The soliton interaction is investigated based on solving the nonisospectral generalized Sawada-Kotera (GSK) equation. By using Hirota method, the analytic one-, two-, three-, and N-soliton solutions of this model are obtained. According to those solutions, the relevant properties and features of line-soliton and bright-soliton are illustrated. The results of this paper will be useful to the study of soliton resonance in the inhomogeneous media.
1. Introduction
The Hirota method, originating from the work of Hirota in 1971 [1], is a powerful method for constructing solutions for integrable systems. The soliton theory is presented in several monographs and review papers (see [2, 3]). In the literature, various approaches have been proposed to find a soliton solution for a given equation, for instance, the inverse scatting transform [4] and the Darboux transformation [5]. It is remarked that the Hirota method is very efficient for construction of soliton solutions.
The nonisospectral equations describe solitary waves in inhomogeneous media. Recently, much attention has been paid on the analytic solutions of the nonisospectral equations. Deng et al. [6] and Sun et al. [7, 8] develop a systematic procedure to find soliton solutions of the nonisospectral equations. Based on exact solutions, numerical methods can be presented well for the nonisospectral nonlinear problem [9–11].
Jiang considers the nonisospectral problem [12] by using the compatibility condition of Lax pairs. In our work, the bilinear form and N-soliton solutions will be considered for a generalized nonisospectral equation.
The nonisospectral generalized Sawada-Kotera (GSK) equation [12] is written as follows:
(1)ut-uxxxxx-5uxuxx-5uuxxx-u2ux-5uxxy+5∂x-1uyy-5uuy-5ux∂x-1uy-ω(2u+xux+3yuy)-aux-buy=0,
where ω,a, and b are real constants. The Lax pair of (1) is
(2)L=∂x3+u∂x+∂y,M=∂t+9∂x5+(15u+3ωy+b)∂x3+15ux∂x2+(10uxx+5u2-5∂x-1uy+(3ωy+b)ulllllllluxx+5u2-5∂x-1-ωx-a)∂x.
The aim of this paper is to propose a simple method for construction N-soliton solutions. The main tool is the Hirota method. Then we apply the idea to the nonisospectral GSK equation.
This paper is organized as following: In Section 2, with the aid of symbolic computation, the bilinear form of (1) is obtained by use of Hirota method. Some special solutions are explicitly presented based on their bilinear form (4) and the soliton resonance is illustrated. The final section contains some discussion.
2. Bilinear Form and N-Soliton Solutions
Through the dependent variable transformation
(3)u=3(15-185)(lnf)xx.
Equation (1) can be written in the bilinear form. Consider
(4)DxDtf·f-Dx6f·f+Dx4f·f-5Dx3Dyf·f-(a+ωx)Dx2f·f+(1-b-3ωy)DxDyf·f+5Dy2f·f-2ωffx=0,
where the D-operators [13] is defined by
(5)DxmDtna(x,t)·b(x,t)=(∂∂x-∂∂x′)m(∂∂t-∂∂t′)na(x,t)b(x′,t′)|(∂∂t-∂∂t′)x=x′,t=t′.
The perturbation method consists of expanding f with respect to a small parameter ε to obtain
(6)f=1+εf(1)+ε2f(2)+ε3f(3)+⋯,
and then finding each coefficient f(n) successively for n=1,2,3,….
Substituting the expansion formula of f into the bilinear equation (4) and arranging it at each order of ε, we have
(7)ε:ftx(1)-fxxxxxx(1)+fxxxx(1)-5fxxxy(1)-(a+ωx)fxx(1)+(1-b-3ωy)fxy(1)+5fyy(1)-ωfx(1)=0,(8)ε2: 2[ftx(2)-fxxxxxx(2)+fxxxx(2)-5fxxxy(2)-(a+ωx)fxx(2)kkkk+(1-b-3ωy)fxy(2)+5fyy(2)-ωfx(2)]+DxDtf(1)·f(1)-Dx6f(1)·f(1)+Dx4f(1)·f(1)-5Dx3Dyf(1)·f(1)-(a+ωx)Dx2f(1)·f(1)+(1-b-3ωy)DxDyf(1)·f(1)+5Dy2f(1)·f(1)-2ωf(1)·fx(1)=0,(9)ε3:ftx(3)-fxxxxxx(3)+fxxxx(3)-5fxxxy(3)-(a+ωx)fxx(3)+(1-b-3ωy)fxy(3)+5fyy(3)-ωfx(3)+DxDtf(1)·f(2)-Dx6f(1)·f(2)+Dx4f(1)·f(2)-5Dx3Dyf(1)·f(2)-(a+ωx)Dx2f(1)·f(2)+(1-b-3ωy)DxDyf(1)·f(2)+5Dy2f(1)·f(2)-ω(f(1)·fx(2)+fx(1)·f(2))=0,llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll⋮
let us choose
(10)f(1)=eξ1,
where ξ1=-k1(t)x+k13(t)y-(a/ω)k1(t)+(b/3ω)k13(t)+(9/5ω)k15(t)+ξ10.
Since substituting this into the left-hand side of (7) gives
(11)k1,t(t)=ωk1(t),
then (11) is an ordinary differential system and it can be solved exactly. The solutions of (11) are written as
(12)k1(t)=c1eωt.
Therefore, we are able to choose f(j)=0,j=2,3,…. This shows that the expansion of f may be truncated as the finite sum
(13)f=1+f(1)=1+eξ1.
Substituting (13) into (3), the one-soliton solution of the nonisospectral GSK equation (1) can be obtained
(14)u=3(15-185)k12(t)4sech2(ξ12).
Here u is the one-soliton solution. By the form of the solution (14), one can see that the one-soliton travels with a time-dependent top trace
(15)ξ1=0.
In fact, the top trace of the solution (14) is a line with time-dependent slope. Equation (14) provides a line-soliton with the following time-dependent amplitude:
(16)A=3(15-185)k12(t)4.
Figures 1 and 2 describe the different amplitudes of the one-soliton solution at t=1 and t=2.
The shape and motion of the one-soliton solution for ω=-0.8, a=1, b=1, c1=1, ξ10=1, t=1.
The shape and motion of the one-soliton solution for ω=-0.8, a=1, b=1, c1=1, ξ10=1, t=2.
We begin here by finding a two-soliton solution. It is a solution describing the interaction of two solitons.
To this end, we choose the solution to the linear differential equation (7) to be
(17)f(1)=eξ1+eξ2,
where ξj=-kj(t)x+kj3(t)y-(a/ω)kj(t)+(b/3ω)kj3(t)+(9/5ω)kj5(t)+ξj0 for j=1,2.
Substituting (17) into the left-hand side of (7), we have
(18)kj,t(t)=ωkj(t),(j=1,2).
The solutions of (18) are written as
(19)kj(t)=cjeωt,(j=1,2).
We here set that
(20)f(2)=eξ1+ξ2+θ12.
From (20), we might assume that the relations eθ12=F(t). Equation (20) may also be written as
(21)f(2)=F(t)eξ1+ξ2.
Substituting (17), (21) into the left-hand side of (8) and using (18), we have
(22)∂F(t)∂t-3k1(t)k2(t)[k1(t)+k2(t)]F(t)+3k1(t)k2(t)[k1(t)-k2(t)]2[k1(t)+k2(t)]=0.
Substitution of (19) into (22) gives
(23)F(t)=[k1(t)-k2(t)]2[k1(t)+k2(t)]2=eθ12.
The coefficient eθ12 obtained in (23), which are similar to the SK equation (see [14]), can also be KdV type.
Therefore, we are able to choose f(j)=0, j=3,4,…. The two-soliton solutions are obtained by (3) in which f is defined as
(24)f=1+f(1)+f(2)=1+eξ1+eξ2+eξ2+ξ2+θ12.
Its shape and motion are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
The shape and motion of the two-soliton solutions for ω=-1, a=1, b=1, c1=1, c2=2, ξ10=1, ξ20=1, t=2.
The density plots of two-soliton resonance for the nonisospectral GSK equation with parameters ω=-1, a=1, b=1, c1=1, c2=2, ξ10=1, ξ20=1, t=2.
In Figures 3 and 4, the line-soliton characters are shown in two-soliton solutions, where the black areas denote zero value and the white lines denote bright-soliton. In this case, the amplitudes and slopes of the two-soliton will vary with time and this time-dependent property comes from the effects of inhomogeneous media.
Let us choose
(25)f(1)=eξ1+eξ2+eξ3,
where ξj=-kj(t)x+kj3(t)y-(a/ω)kj(t)+(b/3ω)kj3(t)+(9/5ω)kj5(t)+ξj0 for j=1,2,3.
Substituting (25) into the left-hand side of (7), we have
(26)kj,t(t)=ωkj(t),(j=1,2,3).
The solutions of (26) are written as
(27)kj(t)=cjeωt,(j=1,2,3).
We here set that
(28)f(2)=eξ1+ξ2+θ12+eξ1+ξ3+θ13+eξ2+ξ3+θ23.
Substitution of (25), (28) into (8) gives
(29)eθ12=[k1(t)-k2(t)]2[k1(t)+k2(t)]2,eθ13=[k1(t)-k3(t)]2[k1(t)+k3(t)]2,eθ23=[k2(t)-k3(t)]2[k2(t)+k3(t)]2.
Let
(30)f(3)=eξ1+ξ2+ξ3+θ123.
Substituting (25), (28), and (30) into (9), one obtains
(31)eθ123=[k1(t)-k2(t)]2[k1(t)-k3(t)]2[k2(t)-k3(t)]2[k1(t)+k2(t)]2[k1(t)+k3(t)]2[k2(t)+k3(t)]2.
Therefore, we are able to choose f(j)=0,j=4,5,…. The three-soliton solutions are obtained by (3) in which f is defined as
(32)f=1+f(1)+f(2)+f(3)=1+eξ1+eξ2+eξ3+eξ1+ξ2+θ12+eξ1+ξ3+θ13+eξ2+ξ3+θ23+eξ1+ξ2+ξ3+θ123.
The nonisospectral GSK equation [12] has been shown to be integrable. It can be represented as the compatibility condition in the Lax form [L,M]=0. Therefore, it would be reasonable to continue to find the N-soliton solutions (N>3) with the help of symbolic computation (see [15]).
This process can be extended to the four-soliton solutions, and so on. Generally, the N-soliton solutions are expressed as
(33)f=∑exp[∑j=1Nμjξj+∑j<l(N)θjlμjμl],
where the coefficients θjl and ξj are defined by
(34)θjl=[kj(t)-kl(t)]2[kj(t)+kl(t)]2,(35)ξj=-kj(t)x+kj3(t)y-aωkj(t)+b3ωkj3(t)+95ωkj5(t)+ξj0,j=1,2,…,N,
respectively.
In formula (33), the first ∑ means a summation over all possible combinations of μ1=0,1, μ2=0,1,…, μN=0,1, and ∑j<l(N) means a summation over all possible pairs (j,l) chosen from the set {1,2,…,N}, with the condition that j<l.
Substituting (33) into (3), we obtain the N-soliton solutions for the nonisospectral GSK equation.
3. Conclusion
In this paper, we have obtained the N-soliton solutions of the nonisospectral GSK equation by the Hirota method. Under transformation (3), (1) has been transformed into bilinear form (4) directly. Based on formula (33), N-soliton solutions have been constructed. A KdV-type solution has also been obtained. Soliton resonance and interaction for (1) can be regarded as the combination of the effects of various variable coefficients, as shown in Figures 1–3. Effects of the line-soliton, bright-soliton, and soliton resonance have been summarized. Finally, according to Figure 4, the possible applications of soliton resonance in the inhomogeneous media have been discussed.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant nos. 11171032, 11271362, and 11375030 and Beijing special project from Beijing education committee. The third author is supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant no. 1132016 and Beijing Nova program no. Z131109000413029.
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