Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 7302797, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7302797

Research Article

Effects of a Single Universal Extra Dimension in Decays

U. O. Yilmaz1,2 and E. Danapinar²

¹Physics Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
²Physics Department, Karabuk University, 78100 Karabuk, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to U. O. Yilmaz; uoyilmaz@gmail.com

Received 20 December 2017; Revised 6 May 2018; Accepted 14 May 2018; Published 14 June 2018

Academic Editor: Filipe R. Joaquim

Copyright © 2018 U. O. Yilmaz and E. Danapinar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

The rare semileptonic decays are studied in the universal extra dimension with a single extra dimension scenario. The sensitivity of differential and total branching ratios and polarization asymmetries of final state leptons to the compactification parameter are presented, for both muon and tau decay channels. Considering the ability of available experiments, it would be useful to study these effects.

1. Introduction

The decays induced by flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) transitions play an important role in testing the standard model (SM) and also they are very sensitive to the new physics. The decays of mesons have been intensively studied since the observation of the rare radiative decay [1], and it will make the B physics more complete if similar decays of meson are included.

The meson is the ground state of a family of mesons containing two different heavy flavor quarks, and . Compared with the and bound states which have implicit flavors, the meson has explicit flavor and decays weakly. decays are described well in the framework of the heavy quark limit. The flavor and the spin symmetries must be reconsidered while discussing . was first observed by CDF Collaboration [2] and, due to those outstanding properties, decays have received great attraction since then (for more about the Bc physics, see for example [3]).

Considering the experimental facilities, the high centre of mass energies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) enables the experiments, such as LHCb, to study the production, properties, and decays of the meson. At the LHC in pp collisions, is mainly produced through the gluon-gluon fusion process and the production cross-sections of the mesons have been calculated in the fragmentation approach and complete order approach. At TeV approximately is obtained [4, 5]. In addition, at TeV and the design luminosity events per year are estimated [6, 7]. The available experimental facilities and their future improvements encourage studying the meson phenomenology including the rare decays.

In the rare meson decays, new physics contributions appear through the modification of the Wilson coefficients existing in the SM or by adding new structures in the SM effective Hamiltonian. Among the various extensions of the SM, extra dimensions are especially attractive because of including gravity and other interactions, giving hints on the hierarchy problem and a connection with string theory.

The models with universal extra dimensions (UED) allow the SM fields to propagate in all available dimensions [8–11]. The extra dimensions are compactified and the compactification scale allows Kaluza-Klein (KK) partners of the SM fields in the four-dimensional theory and also KK excitations without corresponding SM partners. Throughout the UED, a model including only a single universal extra dimension is the Appelquist-Cheng-Dobrescu (ACD) model [12]. The only additional free parameter with respect to the SM is the inverse of the compactification radius, . In particle spectrum of the ACD model, there are infinite towers of KK modes and the ordinary SM particles are presented in the zero mode.

The experimental and theoretical discussions on the free parameter have been taken a significant part in the literature and the lower bound was commonly taken as or [13–17]. An analysis of the electroweak precision tests with inclusive [18] and exclusive [19] rare radiative B decays is conducted, where the later one also includes the experimental results of and the lower bound is estimated as . Later analysis using the ATLAS and CMS data leads to [20, 21] and another discussion on the UEDs including the Higgs puts this limit as [22]. Under above discussion on the compactification factor, we will take the in this paper.

The effective Hamiltonian of several FCNC processes [23, 24], semileptonic and radiative decays of B mesons [25–33], and FCNC baryonic decays [34–36] have been investigated in the ACD model. Polarization properties of final state particles in semileptonic decays, which is an powerful tool in searching new physics beyond the SM, have also been studied widely besides the other observables in these works, e.g., [17, 25, 29, 33].

The main aim of this paper is to find the possible effects of the ACD model on some physical observables related to the decays. We study differential decay rate, branching ratio, and polarization of final state leptons, including resonance contributions in as many as possible cases. We analyze these observables in terms of the compactification factor and the form factors. The form factors for processes have been calculated using different quark models [37–40] and three-point QCD sum rules [41]. In this work, we will use the form factors calculated in the constituent quark model [37].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give the effective Hamiltonian for the quark level processes with a brief discussion on the Wilson coefficients in the ACD model. We derive matrix element using the form factors and calculate the decay rate in Section 3. In Section 4, lepton polarizations are evaluated and the last two sections are dedicated to our numerical analysis, discussion on the obtained results, and conclusion.

2. Theoretical Framework

The effective Hamiltonian describing the quark level processes in the SM is given by the following [42]:

where is the momentum transfer and .

New physics effects in the ACD model come out by the modification of the SM Wilson coefficients appearing in the above Hamiltonian. This process can be done by writing the Wilson coefficients in terms of -dependent periodic functions, the details of which can be found in [23, 24]. That is in the SM is generalized by accordingly:

where , and . Here, is the mass of KK particles with for the ordinary SM particles. These modified Wilson coefficients can widely be found in the literature and the details are discussed in Appendix.

In the ACD model, a normalization scheme independent effective coefficient can be written as follows:

The coefficient has perturbative part and we will also consider the resonance contributions coming from the conversion of the real into lepton pair. So, is given by

where . For , in the ACD model and in the naive dimensional regularization (NDR) scheme, we have

where and the last term, , is numerically negligible.

The perturbative part, coming from one-loop matrix elements of the four quark operators, is

with . The explicit forms of the functions appear above equations can be found in [43, 44]. The resonance contribution can be done by using a Breit-Wigner formula [45]:

The normalization is fixed by the data in [46] and is taken 2.3.

The Wilson coefficient is independent of scale and given by

3. Matrix Elements and Decay Rate

The matrix elements for can be written in terms of the invariant form factors over and . The parts of transition currents containing do not contribute, so the nonvanishing matrix elements are as follows [47]:

The transition amplitude of the decays can be written using the effective Hamiltonian and (9) as follows:

with

Finally, the following dilepton mass spectrum is obtained by eliminating angular dependence in the double differential decay rate:

where , , , and

4. Lepton Polarization Asymmetries

Studying polarization asymmetries of final state leptons is an useful way of searching new physics. Therefore, we will discuss the possible effects of the ACD model in the lepton polarization. Using the convention in [48, 49], we define the orthogonal unit vectors () for the longitudinal, transverse, and normal polarizations in the rest frame of as follows:

where and are the three momenta of and meson in the centre of mass (CM) frame of final state leptons, respectively. The longitudinal unit vector is boosted by Lorentz transformation:

while vectors of perpendicular directions remain unchanged under the Lorentz boost.

The differential decay rate of for any spin direction of the can be written in the following form:

where corresponds to the unpolarized decay rate, the explicit form of which is given in (13).

The polarizations , , and in (7) are defined by the following:

Here, and represent the longitudinal and transversal asymmetries, respectively, of the charged lepton in the decay plane, and is the normal component to both of them.

The straightforward calculations yield the explicit form of the longitudinal polarization for as follows:

and the transversal polarization is given by the following:

The normal component of polarization is zero so we have not stated its explicit form here.

5. Numerical Analysis

In this section, we will introduce numerical analysis of physical observables. Some of the input parameters used in this work are , , , , , , , , and [46].

To make numerical predictions, we also need the explicit forms of the form factors , , and . In our analysis, we used the results of [37], calculated in the constituent quark model, and parametrization is given by

where the values of parameters , and for the decays, are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: decays form factors calculated in the constitute quark model.

In this work, we also took the long-distance contributions into account. While doing this, to minimize the hadronic uncertainties, we introduce some cuts around and resonances as discussed in [17].

In the analysis, first the differential branching ratios are calculated with and without resonance contributions and s dependence for the SM and are presented in Figures 1 and 2 for . One can notice the change in the differential decay rate and difference between the SM results and new effects in the figures. The maximum deviation is around in Figure 1 and in Figure 2 for . The deviation is ~10% and less for . Considering the resonance effects, the differential decay rates also differ from their SM values.

Figure 1: The dependence of differential branching ratio on s with and without resonance contributions for in the SM and the ACD Model for . (The subscript R represents resonance contribution.)

Figure 2: The dependence of differential branching ratio on s with and without resonance contributions for in the SM and the ACD Model for .

To introduce the contributions of the ACD model on the branching ratio, we present -dependent ratios with and without resonance cases in Figures 3 and 4. The common feature is that as increases, the branching ratios approach to their SM values and vary in the following ranges for :

Figure 3: The dependence of branching ratio on 1/R with and without resonance contributions for . (The subscript R represents resonance contribution.)

Figure 4: The dependence of branching ratio on 1/R with and without resonance contributions for .

Here, the first value in any branching ratios above is corresponding to the SM, while the second one is for , without resonance contributions. A similar behavior is valid for resonance case which can be followed by the figures.

Adding the uncertainty on the form factors may influence the contribution range of the ACD model. However, the variation of the branching ratios, calculated with the central values of form factors, in the ACD model with the SM values, can be considered as a signal of new physics.

The polarization properties of final state leptons give useful clues for new physics. Hence, the dependence of longitudinal polarization on s without resonance contributions is given by Figures 5 and 6. The longitudinal polarization differ from the SM values slightly. The maximum deviation can be found to be less than .

Figure 5: The dependence of longitudinal polarization on s without resonance contributions for .

Figure 6: The dependence of longitudinal polarization on s without resonance contributions for .

In order to clarify the dependence on , we eliminate the dependence of the lepton polarizations on , by considering the averaged forms over the allowed kinematical region as

The -dependent average longitudinal polarizations are given in Figures 7 and 8. As it can be seen from the figures, the maximum deviation is for channels and for , respectively, at .

Figure 7: The dependence of longitudinal polarization on with resonance contributions for .

Figure 8: The dependence of longitudinal polarization on with resonance contributions for .

The variation of transversal polarization with respect to is given by Figures 9 and 10. In channels the difference is negligible. In channels up to for decays, respectively, the effects of the UED can be followed. Although the deviation with the SM values is very small, finally, the average transversal polarization can be observed by Figures 11 and 12.

Figure 9: The dependence of transversal polarization on s without resonance contributions for .

Figure 10: The dependence of transversal polarization on s without resonance contributions for .

Figure 11: The dependence of transversal polarization on with resonance contributions for .

Figure 12: The dependence of transversal polarization on with resonance contributions for .

6. Conclusion

In this work, we have studied in the framework of a single universal extra dimension and calculated the contributions to some physical observables.

As an overall conclusion, considering the lower bound on the compactification factor which is , there still appears acceptable difference on the differential and integrated branching ratios compared with the SM results.

The polarization effects in channels are either irrelevant nor negligible while in channels some small effects are obtained. Under the discussion in this work, studying these decays experimentally can be useful for understanding new physics.

Appendix

Wilson Coefficients in the ACD Model

In the ACD model, new contributions appear by modifying available Wilson coefficients in the SM. The modified Wilson coefficients can be expressed in terms of which generalize the corresponding SM functions according to

where , , and .

The necessary modified Wilson coefficients used in this work have already been calculated in [23, 24] and we will follow them.

Instead of , an effective, normalization scheme independent, coefficient in the leading logarithmic approximation is defined as

with and

where in fifth dimension and .

The coefficients and are

The functions in (A.2) are

Here, and are defined by using (A.1) with the following functions:

Using [19] or following [23] one gets the expressions for the sum over n as

and

where

The Wilson coefficient in the ACD model and NDR scheme is

where and is numerically negligible. The functions and are defined as

with

and

The independent is given by

where is defined in (A.14).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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