Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 6891402, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6891402

Research Article

Dirac Equation on the Torus and Rationally Extended Trigonometric Potentials within Supersymmetric QM

Özlem Yeşiltaş

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Özlem Yeşiltaş; yesiltas@gazi.edu.tr

Received 21 September 2017; Accepted 17 January 2018; Published 18 February 2018

Academic Editor: Burak Bilki

Copyright © 2018 Özlem Yeşiltaş. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

The exact solutions of the -dimensional Dirac equation on the torus and the new extension and generalization of the trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potential families in terms of the torus parameters are obtained. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics techniques are used to get the extended potentials when the inner and outer radii of the torus are both equal and inequal. In addition, using the aspects of the Lie algebraic approaches, the algebra is also applied to the system where we have arrived at the spectrum solutions of the extended potentials using the Casimir operator that matches with the results of the exact solutions.

1. Introduction

There are several potentials which are used in both theoretical and applied physics with exact solutions in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. These potential classes can also give physical results in the successful union of quantum mechanics and special relativity where the Dirac equation has a successful explanation on the antimatter, spin, and the realistic behavior of atoms [1]. On the other hand, the gravitational field effects on some quantum mechanical systems have been studied as an exciting research field [2–4]. From the symmetries of the Dirac equation [5] and Hermiticity and uniqueness [6] to the factorization and pseudo-supersymmetry [7, 8], covariant form of the Dirac equation and its aspects are studied. The gravitational background can bring some mathematical difficulties through some geometries. One of them is the solutions of the wave equations on the torus geometry [9–12]. At the same time, in physical applications, such as graphene related ones, it is stated that the curvature of the material can change the electron density of the states. In [9], graphene nanoribbon along the surface of a torus is examined within the long wave approximation where the Dirac equation is solved approximately. Then, the recent study aims to bring a new viewpoint to the problem of the exact solutions for the Dirac equation on the torus which may lead to both applied and theoretical interest in the recent studies. When considering the works which are about the general theory of relativity and the quantum mechanics unification, there is a fact that the curvature of spacetime at the position of the atom can affect the spectrum. Therefore, the problem of electron and its perturbed energy spectrum owing to the gravitational field can bring more problems in the solutions through the geometries of the spacetime. Moreover, there is a class of potentials known as rationally extended potential models that have attracted much attention [13, 14]. The extension of the theory within the exceptional polynomials for the Dirac systems is first studied using the Darboux transformations [15]. Hence, this work also involves the rationally extended potentials which can be suitable for the Hamiltonian obtained after torus parametrization.

In this paper, Section 2 involves the relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation in the gravitational background for a massless fermion where the Fermi velocity is taken as a position dependent function [16]. Supersymmetric partner potentials are obtained for the transformed Dirac Hamiltonian. The spectrum and spinor solutions are given when the inner and outer radii of the torus are equal and inequal. In Section 3, we present the Lie algebraic computations for the Dirac Hamiltonians.

2. Dirac Equation on the Torus

Formulating the Dirac equation in curved spacetime, it is known that all metrics related by a general coordinate transformation are physically equivalent and physical observables in gravitation field should be invariant under general coordinate transformations. This is known as general covariance principle which necessitates transforming a tensor in the flat spacetime as a tensor under general transformations in the curved manifold. The covariant generalization of the Dirac equation to curved space was independently introduced by Weyl and by Fock [17, 18]. Then, the Dirac equation can be written in terms of vierbein fields and gravitational spin connection as [17]

where is the spin connection and is the spinor which includes electron’s wave-functions near the Dirac point. The Dirac matrices in curved spacetime satisfy

Here is the metric tensor and the tetrad(vierbein) frames field is defined as

where . The metric for the torus surface is given by

In the metric given above, the inner radius of the torus is , the outer radius is given by , and . We can use the spin connection formula which is

where are the Christoffel symbols. In [9], the symbols were given in terms of the variable which corresponds to in our work. So one can obtain them as

and accordingly,

For the Dirac matrices, we will use Pauli matrices as , , and . We use (6) and (7) in (1) and we get [9]

where . We note that is taken and the Fermi velocity may not be a constant [16]. Using , we obtain

where we use for the sake of simplicity. Considering (9), the solutions may take the form

Then we have

Equation (12) can also be expressed as

where

We may get as follows:

One can make the coefficient of zero and can be found as

Then, using in (16), (13) becomes

where

In this work [19], it is shown that, with a superpotential which is a hyperbolic function

then, the pair of potentials is given as

where this potential is defined on the half line and is known as generalized Pöschl-Teller potential [20–22]. In [22], the authors removed the rational term in using a parameter condition . In this case, the potential is known as generalized Pöschl-Teller potential in the literature with the exact solutions. Now we will discuss the cases depending on the different choices of rational term in superpotential. Now we shall look at (18) to arrive at a solvable model given below. If we take

where are real constants, hence, our function satisfying (22) can be found as

where are constants and

Now we will search for the solutions for our systems in case of the equal and inequal torus radii.

2.1. Equal Inner and Outer Radii ()

First we assume that the superpotential is a trigonometric function which is

and we get the partner potentials

It can be seen from (26) that, in case of an applied special condition , and , one can obtain system (20). In order to find a parameter condition on the rational term, we can simplify (26) as

Then, we can find these conditions as

Thus, we have

which is known as trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potential. On the other hand, we can get the partner potential as

Here, it is well known that (33) and (34) are isospectral partner potentials except the ground state. Comparing (33) and in (22), we obtain

The solutions of are already known as [20]

This result shows that when , . Keeping in mind the eigenvalue equation (17), we can get

Then, the solutions are written as [20]

In fact, the complete solutions are not given yet. The spinor solutions can be given as

where is the normalization constant. The solutions corresponding to the ones for the partner potential can be found. The system can be summarized as follows:

For (34),

and it is known that the energy states of these Hamiltonians are given by

At the same time, we can find solutions using (41):

When it comes to the solutions of (10) which shares the same energy with (9), we get

The wavefunction mapping can be given as

and we obtain

where

Then, we can get as

where and are real constants and equating (47) and (48), is found to be

If the parameters are chosen as and , then we get

and using (29), and can be expressed in terms of the torus parameter and hence, one can get the supersymmetric partner potentials for which are :

Now, for system (10) we can get the solutions

2.2. Different Inner and Outer Radii ()

Let us discuss a more general case where we take different radii for our torus. Then, we can start with the suggestion for the superpotential as

where is the unknown function and we get

In order to make the rational term zero, can be found as follows:

where is the incomplete beta function which is equal to

and the ordinary(complete) beta function is . Then, the partner potentials are obtained as

where

For the unknown case, there are no restrictions for the parameters. Equations (57) and (58) share the same spectrum except the ground state which is

On the other hand, we can get an ansatz for :

where

If we terminate the rational term in (62), we find

and we can also obtain

To terminate the remaining function on the nominator of (62), one can take ; hence is obtained as

where

Here, is the Appel hypergeometric function with two variables. Thus, can be given by (57) and becomes

where

Similarly, one can obtain the partner potentials for the system given in (10).

3. The Algebraic Approach

Let us look at the operators given below:

Here, the term is the modification operator which is used in [22] and is a constant. Without , these operators are known as those given in the algebra but this functional operator, , helps to construct the algebra for the rationally extended potentials. Here, we discuss the extended trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potential within the algebra. These operators provide the commutation relations which are given as

If and are used in (71), then, one can get

The constraints in (71) also lead to [22]

In this study, we will use and . And the Hamiltonian in (37) can be given in terms of the Casimir operator , and we may denote the Hamiltonian using as

Here, the operators act on the physical states which are given by

And, can be written in the function space as

If we express using the operators as [22]

choosing our functions and as

using a suggestion for each which are given by

and using in (77), we can find the potential which is an element of :

For the case, we can compare (80) and (26); then we get,

Moreover, (73) can be satisfied in case of chosen and in (79) and the parameter conditions as given below:

Thus, the energy eigenvalues can be expressed in terms of the parameters given above:

where one can say that to compare our results with those found in [22].

4. Conclusions

Our findings in this paper point to the fact that the exact solutions for a given system which is relativistic can be obtained using the similar techniques used in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Especially considering the massless particle dynamics, the latest trends in relativistic quantum mechanics can bring about new bound state problems which are not solved yet such as the Dirac equation in curved spacetime which has a toroidal geometry. Because the metric contains a more general trigonometric function which is , the Klein-Gordon-like equations obtained from the couple of first-order Dirac equations are not the familiar ones which are generally known in relativistic quantum mechanics. In this problem, the Fermi velocity is chosen as a nonconstant function which is expressed in terms of the point transformation function in our solutions; after that, solvable potentials are derived using the superpotential suggestions. With equal inner and outer radius case, one of the partner potentials is trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potential while the other one is including the extra trigonometric function . We have obtained the solutions of the partner potentials for each of systems (9) and (10); for the different radius values of the torus surface, as a more general case, one of the partner potentials is found as nonsolvable rational function which includes beta function while the other one is known Pöschl-Teller potential. In the next case, unsolvable partner potential whose partner is again Pöschl-Teller potential is given in terms of the Appel hypergeometric function. In the final section of this work, operators of the Lie algebra are found in order to express the Casimir operator with the potential functions and the extended trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potentials which are (26) and (27) given in the case. Finally, we note that the Dirac equation on the toroidal spacetime problem can lead to obtaining more general potential families.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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