Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 7306825, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7306825

Research Article

Radiative Decay Widths of Ground and Excited States of Vector Charmonium and Bottomonium

Hluf Negash¹ and Shashank Bhatnagar²

¹Department of Physics, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
²Department of Physics, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Hluf Negash; h2002hluf@yahoo.com

Received 26 January 2017; Accepted 14 May 2017; Published 20 June 2017

Academic Editor: Thierry Grandou

Copyright © 2017 Hluf Negash and Shashank Bhatnagar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We study the radiative decay widths of vector quarkonia for the process of and (for principal quantum numbers ) in the framework of Bethe-Salpeter equation under the covariant instantaneous ansatz using a form of BSE. The parameters of the framework were determined by a fit to the mass spectrum of ground states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, such as , , , and . These input parameters so fixed were found to give good agreements with data on mass spectra of ground and excited states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, leptonic decay constants of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, two-photon decays, and two-gluon decays of pseudoscalar quarkonia in our recent paper. With these input parameters so fixed, the radiative decay widths of ground and excited states of heavy vector quarkonia ( and ) are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with data.

1. Introduction

Studies on mass spectra and decays of heavy quarkonia ( and ) have become a hot topic in recent years, due to observation of many new states at various high energy accelerators at BABAR, Belle, CLEO, and BES-III collaborations [1–4]. All this has opened up new challenges in theoretical understanding of heavy hadrons and provide an important tool for exploring the structure of these simplest bound states in QCD and for studying the nonperturbative (long distance) behavior of strong interactions.

As regards the dynamical framework, to investigate these properties is concerned; many nonperturbative approaches, such as lattice QCD [5], chiral perturbation theory [6], QCD sum rules [7], heavy-quark effective theory [8], NRQCD [9], dynamical-equation based approaches like Schwinger-Dyson equation and Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) [10–15], and potential models [16] have been proposed to deal with the long distance property of QCD.

Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) [11, 15, 17–19] is a conventional approach in dealing with relativistic bound state problems. From the solutions, we can obtain useful information about the inner structure of hadrons, which is also crucial in treating hadronic decays. The BSE framework which is firmly rooted in field theory provides a realistic description for analyzing hadrons as composite objects. Despite its drawback of having to input model-dependent kernel, these studies have become an interesting topic in recent years, since calculations have shown that BSE framework using phenomenological potentials can give satisfactory results as more and more data are being accumulated. The BSE is frequently adopted as starting point of QCD inspired models, due to the fact that this equation has a firm base in quantum field theory.

In a recent work [20, 21], we employed a representation for two-body () BS amplitude for calculating both the mass spectra and the transition amplitudes for various processes. However, the price one pays in this approach is to solve a coupled set of Salpeter equations for both pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia. However, in [21], we explicitly showed that these coupled Salpeter equations can indeed get decoupled in the heavy-quark approximation, leading to mass spectral equations with analytical solutions for both masses, as well as eigenfunctions for all the ground and excited states of pseudoscalar and vector and systems in an approximate harmonic oscillator basis. These analytical forms of eigenfunctions for ground and excited states so obtained were used to evaluate the transition amplitudes for different processes in [21]. Thus, in [21], we had calculated the mass spectrum, weak decay constants, two-photon decay widths and two-gluon decay widths of ground and radially excited () states of pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium such as and , as well as the mass spectrum and leptonic decay constants of ground state and excited (, , , , , and ) states of vector charmonium and bottomonium such as and , using this formulation of Bethe-Salpeter equation under covariant instantaneous ansatz (CIA). Our results were in good agreement with data (wherever available) and other models. However, in all the above processes, the quark antiquark loop involved a single hadron-quark vertex, which was simple to handle.

However for the transitions such as , the process requires calculation of triangle quark-loop diagram involving two hadron-quark vertices and is difficult to evaluate in BSE-CIA, which gives rise to complexities in amplitudes. However in [22, 23], they demonstrated an explicit mathematical procedure for handling such problems in representation of BSE. Thus, in the present work, we will precisely apply an instantaneous formalism employing BSE under CIA for transitions involving the process, , where such problems do not enter in the calculations of [21].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give the formulation of BSE under CIA. In Section 3, we give the derivation of the hadronic process in the framework of BSE under CIA and calculate its radiative decay widths. The numerical results for radiative decay widths of the processes are worked out. Section 4 is reserved for discussions and conclusion.

2. Formulation of BSE under CIA

We give a short derivation of Salpeter equations in this section, giving only the main steps. The 4D BSE for comprising equal mass fermionic quarks of momenta and masses (=m), respectively, is written in representation as

where the BS wave function is sandwiched between the inverse propagators of the quark and the antiquark, whose individual momenta are related to the internal momentum and total momentum of hadron of mass as . We further decompose the internal momentum, , as the sum of its transverse component, (which is orthogonal to total hadron momentum ), and the longitudinal component, (which is parallel to ). Thus, , where the transverse component, , is an effective 3D vector, while the longitudinal component, , plays the role of the time component. The 4D volume element in this decomposition is . To obtain the 3D BSE and the hadron-quark vertex, use an ansatz on the BS kernel in (1) which is assumed to depend on the 3D variables , as

Hence, the longitudinal component, of , does not appear in the form of the kernel and we define 3D wave function as

Substituting (3) in (1), with definition of kernel in (2), we get a covariant version of Salpeter equation

and the 4D BS wave function can be written as

where

plays the role of hadron-quark vertex function. Following a sequence of steps given in [20, 21], we obtain four Salpeter equations:

with the energy projection operators, , , and , where for quarks and antiquarks, respectively. The projected wave functions, , in Salpeter equations are obtained by the operation of the above projection operators on   (for details see [20, 21]) as

To obtain the mass spectral equation, we have to start with the above four Salpeter equations and solve the instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter equation. However, the last two equations do not contain eigenvalue and are thus employed to obtain constraint conditions on the Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes associated with various Dirac structures in , as shown in detail in [21]. The framework is quite general so far. In fact the above four equations constitute an eigenvalue problem that should lead to evaluation of mass spectra of pseudoscalar and vector charmonium and bottomonium states such as , , , and (see [21]). The numerical results [21] of mass spectra of P and V quarkonia participating in the radiative decays studied in this paper are listed in Section 3. We now give details of calculation of decay widths for the process, , in the next section.

3. Electromagnetic Transition of

The lowest order, Feynman diagrams for the process, , are given in Figure 1, where and are vector and pseudoscalar quarkonia, respectively. The second diagram is obtained from the first one by reversing the directions of internal fermionic lines.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Feynman diagram for the first and second figures corresponding to the quark and antiquark emitting the photon, respectively, for the transition .

The electromagnetic transition amplitude , corresponding to Figures 1(a) and 1(b), is given by the one-loop momentum integral as in [23, 31, 32]:

where and are momenta of the initial and final hadrons, respectively, , , , and are initial and final momenta of the quark and antiquark, respectively, is the momentum of the outgoing photon, and and are the 4D BS wave functions of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia involved in the process and are expressed as and . is the electric charge of quarks. is the polarization vector of the emitted photon. We have used the momentum relations , , , and for first diagram. However for second diagram, the last momentum relation is , while the other relations are the same as in first diagram. Here, the second term (coming from Figure 1(b)) in (9) gives the same contribution as the first term (coming from Figure 1(a)), and hence we can write as

with an overall multiplicative factor of 2.

This equation can be reduced to 3D forms by defining the 3D wave function, . Thus, one can write the instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter form for the electromagnetic transition amplitude between two bound states as (see [33])

where we resolve the amplitude corresponding to the first term (i.e., Figure 1(a)) in the previous equation into and components, where the dominant contribution comes from the components, while the contribution from the components is less than percent [34]. Thus we can, to a good approximation, write the total amplitude for the process in terms of only the components as

where and is the mass of the initial quarkonia. The relativistic BS wave function of meson bound state is taken as in [21]:

where is the momentum of the final state P-quarkonia, is the BS normalization of the final state P-quarkonia, and is the mass of the final state P-quarkonia.

The relativistic BS wave function of quarkonium can ultimately be written as in [21]:

Here, is the polarization vector of the vector quarkonia and is the BS normalizer of the initial state quarkonia. We wish to mention that (13) above is obtained by starting from the most general expression for in Eq. of [21]. The general decomposition of instantaneous wave function in the center of mass frame of dimensionality is given in Eq. of [21]. This instantaneous wave function is put into the last two Salpeter equations, and the constraint conditions on the amplitudes (given in Eq. of [21]) are obtained. We thus obtain Eq. of [21]. This is then put into the first two Salpeter equations to obtain the two coupled equations (Eq. of [21]). Solving them simultaneously leads to (13) of present paper (which is Eq. in [21]), written in terms of . Similarly we obtain in (14) written in terms of . These scalar functions satisfy the harmonic oscillator equation, Eq. of [21], whose solutions are worked out by using the power series method in Eq. of [21], with plots of these wave functions given in Figures  1-2 (for P-quarkonia) and Figures  3-4 (for V quarkonia) in [21]. Thus we want to mention that the complete 2-fermion wave functions, , are ultimately expressed in terms of summation over various Dirac structures multiplying a single scalar function , whose detailed algebraic expressions (Gaussian functions) are not approximations, but are obtained as analytic solutions of the algebraic form of the mass spectral equations for P and V quarkonia (with the complete spectrum written down in terms of principal quantum number in Eq. of [21]) in an approximate harmonic oscillator basis.

The projected wave function for positive energy, , is obtained by the operation of projection operators on and , respectively, as in (8):

where , , are called projection operators and and . The relativistic positive energy wave function of equal mass pseudoscalar quarkonia in the center of mass system can be expressed as

And the relativistic positive energy wave function of equal mass vector quarkonia in the center of mass system can be written as

The conjugate of is evaluated from , after a sequence of steps is expressed as

Now, if we evaluate the total transition amplitude using (12), (17), and (18), we get

where

Evaluating trace over the gamma matrices, one can obtain the expression:

where and are momenta of the initial (V) and final (P) quarkonia, respectively. One can rewrite the transition amplitude after evaluation of the gamma matrices as

The decay width for can be expressed as (see [32])

From (22) for total amplitude, , one can obtain

where

One can obtain the expression of the decay rate of heavy quarkonia for the process, , as

and are the masses of the pseudoscalar heavy quarkonia (, ) and vector heavy quarkonia , respectively. In the expression for , and are the BS normalizers for heavy vector and pseudoscalar quarkonia, respectively, which are given in a simple form as in [21]:

The ground state wave function and the radial wave functions for the and excitations for initial heavy vector quarkonia are written as in Eq. (41) of [21]:

and the ground state wave function and the radial wave functions for the and excitations for final heavy pseudoscalar quarkonia are written as in Eq. (41) of [21]:

where and .

The inverse range parameters for pseudoscalar and vector meson, respectively, are and and are dependent on the input kernel and contain the dynamical information, and they differ from each other only due to spin-spin interactions.

We had recently calculated the mass spectrum of ground and excited states of and quarkonia in [21]. The input parameters employed in this calculation that were fit from the mass spectrum of ground state pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia in [21] are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Input parameters of BSE-CIA framework.

0.210
0.150
0.200
0.010
1.490
5.070

The numerical values of inverse range parameters and for various P and V quarkonia in the radiative transitions studied in this paper are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: and values for ground state and excited states of , , , and (in GeV) in present calculation (BSE-CIA).

state

state

0.2466

0.3486

0.2442

0.3454

0.2420

0.3422

0.5066

0.7165

0.5018

0.7097

0.4972

0.7032

We had fixed the input parameters by studying the mass spectra for and quarkonia for a number of states. However in Tables 3 and 4, we list only the spectra of the quarkonia for which we have done calculations of radiative decay widths in this paper.

Table 3: Masses of ground and radially excited states of and (in GeV) in present calculation (BSE-CIA) along with experimental data and their masses in other models.

BSE - CIA
Expt. [4]
Pot. model [24]
QCD sum rule [7]
LQCD [25]
Re. P. model [26]

2.9509

2.980

3.292
2.981

3.7352

3.600

4.240
3.635

4.4486

4.060

3.989

9.0005

9.390

7.377
9.398

9.7215

9.947

8.202
9.990

10.4201

10.291

10.329

Table 4: Masses of ground and radially excited states of heavy vector quarkonium, and , in BSE-CIA along with their masses in other models and experimental data (all units are GeV).

BSE - CIA
Expt. [4]
Rel. Pot. model [26]
Pot. model [24]
BSE [27]
LQCD [28]

3.0974

3.096
3.0969
3.0969
3.099

3.6676

3.685
3.6890
3.686
3.653

4.1945

4.039
4.1407
4.065
4.099

9.6719

9.460
9.4603
9.460

10.1926

10.023
9.9814
10.029

10.6979

10.355
10.3195
10.379

Numerical Results. We use the same input parameters listed in Table 1, to calculate the decay widths for the process . The results of radiative decay widths of our model are listed in Table 5.

Table 5: Radiative decay widths of equal mass heavy vector quarkonium of ground state and radially excited states in present calculation (BSE-CIA) along with their decay widths in other models and experimental data (all values are in unit of Kev).

Transition
Our work
Expt. [4]
LFM [29]
PM [30]

2.0054

1.8

0.5709

0.4

0.2984

0.3387

0.001

0.1053

0.0002

0.0781

4. Discussions and Conclusion

We have employed a 3D reduction of BSE (with a representation for two-body () BS amplitude) under covariant instantaneous ansatz (CIA) and used it for calculating the amplitudes and decay widths for ground and radially excited states of vector ( and ) quarkonia in the process, .

The numerical values of decay widths calculated in this BSE framework for states of and are shown in Table 5. The numerical calculation in this work has been done using Mathematica. We first fit our parameters to the ground state masses of , , , and . Using the input parameters (along with the input quark masses) listed in Table 1, we obtained the best fit to these ground state masses. The same set of parameters above was used to calculate the masses of all the other (excited) states of , , , and , as well as the leptonic decay constants of these states. Two-photon as well as two-gluon decay widths of and were further studied (see our recent paper [21]).

The results obtained for decay width of ground and radially excited states of and are somewhat on the higher side in comparison to central values of data for these states, which might be probably due to the absence of the negative energy part employed in (11), where we have considered only the positive energy part (as in [34] employed earlier for heavy mesons). However, from Table 5, a wide range of variation of radiative decay widths of and states in different models can be observed. However, the important thing is that our radiative decay width values for vector quarkonia show a marked decrease as one goes from to state for and , which is again in conformity with data and other models. We have also given our predictions for radiative decay widths of , , , and states, for which data is currently not yet available. The aim of doing this study was to mainly test our analytic forms of wave functions in (28)-(29) obtained as solutions of mass spectral equations in an approximate harmonic oscillator basis obtained analytically from the BSE as our starting point (that had so far given good predictions for leptonic decays of P and V quarkonia and the two-photon and the two-gluon decays of P-quarkonia [21]), to the single photon radiative decays of V quarkonia. This would in turn lead to validation of our approach, which provides a much deeper insight than the purely numerical calculations in BSE approach that are prevalent in the literature.

In the process of arriving at analytic solution of spectra by solving the coupled Salpeter equations, we have worked in approximate harmonic oscillator basis, also employing approximation for heavy quarks. We do concede that some numerical accuracy has been lost in the process, but at the same time we have obtained a much deeper understanding of the mass spectra of quarkonia, where the equations are expressible in terms of the principal quantum number . We wish to mention that to the best of our knowledge we have not encountered any work in representation of BSE that treats this problem analytically. On the contrary all the other approaches adopt a purely numerical approach of solving the coupled set of Salpeter equations, which may enhance the numerical accuracy, but this is at the expense of a deeper understanding of the spectral problem. We further wish to mention that the correctness of our approximations can be judged by the fact that our plots of wave functions obtained analytically for various states of and quarkonia [21] are very similar to the corresponding plots of wave functions of various states of these quarkonia obtained by purely numerical approach in [13].

We are also not aware of any other BSE framework, involving BS amplitude, with all the Dirac structures incorporated (in fact many works use only the leading Dirac structure), that treats these problems analytically and uses the algebraic forms of wave functions derived analytically from mass spectral equation for calculation of various transitions. To the best of our knowledge, all the other BSE approaches treat this problem numerically after obtaining the coupled set of equations.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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