Advances in Mathematical Physics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 869484, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/869484

Research Article

The Periodic Solution of Fractional Oscillation Equation with Periodic Input

Jun-Sheng Duan1,2

¹School of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China

²School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, China

Received 5 July 2013; Revised 14 August 2013; Accepted 15 August 2013

Academic Editor: Ming Li

Copyright © 2013 Jun-Sheng Duan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The periodic solution of fractional oscillation equation with periodic input is considered in this work. The fractional derivative operator is taken as, where the initial time is ; hence, initial conditions are not needed in the model of the present fractional oscillation equation. With the input of the harmonic oscillation, the solution is derived to be a periodic function of time t with the same circular frequency as the input, and the frequency of the solution is not affected by the system frequency c as is affected in the integer-order case. These results are similar to the case of a damped oscillation with a periodic input in the integer-order case. Properties of the periodic solution are discussed, and the fractional resonance frequency is introduced.

1. Introduction

Fractional calculus has been used in the mathematical description of real problems arising in different fields of science. It covers the fields of viscoelasticity, anomalous diffusion, analysis of feedback amplifiers, capacitor theory, fractances, generalized voltage dividers, electrode-electrolyte interface models, fractional multipoles, fitting of experimental data, and so on [1–5]. Scientists and engineers became aware of the fact that the description of some phenomena is more accurate when the fractional derivative is used. In recent years, even fractional-order models of happiness [6] and love [7] have been developed, and they are claimed to give a better representation than the integer-order dynamical systems approach.

The fractional differential and integral operators have been extensively applied to the field of viscoelasticity [8]. The use of fractional calculus for the mathematical modelling of viscoelastic materials is quite natural. The main reasons for the theoretical development are the wide use of polymers in various fields of engineering.

The theorem of existence and uniqueness of solutions for fractional differential equations has been presented in [1, 2, 9, 10]. The theory and applications of fractional differential equations are much involved [1–5, 11–17]. Fractional oscillation equations were introduced and discussed by Caputo [18], Bagley and Torvik [19], Beyer and Kempfle [20], Mainardi [21], Gorenflo and Mainardi [22], and others.

Fractional oscillators and fractional dynamical systems were investigated in [23–28]. Achar et al. [23] and Al-rabtah et al. [24] studied the response characteristics of the fractional oscillator. Li et al. [25] considered the impulse response and the stability behavior of a class of fractional oscillators. Lim et al. [26] established the relationship between fractional oscillator processes and the corresponding fractional Brownian motion processes. Lim and Teo [27] introduced a fractional oscillator process as a solution of a stochastic differential equation with two fractional orders. Li [28] proposed an approach to approximate ideal filters by using frequency responses of fractional order.

Let be piecewise continuous on and integrable on any subinterval . Then, the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of is defined as [1–4]

where is Euler’s gamma function.

Let be piecewise continuous on and integrable on any subinterval . Then, the Caputo fractional derivative of of order , , is defined as [1–4]

It is well-known that the fractional oscillation equation

does not have a periodic solution [21, 22, 29, 30]. The existence of periodic solutions is often a desired property in dynamical systems, constituting one of the most important research directions in the theory of dynamical systems. The existence of weighted pseudo-almost periodic solutions of fractional-order differential equations has been investigated in [31].

In this work, we consider the fractional oscillation equation with periodic input using the fractional derivative operator. We will derive a periodic solution for this equation and discuss its properties. Since we do not consider the effect of initial values, so the periodic solution can be regarded as an asymptotic steady-state solution for a fractional oscillation with initial conditions.

For a classic undamped oscillation with the periodic input

we list their solutions as follows.

(i)If ,

(ii)If ,

In the next section, as a comparison we solve the fractional oscillation equation using the fractional derivative operator with the periodic input and initial conditions. In Section 3, we consider the fractional oscillation equation using the fractional derivative operator with the periodic input.

We consider the periodic problem of linear fractional differential system. For nonlinear fractional differential system, the problem is more challenging and some contributions have been made. For example, Li and Ma [32] gave the linearization and stability theorems of the nonlinear fractional system.

2. Fractional Oscillation Equation with Periodic Input and Initial Conditions

In this section, we solve the fractional oscillation equation with the periodic input and initial conditions

The Laplace transform of (7) gives

where denotes the Laplace transform

Solving for yields

Upon applying the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain

where denotes the Mittag-Leffler function [1, 21, 22]

and denotes the Laplace convolution

and where the Laplace transform formula [1]

is used. Since

the convolution in (14) can also be expressed as the following inverse Laplace transform:

In Figure 1, the curve of versus on interval for , and is plotted. In order to compare with the case of in (5), we also plot the curves of versus and versus for and in Figure 1. We observe that with the increasing of , the fractional oscillation is more relative to the function than to the function . This means that in the fractional case, the effect of the natural frequency of the system dies out with the passage of time, which displays a damping feature and is different from the integer-order case in (5).

Figure 1: Solid line: versus on interval for , and ; dashed line: −3 versus ; doted line: −3 versus .

In Figure 2, the curve of versus on interval for and is plotted. In order to compare with the case of in (6), we also plot the curve of versus for in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Solid line: versus on interval for , and ; dashed line: versus .

The Mittag-Leffler functions in (12) have the following asymptotic behaviour [1]:

None of the three Mittag-Leffler functions in (12) are periodic. Numerical simulation displays that the convolution in (17) is not periodic, either.

If , the Mittag-Leffler functions in (12) become

In this case, calculating the convolution for the two cases and , we obtain the classical results (5) and (6) from (12).

But for the fractional case, , the Mittag-Leffler function in (17) approaches asymptotically as , so is dominated by as .

We note that it is possible to obtain exact periodic solutions in impulsive fractional-order dynamical systems by choosing the correct impulses at the right moments of time [29].

3. Derivation of the Periodic Solutions for Fractional Oscillation Equation

We consider the fractional oscillation equation using the fractional derivative operator :

Equation (20) does not need to subject to initial conditions, and its solution is steady-state.

We use the following Fourier transform and its inverse:

and the Fourier transform formulas [1, 33]

where is the Dirac’s delta function.

We rewrite the right hand side of (20) as a complex exponential function and first solve the equation

The real part of the solution of (23) is the solution of (20). Applying the Fourier transform to (23) we obtain

from which we solve, for ,

Calculating the inverse Fourier transform leads to

Then, we take the real part of (26) and obtain the solution of (20):

Obviously, (27) represents a periodic solution with the same circular frequency as the input . Furthermore, (27) can be rewritten as the form

where the phase angle is

and the amplitude is

The curves of versus for , and different and the curves of versus for and different are plotted in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

Figure 3: Curves of versus for and and for (solid line), (dashed line), and (doted line).

Figure 4: Curves of versus for and and for (solid line), (dashed line), (doted line), and (doted-dashed line).

The effects of the order and the input circular frequency on the amplitude are interesting. The curves of versus for and, different and the curves of versus for , and different are plotted in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.

Figure 5: Curves of versus for and and for (solid line), (dashed line), (doted line), and (doted-dashed line).

Figure 6: Curves of versus for and and for (solid line), (dashed line), and (doted line).

Similar to a damped oscillation with a periodic input in an integer-ordered case, we observe that the curves of versus have a peak value. Furthermore, the derivative of the amplitude with respective to the frequency is calculated to be

Letting , we obtain

For each specified , , the amplitude takes the maximum , when . We call the fractional resonance frequency. From (32) the resonance frequency increases monotonically from 0 to with increasing of from 1 to 2. The curve of versus for is plotted in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Curve of versus for .

The maximum amplitude is calculated to be

It follows from (33) that

The surface of the amplitude for is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Surface of amplitude for .

4. Conclusions

The fractional oscillation equations with a harmonic periodic input are considered for the fractional derivative operators and , respectively. For the latter fractional oscillation equation, the periodic solution with the same circular frequency as the input function is derived. The solution is similar to the case of a damped oscillation with a periodic input in the integer-order case, and a fractional resonance frequency occurs. The frequency of the solution of the fractional oscillation equation is not affected by the system frequency . The results show that the fractional oscillation equations represent the damping feature. We give a detailed analysis for the effects of the order and the input circular frequency on the oscillation amplitude . The periodic solution can be regarded as an asymptotic steady-state solution for a fractional oscillation with initial conditions.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11201308) and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (no. 14ZZ161).

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