Thermodynamic analysis of gravitational field equations in Lyra manifold

Considering the Einstein field equations in Lyra manifold, and applying the unified first law of thermodynamics as well as the Clausius relation to the apparent horizon of FRW universe, we find the entropy of apparent horizon in Lyra manifold. In addition, the validity of second law of thermodynamics and its generalized form are also studied. Finally, we use the first law of thermodynamics in order to find the horizon entropy of static spherically symmetric spacetimes. Some results of considering (anti)de-Sitter and Schwarzschild metrics have also been addressed.


I. INTRODUCTION
Inasmuch as some observational data are not suitably described by the general relativity theory, physicists try to get gravitational theories in more agreement with nature [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In one of these approaches, it has been shown that the accelerating universe may originate from the breaking of conformal symmetry [6]. The Riemannian geometry is the backbone of most of these theories, and it has been shown that the system horizon (as the boundary of system) has entropy, and indeed, there is a deep connection between the thermodynamics laws and the gravitational field equations . This mutual relation between gravity and thermodynamics may help us in providing a description for the primary inflationary era as well as the current accelerating phase of universe [36]. In addition, due to such relation, geometry and the universe material content may approach a thermodynamic equilibrium [37].
In fact, the dark energy candidates, as the source of the current phase of universe, may modify the horizon entropy and thus its thermodynamics in both gravitational and cosmological setups [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Moreover, it seems that such modifications to the thermodynamics of system are in line with probable non-extensive thermodynamic properties of spacetime and the current universe [48][49][50].
A generalization of the Riemannian manifold has been introduced by Lyra [51] which modifies the Einstein field equations [52]. Changing Reimannian manifold by the Lyra geometry, one can also find a new scalar-tensor gravity in which both the tensor and scalar fields have geometrical interpretations [53]. Various aspects of the Einstein field equations in the Lyra manifold have been studied [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Using the Einstein field equations in Lyra manifold, Karade et al., have studied thermodynamic equilibrium of a spherical gravitating fluid [65].
Here, using the Einstein field equations in Lyra manifold, we are going to study the mutual relation between the field equations and the thermodynamics laws. More-over, we are interested in obtaining the effects of Lyra generalization of Reimannian manifold on some thermodynamic properties of gravitating systems. In order to achieve this goal, applying the thermodynamics laws to the apparent horizon of FRW universe, we find an expression for the horizon entropy in Sec. (II). In addition, the validity of second and generalized second laws of thermodynamics will also be investigated in the next section. In Sec. (III), we use the Einstein field equations in Lyra manifold as well as the unified first law of thermodynamics in order to obtain the generalization of the Misner-Sharp mass [66] in this theory. Moreover, we use the obtained mass relation, field equations and the first law of thermodynamics to find the entropy of static spherically symmetric horizons. A summary is presented in section (IV). For the sake of simplicity, we consider 8πG = c = = 1 in our study.

II. THERMODYNAMICS OF THE APPARENT HORIZON IN LYRA MANIFOLD
In the Lyra manifold, the Einstein field equations are written as where φ ν = g µν φ µ denotes the displacement vector field of Lyra manifold, and we set Einstein gravitational coupling constant to one [51,57]. As it is obvious, due to the geometrical field φ µ , the Einstein gravitational field equations in Lyra and Riemannian manifolds differ from each other. Here, we are interested in investigating the effects of the displacement vector field on the apparent horizon entropy of the FRW universe, and thus its thermodynamics.
The FRW universe is described by where a(t) is scale factor. In addition, k = 1, 0, −1 denotes the curvature parameter corresponding to closed, flat and open universes, respectively. Therefore, φ ν φ ν = φ 0 φ 0 = −β 2 (t), and if universe is filled by an energymomentum source as T ν µ = diag(−ρ, p, p, p), then by defining the Hubble parameter as H ≡ȧ a , one can reach at for the Friedmann equations in the Lyra geometry. Here, ρ and p are the energy density and pressure of the isotropic fluid which supports the geometry, respectively. Moreover, here and from here onwards, dot denotes the derivative with respect to time. One can also use the Friedmann equations in order to finḋ In addition, since the apparent horizon of FRW universe is located atr we can rewrite Eq. (4) in the form of In order to obtain continuity equation in our setup, one can define an energy-momentum tensor corresponding to the displacement vector field φ µ as leading to where ρ(φ) = p(φ) = − 3 4 β 2 (t) are the energy density and isotropic pressure corresponding to the displacement vector field of φ ν = (β(t), 0, 0, 0). If we define the state parameter corresponding to the Lyra displacement vector field as w φ ≡ p(φ) ρ(φ) , then we have w φ = 1 meaning that the displacement vector field acts as a stiff matter. Moreover, since ρ(φ) = − 3 4 β 2 (t) is negative for real non-zero values of β(t), the weak energy condition is not respected by a real non-zero φ µ . In this manner, we have also p(φ) < 0 for β(t) = 0 meaning that the real Lyra displacement vector field induces a negative pressure into the background. This vector field may help us to build a model for an accelerating universe [54,59] which can avoid the singularity, entropy and horizon problems [56]. It is also worth to mention that for imaginary Lyra displacement vector fields we have ρ(φ) = p(φ) > 0 meaning that the weak energy condition is satisfied. Therefore, since such fields do not lead to negative pressure, as the basic property of the accelerating universe, this kind of Lyra displacement vector field cannot be used to describe the inflationary and current phases of universe.
Let us define the total energy-momentum tensor , then the ρ e ≥ 0 condition is respected. Moreover, rewriting the Einstein field equations in Lyra manifold as G ν µ = Θ ν µ , one can easily obtain that the ρ e ≥ 0 condition is satisfied whenever the Hubble parameter meets the H 2 ≥ 0 condition, or equally H should be a real quantity.
The Bianchi identity (G ν µ ;ν = 0) implies Θ ν µ ;ν = 0 which leads tȯ for the continuity equation. This equation can also be decomposed intoρ whenever there is no interaction between φ µ and the energy-momentum source.

A. The entropy of apparent horizon
The Cai-Kim temperature of the apparent horizon and the projection of the four-dimensional energy-momentum tensor T b a on the normal direction of the two-dimensional sphere with radiusr are as follows and respectively [22,23,67]. Here, W = ρ−p 2 is the work density. Additionally, the energy flux (δQ m ) crossing the system boundary (the apparent horizon) is defined as δQ m ≡ Aψ a dx a , and therefore, simple calculations lead to where we used the T dS A ≡ −δQ m (the Clausius relation) and V = 4π 3r 3 A (aerial volume) relations to obtain this equation [22,23,34,67]. Now, inserting Eq. (6) into this equation and integrating the results, one can easily show where S B = 2πA = 8π 2r2 A is the horizon entropy in the Einstein framework (or equally the Bekenstain entropy) if the Einstein field equations are written as G µν = T µν . Indeed, since 8πG = = c = 1, we have 2π = 1 4G and thus S B = A 4G meaning that, at the β(t) → 0 limit, the results of the Einstein theory is covered. Therefore, the second term on the RHS of this equation is the correction term to the horizon entropy due to the displacement vector filed of φ ν = (β(t), 0, 0, 0) considered in the Lyra geometry.
If one writes the Einstein field equations as G µν = 8πT µν , then simple calculations lead to S A = SB 8π = A 4 for the horizon entropy. Moreover, it has also been shown that if the Einstein field equations are modified as G µν = 8πΘ µν , where Θ µν includes both the ordinary energymomentum tensor (T µν ) and correction terms (τ µν ), then one obtains for the horizon entropy [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Here, ρ c and p c denote the energy density and pressure components of τ µν , respectively. It is useful to mention here that, irrespective of a mutual interaction between various parts of Θ µν , the above result is available [46,47]. Therefore, one must expect that replacing A 4 by S B in Eq. (16), we should get Eq. (15). As we have previously shown, in our case ρ c (φ) = p c (φ) = − 3 4 β 2 (t). Thus, replacing A 4 by S B and inserting ρ c (φ) = p c (φ) = − 3 4 β 2 (t) into Eq. (16), one can easily reach Eq. (15) for the horizon entropy.
Finally, it is worthwhile mentioning that since we have not used Eqs. (10) and (11) to obtain Eq. (15), this equation is valid irrespective of existence or absence of an interaction between Lyra displacement vector field and the energy-momentum source. This is in agreement with the properties of Eq. (16).

B. The second and generalized second laws of thermodynamics
From Eq. (14), it is obvious that, independent of φ µ , the second law of thermodynamics, stated as dSA dt ≥ 0 [7], is met if the energy-momentum tensor satisfies the ρ + p ≥ 0 condition. Therefore, if we define the state parameter as w = p ρ , then the ρ + p ≥ 0 condition is covered for sources of positive energy density (ρ ≥ 0) only if we have w ≥ −1.
Moreover, the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) states the total entropy of system (S T ), including the horizon entropy (S A ) and the entropy of fluid (S m ) which supports the geometry, should not decrease or equally it has to respect the dST dt = dSA dt + dSm dt ≥ 0 condition [8,9]. In order to find the dS m term, we use the first law of thermodynamics [68] where T m is the temperature corresponding to the supporter fluid. Inserting the E = ρV relation into Eq. (17), one finds where we also used the T m = T = 1 2πrA relation [37]. Now, for non-interacting case, using Eqs. (10), (14) and the above result, we reach at for the total entropy changes. Therefore, for a noninteracting expanding universe in whichṙ A > 0, GSLT is satisfied if the dominant fluid respects the ρ + p ≥ 0 condition. It is also obvious that, for spacetimes in thaṫ H = 0, we haveṙ A = Hk a 2 ( H 2 + k a 2 ) 3 meaning that, only in the flat and closed universe, GSLT is satisfied for a fluid respecting the ρ + p ≥ 0 condition. In addition, for an open universe, GSLT is met if we have ρ + p ≤ 0. Moreover, considering an interacting universe in which Eq. (10) is not valid, we use the original form of the continuity equation (9) and Follow the recipe which led to Eq. (19) in order to get for the total entropy. Therefore, GSLT is valid whenever we have˙r A(ρ+p) rA + β(t) 2 (β(t) + 3Hβ(t)) ≥ 0. It has been shown that a constant β(t) may help us in providing a description for the current acceleration phase of the universe expansion and thus the cosmological constant [54]. Therefore, we now focus on the β(t) = β = constant case, leading to meaning that GSLT is met when we have β 2 ≥ 2r 2 A (ρ+p) 3 (Ḣ − k a 2 ) yielding β 2 ≥ 0 for a flat universe (k = 0) of constant Hubble parameter (Ḣ = 0). In obtaining the latter result, we used theṙ relation.

III. THERMODYNAMICS OF THE STATIC HORIZON
We consider a four-dimensional static, spherically symmetric spacetime with a horizon located at r h and described by the metric Inserting metric (22) in Eq. (1), the (tt) and (rr) components of the Einstein tensors can be written as where prime denotes derivative with respect to r. We consider a perfect fluid with T ν µ = diag(−ρ, p, p, p) which fills the spacetime. Therefore, since both the Einstein and energy-momentum tensors are diagonal, only one component of the Lyra displacement vector field may be non-zero and its other components should be zero. We consider a timelike Lyra displacement vector field as ϕ ν = (ϕ, 0, 0, 0), where ϕ can be a function of r or a constant [64,65], and insert Eq. (23) into Eq. (1) to obtain [65] ρ = 1 One can use Eq. (13) as well as the dE ≡ Aψ a dx a relation in order to reach at [35] dE = 4πr 2 ρdr, which leads to and thus where we also used the ϕ α ϕ α = ϕ 0 ϕ 0 = − 1 f (r) ϕ 2 relation to find the above result. We finally reach at for the Misner-Sharp mass confined to radius r in this theory. Therefore, for total mass of a black hole, we get E = 4πr h + 3π f (r) dr covering the Einstein result (E = 4πr) in the appropriate limit of ϕ → 0 [12,66]. Although, we obtained E = 4πr in the ϕ → 0 limit, since we set the Einstein constant to one (8πG = 1), we have 4π = 1 2G and thus E = r 2G in agreement with previous studies [12,35,66]. Substituting Eq. (23) into Eq. (1), one easily finds which finally leads to where we used dV = 4πr 2 dr. From Eqs. (28) and (30), one gets dE dr h = 4π + 3πlimit( ϕ 2 r 2 f (r) ) r→r h , and p dV dr h = 4π(r h f ′ (r h ) − 1 + limit( 3r 2 4f (r) ϕ 2 ) r→r h ), respectively. It means that, in order to have meaningful expressions for dE dr h and p dV dr h , the limit( ϕ 2 r 2 f (r) ) r→r h term should not diverge. Now, using these results as well as the first law of thermodynamics (T dS A = pdV + dE), we obtain and therefore where S B = 2πA = 8π 2 r 2 h is the Bekenstein entropy. Again, since 8πG = c = = 1, it is easy to obtain the familiar form of the Bekenstein entropy as S B = 2πA = A 4G . Moreover, because we have T ≡ f ′ (r h ) 4π , we finally reach at for the horizon entropy, covering the Einstein result at the appropriate limit of ϕ → 0. In order to have a welldefined entropy, the second term of RHS of this equation should not be divergent meaning that, at the r → r h limit, the zero-zero component of Lyra time-like displacement vector field should meet the ϕ f (r) ∞ condition.
Finally, let us study the case of ϕ = l f (r), where l is arbitrary. Since metric is a spherically symmetric static metric and thus the Einstein tensor is static, for spherically symmetric static energy-momentum tensors, l may be a constant or a function of r and therefore leading to and for f (r) = 1 − Λr 2 and f (r) = 1 − 2m r (Schwarzschild), respectively. In obtaining the above results, we assumed that l is constant. It is obvious that, for real values of l, S c A > 0 and we have S d A ≥ 0 if and only if 3l 2 ≤ 4Λ. In addition, it is also easy to verify that, for real values of l, entropy is always positive and non-zero for an anti de-Sitter universe, where Λ < 0.

IV. SUMMARY
Throughout this work, applying the unified first law of thermodynamics to the apparent horizon of FRW universe and using the Clausius relation as well as the Cai-Kim temperature, we could obtain a relation for the effects of Lyra displacement vector on the entropy of apparent horizon. The validity of second and generalized second laws of thermodynamics have also been studied.
Moreover, considering the Einstein field equations in the Lyra manifold for a spherically symmetric static metric together with the first law of thermodynamics, an expression for the entropy of the static event horizon has also been obtained. Finally, the horizon entropy for (anti)de-Sitter and Schwarzschild black holes in the Lyra manifold was also investigated.