric dipole moment for the process ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) for , , at and C.L.

C.L.

1.4
50

0.4527

0.4657

1.4
300

0.2892

0.3313

1.4
500

0.2545

0.3101

1.4
1000

0.2140

0.2907

1.4
1500

0.1934

0.2833

3
50

0.2299

0.2459

3
300

0.1468

0.1908

3
500

0.1293

0.1838

3
1000

0.1086

0.1778

3
1500

0.0982

0.1757

3
2000

0.0826

0.1747

C.L.

1.4
50

0.4938

0.5081

1.4
300

0.3155

0.3614

1.4
500

0.2777

0.3383

1.4
1000

0.2335

0.3171

1.4
1500

0.2111

0.3091

3
50

0.2508

0.2682

3
300

0.1602

0.2082

3
500

0.1410

0.2005

3
1000

0.1185

0.1940

3
1500

0.1071

0.1917

3
2000

0.0901

0.1906

Table 6: Total cross sections for the process ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) as a function of and for , at and , respectively.

1.4
−1

−1

1.4
−0.5

−0.5

1.4
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

1.4
0.5

0.5

1.4
1

1

3
−1

−1

3
−0.5

−0.5

3
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

3
0.5

0.5

3
1

1

1.4
−1

−1

1.4
−0.5

−0.5

1.4
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

1.4
0.5

0.5

1.4
1

1

3
−1

−1

3
−0.5

−0.5

3
0
(SM)
0
(SM)

3
0.5

0.5

3
1

1

Finally, the predicted values of the corresponding production total cross sections of the process are listed in Table 4 as a function of and by assuming the initial electron (positron) beam polarization to be for , -tagging efficiency = 0.8, and center-of-mass energies of and .

It is worth mentioning that the ratio of the total cross section of the process ( is the Compton backscattering photon) is generally about 18 times greater than the total cross section of the process ( is the Weizsacker-Williams photon) and both total cross sections depend strongly on the dipole moments ( and ) and on the center-of-mass energy of the CLIC.

4. Conclusions

Although and processes require new detectors, and are produced spontaneously at linear colliders without any detectors. These processes will allow the future linear colliders to operate in two different modes, and , opening up the opportunity for a wider search for new physics. Therefore, the linear collisions represent an excellent opportunity to study top quark anomalous magnetic moment and electric dipole moment.

We have performed a study of the total cross section of the processes and , with polarized and unpolarized electron beams as a function of the anomalous couplings and . We have also investigated anomalous and couplings for both polarized and unpolarized cases. The general behavior of the cross sections as a function of and couplings does not change. However, we can see from our calculations of the polarized and unpolarized cases that polarization increases the cross sections. The main reason for these results can be seen in Figure 2. There are four diagrams which contribute to the process and one of them includes the vertex. This diagram gives the maximum contribution to the total cross section. For , this contribution is dominant due to the structure of the vertex. We can appreciate from these figures that lepton polarization can improve the bounds on the anomalous couplings. The analysis is shown in Figures 3 and 5 with Compton backscattering photon and Weizsacker-Williams photon virtuality of and . In both processes, the cross section shows a strong dependence on the anomalous couplings and , as well as on the center-of-mass energy . This variation of the cross section for is of the order , and , for and , respectively.

We also include contour plots for the dipole moments at the in the plane for the processes and for and in Figures 4 and 6. The contours are consistent with the results obtained in Tables 1, 2, 4, and 5. The bounds obtained in these tables are competitive with those recently reported in the literature [54–57] and we can observe a strong correlation between the center-of-mass energy , integrated luminosity , and the dipole moments and .

Other promising production modes for studying the cross section and the electromagnetic dipole moments and of the top quark are the processes (Compton backscattering photon), (Weizsacker-Williams photon), and (Compton backscattering photon, Weizsacker-Williams photon), respectively. These processes are one of the most important sources of pair production and represent new physics effects at a high-energy and high-luminosity linear electron positron collider as the CLIC.

In conclusion, we have found that the processes and in the and collision modes at the high energies and luminosities expected at the CLIC can be used as a probe to bound the magnetic moment and electric dipole moment of the top quark. In particular, using integrated luminosity , center-of-mass energies of 3, and and considering the systematic uncertainty , we derive bounds on the dipole moments of the top quark at and ( and ) C.L.: , and , for with unpolarized and polarized beams. For with polarized and unpolarized electron beams, , and , . These results are competitive with those recently reported in previous studies [54–57]. To our knowledge, our numerical results for the dipole moments of the top quark through the single top production processes have never been reported in the literature before and could be of relevance for the scientific community.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez acknowledges support from CONACyT, SNI, and PROFOCIE (México).

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