Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 6894580, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6894580

Research Article

Biquaternionic Reformulation of a Fractional Monochromatic Maxwell System

Yudier Peña Pérez,¹ Ricardo Abreu Blaya,² Martín Patricio Árciga Alejandre,² and Juan Bory Reyes¹

¹SEPI-ESIME-ZAC-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
²Facultad de Matemática, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico

Correspondence should be addressed to Juan Bory Reyes; juanboryreyes@yahoo.com

Received 30 October 2019; Accepted 7 January 2020; Published 20 January 2020

Academic Editor: Torsten Asselmeyer-Maluga

Copyright © 2020 Yudier Peña Pérez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

In this work, we propose a biquaternionic reformulation of a fractional monochromatic Maxwell system. Additionally, some examples are given to illustrate how the quaternionic fractional approach emerges in linear hydrodynamics and elasticity.

1. Introduction

The past few decades have witnessed a surge of interest in research on the theory of the Maxwell system. A technique to study the Maxwell system is to reduce it to the equivalent Helmholtz equation. In a series of recent papers, diverse applications of the Maxwell system theory have been studied (see [1–3] for more details).

The Dirac equation is an important one in mathematical physics used to represent the Maxwell system through several ways, which has attracted the attention of physicists and engineers (see [4]).

A new approach for the study of the Maxwell system by using the quaternionic displaced Dirac operator, rather than working directly with the Helmholtz equation, appeared recently.

The quaternionic analysis gives a tool of wider applicability for the study of electromagnetic problems. In particular, a quaternionic hyperholomorphic approach to monochromatic solutions of the Maxwell system is established in [5, 6].

The fractional calculus goes back to Leibniz, Liouville, Grunwald, Letnikov, and Riemann. There are many interesting books on this topic as well as in fractional differential equations (see, e.g., [7–12]).

Nowadays, fractional calculus is a progressive research area [13, 14]. Among all the subjects, we mention the treatment of fractional differential equations regarding the mathematical methods of their solutions and their applications in physics, chemistry, engineering, optics, and quantum mechanics. For more details, we refer the reader to [9–12, 15–17].

The fractional derivative operators are nonlocal, and this property is very important because it allows modeling the dynamic of many complex processes in applied sciences and engineering (see [18, 19]). For example, the fractional nonlocal Maxwell system and the corresponding fractional wave equations are considered in [20–22].

Recently, Ferreira and Vieira [23] proposed a fractional Laplace and Dirac operator in -dimensional space using Caputo derivatives with different orders for each direction. Previous approaches, but using Riemann-Liouville derivatives, can be found in [24, 25].

The main goal of this paper is to describe the very close connection between the -parameter quaternionic displaced fractional Dirac operator using Caputo derivatives and a fractional monochromatic Maxwell system.

After this brief introduction, let us give a description of the sections of this paper. Section 2 contains some basic and necessary facts about fractional calculus, fractional vector calculus, and the connections between quaternionic analysis and fractional calculus. In Section 3, we present some examples of fractional systems in physics. Finally, Section 4 is devoted to the study of a fractional monochromatic Maxwell system and summarizes the main achievements of this study.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce the fractional derivatives and integrals necessary for our purpose and review some standard facts on fractional vector calculus and basic definitions of quaternionic analysis.

2.1. Fractional Derivatives and Integrals

Definitions and results of fractional calculus are established in this subsection (see [8, 10, 11]).

Definition 1 (see [8]). Let a real-valued function . The left Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order is given by

Definition 2 (see [8]). The left Caputo fractional derivative of order for is written as

Here and subsequently, denotes the class of continuously differentiable functions which are absolutely continuous on .

It is easily seen that

Unfortunately, in general, the semigroup property for the composition of Caputo fractional derivatives is not true. Conditions under which the law of exponents holds are established in the next theorem, which follows the main ideas proposed in [10].

Theorem 3. Let such that and . Then,

holds if the function satisfies the condition

Proof. Applying (3) yields

From [10] (p. 81) and (5), it follows that

Consequently,

But , then,

2.2. Elements of Quaternionic Functions

We follow Kravchenko [6] in asserting that “The whole building which the equations of mathematical physics inhabit can be erected on the foundations of quaternionic analysis, and this possibility represents some interest due to the lightness and transparency especially of the highest floors of that new building as well as due to high speed horizontal (apart from the vertical) movement allowing an extremely valuable communication between its different parts. Nevertheless, the current major interest may be the tools of quaternionic analysis which permit results to be obtained where other more traditional methods apparently fail.”

Let be the skew field of real quaternions, and let be the quaternion units that fulfill the condition

Let , where is called the scalar part and is called the vector part of the quaternion . The conjugate element is given by . If , then is called a purely vectorial quaternion and it is identified with a vector from .

The multiplication of two quaternions can be rewritten in vector terms:

where and are the scalar and the usual cross product in , respectively.

An -valued function defined in has the representations with real valued. Properties such as continuity or differentiability have to be understood component-wise.

Let us denote by the set of quaternions with complex components instead of real (complex quaternions).

If , then , where is the complex imaginary unit and and belong to .

The following first-order partial differential operator is called the Dirac operator:

where denotes the partial derivative with respect to .

Because , Laplacian in , any function which belongs to ker is also harmonic.

The Helmholtz operator () can be factorized as

as will be clear later; physically, represents the wave number.

For an -valued function , the displacements of are denoted by

The interested reader is referred to [5, 6] for further information.

2.3. Fractional Vector Operations

In past decades, there has been considerable effort in the literature to study boundary problems of pure mathematics and mathematical physics for domains with highly irregular boundaries like nonrectifiable, finite perimeter, fractals, and flat chains (see, for instance, [26] and the references given there).

In , Harrison and Norton [27] presented an approach to the divergence theorem for domains with boundaries of a noninteger box dimension. One of the methods they employed was the technique introduced by Whitney in [28], of decomposition of the domain into cubes and extension of functions defined on a closed set to functions defined on the whole of (for details in the construction of the Whitney decomposition, we refer to [29]). These techniques were also employed by [30] where an example of uniform domains is given by an open ball minus the centers of Whitney cubes.

Let be a cube of .

The fractional Nabla operator in coordinates and the quaternionic units are written as

where denotes the left Caputo fractional derivatives with respect to coordinates . Here and subsequently, stands for the vector and .

Following the ideas of [20], we may define the fractional differential operators over cubes in the quaternionic context.

Let such that , where denotes the class of functions such that its respective restrictions to each of the coordinate axes belong to .

(1)If , we define its fractional gradient as

(2)If , then we define its fractional divergence by

(3)The fractional curl operator is defined by

Note that these fractional differential operators are nonlocal and depend on the cube.

The following relation for fractional differential vector operations is easily adapted from [20].

A definition of the 3-parameter fractional Laplace and Dirac operators using left Caputo derivatives can be found in [23].

The fractional Dirac operator factorizes the fractional Laplace operator for any -valued function , whenever the components of the functions and (its respective restrictions to each of the coordinate axes) satisfy the sufficient conditions presented in Theorem 3. As a matter of fact, for such functions, we can apply (4) which together with the multiplication rules of the quaternion algebra and based upon ideas found in Section 4 of [23] gives

We can now state (paraphrasing the Dirac operator case) the fact that the solution of the fractional Dirac operator is a fractional harmonic.

By straightforward calculation, we have

3. Fractional Physical Systems

In general, physical models can be formulated using the fractional derivatives, where the kernels are interpreted as power-law densities of states, and the fractional order of the derivative corresponds to the physical dimensions of the material [20, 21]. Moreover, the nonlocality in time and space can be found in phenomena such as the electromagnetism [22] and the diffusion [31].

In this section, we illustrate some examples where the quaternionic fractional approach emerges in linear hydrodynamics and elasticity. These fractional physical systems are motivated by [32]; however, the authors did not find in the literature the use of the quaternionic fractional approach to formulate such systems.

Let a vector field and a scalar field related by

where are constant real-valued vectors and is the position vector.

For , (23) is the generalized Moisil-Teodorescu system (see, for instance, [33]).

Example 1 (generalized Moisil-Teodorescu system).

Note that for , (24) is the Moisil-Teodorescu system, whereas for and , (24) simplifies to the classical potential flow equations (see, for instance, [32, 34, 35]).

Example 2 (Moisil-Teodorescu system).

Example 3 (ideal fluid). The velocity field of an ideal fluid is irrotational and incompressible (solenoidal), i.e.,

which corresponds to (24) with , , and .

Example 4 (Stokes flows). Under the assumption of negligible inertial and thermal effects, the time-independent velocity field of a viscous incompressible fluid is governed by the Stokes equations

where is the pressure in the fluid, is the shear viscosity, and

The equation (27) implies that the vorticity and pressure are related by

which corresponds to (24) with , , and .

Example 5 (Oseen flows). Suppose a solid body translates with constant velocity in a quiescent viscous incompressible fluid. If the Reynolds number is sufficiently small, the time-independent velocity field with partially accounted inertial effects can be described by the Oseen equations

where is the pressure and and are the fluid shear viscosity and density, respectively. Let with . Then, (30) can be recast into two equivalent forms:

which are both particular cases of (24): , , and in (31) and , , and in (32).

Example 6 (fractional Lamé-Navier system). A 3-dimensional field in a homogeneous isotropic linear elastic material without volume forces is described by the Lamé-Navier system:

where and are the Lamé coefficients (see [36] for more details).
The fractional calculus can be used to establish a fractional generalization of nonlocal elasticity in two forms: the fractional gradient elasticity theory (weak nonlocality) and the fractional integral elasticity theory (strong nonlocality) (see [37–39]).
Many applications of fractional calculus amount to replacing the spatial derivative in an equation with a derivative of fractional order. So, we can consider a generalization of (33) such that it includes derivatives of the noninteger order.
Precisely, we will propose the following transformations:

Then, we get the fractional Lamé-Navier system associated with the transformations (34), (35), and (36) as follows:

Combining (19) with (22) yields

and hence we have

Consequently, the fractional Lamé-Navier system (37) can be rewritten in the form

Let us denote and and introduce the operator

Having in mind the conditions relating in (33), it is easily seen that and .

Remark 4. Note that the operational equation involving (41) is equivalent to the fractional Lamé-Navier system (37).

Remark 5. Observe that the term in (41) is a generalization of the sandwich equation. Solutions of the sandwich equation are known as inframonogenic functions (see [36] for more details). In this way, the kernel of could be understood as the set of fractional inframonogenic functions.

4. Fractional Monochromatic Maxwell System

The behavior of electric fields , magnetic fields , charge density , and current density is described by the Maxwell system (see [2] and the references given there).

The relations between electric fields for the medium can be realized by the convolution

where is the permittivity of free space. Homogeneity in space gives . A local case accords with the Dirac delta-function permittivity and (42) yields .

Analogously, we have a nonlocal equation for the magnetic fields .

4.1. Fractional Nonlocal Maxwell System

A feasible way of appearance of the Caputo derivative in the classical electrodynamics can be found in [20]. This is mainly included here to keep the exposition self-contained.

If we have

then

The integration by parts now leads to

The nonlocal properties of electrodynamics can be considered as a result of dipole-dipole interactions with a fractional power-law screening that is connected with the integrodifferentiation of noninteger order (see [40]).

Consider the kernel of (45) in such that

with the power-like function

Then, (45) gives the relation

with the Caputo fractional derivatives .

Let us apply (17) and (18) to write the corresponding fractional nonlocal differential Maxwell system as

where , , and are constants. We assume that the densities and , which describe the external sources of the electromagnetic field, are given.

The main idea behind the use of fractional differentiation, for describing real-world problems, is their abilities to describe nonlocal distributed effects. For example, a power-law long-range interaction in the 3-dimensional lattice in the continuous limit can give a fractional equation (see [41, 42]). In [43], some numerical examples and simulations are provided to illustrate the use of alternative fractional differential equations for modeling the electrical circuits.

Also, the methodology used in [43] succeed in the analysis of electromagnetic transient problems in electrical systems. Moreover, an empirical model for complex permittivity was incorporated into Maxwell’s equations that lead to the appearance of fractional order derivatives in Ampere’s law and the wave equation (see [44]).

The fractional Maxwell system (49) can describe electromagnetic fields in media with fractional nonlocal properties, like in superconductor and semiconductor physics [45, 46] and in accelerated systems [47].

4.2. Fractional Monochromatic Maxwell System

We will assume that the electromagnetic characteristics of the medium do not change in time. If in addition they have the same values in each point of the cube then the medium which fills the volume is called homogeneous.

A monochromatic electromagnetic field has the following form:

where and , and all dependence on time is contained in the factor .

and are complex vectors called the complex amplitudes of the electromagnetic field; is the frequency of oscillations.

Substituting (50) and (51) into (49), we obtain the equations for the complex amplitudes and :

The quantities and are also assumed to be monochromatic , .

4.3. Fractional Helmholtz Operator

The following fractional wave equations can be found in [20]. The wave equations for electric and magnetic fields in a cube are obtained using the fractional nonlocal Maxwell system with and .

where .

Substituting (50) and (51) into (53), we obtain that and are also solutions of homogeneous fractional Helmholtz equations with respect to the square of the medium wave number .

The above fractional Helmholtz equations motivate the introduction of the fractional Helmholtz operator .

Next, the fractional Helmholtz operator, can be factorized as

which is a corollary of (21).

The formulation of (52) and (54) in terms of the fractional Dirac operator allows us to describe solutions of both systems in terms of displacements .

Remark 6. In view of the factorization (55) of the fractional Helmholtz operator, we can express the solutions and of (54) in terms of the function . That function belongs to ker and in turn allows us to reexpress the electric and magnetic components for (52).

Applying the fractional divergence operator to the last equation in (52) and using (19), we find the relation between and :

In order to rewrite (52) in quaternionic form, let us denote the wave number , where the square root is chosen so that .

Introduce the following pair of purely vector biquaternionic functions

and the notation

Now, we formulate the main result of this paper, which consists of a biquaternionic reformulation of a fractional monochromatic Maxwell system.

Theorem 7. The fractional quaternionic equations

are equivalent to the fractional Maxwell system (52). Indeed, and are solutions of (60) and (61), respectively, if and only if and are solutions of (52).

Proof. Let and solutions of (52), which can be rewritten as two quaternionic equations

Applying to in (57) and combining (62) with (63) we get

Thus, (56) shows that satisfies (60). Analogously, we can assert that in (58) satisfies (61).
On the contrary, suppose that and satisfy (60) and (61), respectively. A trivial verification shows that

Substituting (57) into (65)

From the last equality, we conclude that (62) holds. Similar considerations apply to in order to obtain (63).
Separating the vector and scalar parts in (62) and (63), together with the vectorial nature of and , and (22) yields (52). This completes the proof.

5. Conclusions

The main purpose of this paper was to explore the very close connection between the 3-parameter quaternionic displaced fractional Dirac operator with a fractional monochromatic Maxwell system using Caputo derivatives. With this aim in mind, a biquaternionic reformulation of such a system was studied. Moreover, some examples to illustrate how the quaternionic fractional approach emerges in linear hydrodynamic and elasticity are given. As future works, the formulation of a fractional inframonogenic functions theory is suggested.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

Juan Bory Reyes was partially supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional in the framework of SIP programs (SIP20195662). Yudier Peña-Pérez gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Postgraduate Study Fellowship of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) (grant number 744134).

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