Advances in Mathematical Physics
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 1571959, 16 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1571959

Research Article

Singular Solutions to a (3 + 1)-D Protter-Morawetz Problem for Keldysh-Type Equations

Nedyu Popivanov,1,2 Tsvetan Hristov,² Aleksey Nikolov,³ and Manfred Schneider⁴

¹Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
²Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
³Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
⁴Faculty of Mathematics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

Correspondence should be addressed to Nedyu Popivanov; nedyu@fmi.uni-sofia.bg

Received 29 April 2017; Accepted 16 August 2017; Published 16 October 2017

Academic Editor: Alexander Iomin

Copyright © 2017 Nedyu Popivanov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study a boundary value problem for (3 + 1)-D weakly hyperbolic equations of Keldysh type (problem PK). The Keldysh-type equations are known in some specific applications in plasma physics, optics, and analysis on projective spaces. Problem PK is not well-posed since it has infinite-dimensional cokernel. Actually, this problem is analogous to a similar one proposed by M. Protter in 1952, but for Tricomi-type equations which, in part, are closely connected with transonic fluid dynamics. We consider a properly defined, in a special function space, generalized solution to problem PK for which existence and uniqueness theorems hold. It is known that it may have a strong power-type singularity at one boundary point even for very smooth right-hand sides of the equation. In the present paper we study the asymptotic behavior of the generalized solutions of problem PK at the singular point. There are given orthogonality conditions on the right-hand side of the equation, which are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a generalized solution with fixed order of singularity.

In memory of Professor Cathleen Morawetz (1923–2017)

1. Statement of the Problem

For , we consider the equation

in the domain

where and

The region (see Figure 1) is bounded by the ball centered at the origin and by two characteristic surfaces of (1):

Figure 1: Region .

In our case (), the hyperplane is tangential to the characteristics and

In the given domain, (1) is hyperbolic, with parabolic power-type degeneration at ; that is, we have a weakly hyperbolic equation of Keldysh type.

We study the following boundary value problem.

Problem . Find a solution to (1) in which satisfies the boundary conditions:

The adjoint problem to PK is as follows.

Problem . Find a solution to the self-adjoint equation (1) in which satisfies the boundary conditions:

2. The Main Results

Problem PK is not well-posed. Actually, the adjoint homogeneous problem has infinitely many classical solutions.

In order to give their exact representation, for , let us introduce the following functions:

where

with , which gives , for , and .

Further, let us denote by the three-dimensional spherical functions. They are usually defined on the unit sphere , but for convenience of our discussions we extend them out of radially, keeping the same notation for the extended functions:

In this paper, we prove the following lemma.

Lemma 1. For all and , the functions

are classical solutions of the homogeneous problem .

It is easy to see that a necessary condition for the existence of a classical solution of problem PK is the orthogonality of the right-hand side function to all these functions . Indeed,

This means that an infinite number of orthogonality conditions with

must be fulfilled.

To avoid this we consider solutions to this problem in a generalized sense. In the present paper we study the case and we use the following definition of a generalized solution of problem PK.

Definition 2 (see [1]). We call a function a generalized solution of problem PK in , for (1), if

(1) ;(2) ;(3) for each there exists a constant , such that

(4) the identity

 holds for all from

We mention that the inequality (12) restricts the generalized solution’s function space to a class which is smaller than it is allowed by the second boundary condition in (4).

Note that Definition 2 allows the generalized solution to have some singularity at the point . The results of the present paper show that indeed there exist such singular solutions to this problem.

In our recent paper [1], we proved the following results on the existence and uniqueness of a generalized solution of problem PK.

Theorem 3 (see [1]). If , then there exists at most one generalized solution of problem PK in .

Theorem 4 (see [1]). Let . Suppose that the right-hand side function is fixed as a “harmonic polynomial” of order with :

and . Then there exists an unique generalized solution of problem PK in and it has the following form:

In this paper, we derive an asymptotic formula concerning the behavior of the singularities of the generalized solution.

Theorem 5. Let and the right-hand side function has the form (15). Then the unique generalized solution of problem PK on the characteristic surface

has the following expansion at point :

where

the function and satisfies the a priori estimate

 with a constant independent of ;the functions have the following structure:

 where are constants independent of .

Corollary 6. Suppose that at least one of the constants in (20) is different from zero. Then for the corresponding function there exists a vector , such that . This means that the order of singularity of will be no smaller than .

Corollary 7. Let the conditions of Theorem 5 be fulfilled and in addition satisfies the orthogonality conditions:

for all and . Then the unique generalized solution of problem PK fulfills the a priori estimate on :

where is a positive constant independent of .

Actually, Theorem 5 gives the asymptotic behavior of the singular solutions of problem PK on . It clarifies the significance of the orthogonality conditions (21): for fixed indexes , the corresponding condition (21) “controls” one power-type singularity. We mention here that some of the orthogonality conditions (21) involve functions , which are not classical solutions of problem (see the proof of Lemma 1).

3. History of the Problem and Motivation

It is well-known that different boundary value problems (BVPs) for mixed-type equations have important applications in transonic gas dynamics (see Bers [2], Morawetz [3], and Kuz’min [4]). After a space symmetry assumption, the transonic potential flows in fluid dynamics are described in the hodograph plane by two-dimensional BVPs for the Chaplygin equation:

where for . The Chaplygin equation (23) is elliptic in the subsonic half-plane and hyperbolic in the supersonic half-plane .

In particular, certain flows around airfoils are modeled by the Guderley-Morawetz plane problem for (23) (see the monograph of Bers [2]). The domain is bounded in the elliptic half-plane by a smooth arc and in the hyperbolic half-plane by four characteristic segments that start from the three points , , and on the sonic line; see Figure 2(a). The values of the function are prescribed along and along the characteristics and . The Guderley-Morawetz problem is well studied. The existence of weak solutions and the uniqueness of a strong solution in weighted Sobolev spaces were obtained by Morawetz [5]. Lax and Phillips [6] proved that the weak solutions are strong.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Guderley-Morawetz domain. (b) Protter-Morawetz domain .

Results on another BVP for the Chaplygin equation in mixed-type domain can be found in the recent paper of Liu et al. [7].

An interesting multidimensional generalization of Guderley-Morawetz problem was proposed by Protter [8, 9] for the multidimensional Chaplygin equation:

where . Protter considered (24) in the Protter-Morawetz domain , which could be obtained by rotating of a symmetrical Guderley-Morawetz domain around the axis of symmetry (see Figure 2). The boundary data are prescribed on in the elliptic part and on the outer characteristic surface . On the characteristic surface , data are not imposed. Aziz and Schneider [10] obtained uniqueness result for this problem, but even now there is not a single example of a nontrivial solution to the multidimensional problem (as, for example, in Lemma 1 above), neither a general existence result is known. Many difficulties and differences in comparison with the planar problems can be illustrated as well by the related problems in the hyperbolic part of the domain, also formulated by Protter.

Protter Problems. Find a solution of (24) with in the domain with one of the following boundary conditions:

These BVPs are multidimensional analogues of the Darboux-Goursat plane problems for the Gellerstedt equation () or for the wave equation (). Garabedian [11] proved the uniqueness of a classical solution to problem for the wave equation in . Popivanov and Schneider [12] showed that both problems and are not well-posed in the frame of classical solvability, since they have infinite-dimensional cokernels (see also Khe [13]). In [12], they suggested to study the Protter problems in the frame of generalized solutions with possible big singularities. Today it is well-known that the Protter problems have singular generalized solutions, even for smooth right-hand sides [12, 14–17]. Different aspects of Protter problems and several their generalizations (including some applications in the industrial explosion process) are studied by many authors (see Aldashev and Kim [18], Choi and Park [19], Aldashev [20], and references therein). For different statements of other related problems for mixed-type equations of the first kind, including nonlinear equations, see [21–27].

The Keldysh-type equations are another kind of mixed-type equations that also are known to play an important role in fluid mechanics, for example,

near the line .

Otway [28, 29] and Lupo et al. [30] gave a statement of some 2D BVPs for elliptic-hyperbolic Keldysh-type equations with specific applications in plasma physics, including a model for analyzing the possible heating in axisymmetric cold plasmas. Čanić and Keyfitz [31] studied some plane problems for a nonlinear degenerate elliptic equation, whose solutions behave like those of a Keldysh-type equation. Such an equation arises in the modeling of a weak shock reflection at a wedge. A 2D mixed-type equation analogous in part to the Tricomi-type and the Keldysh-type equations has also been studied recently by Shuxing [32].

Keldysh [33] studied the regularity of the solutions of 2D elliptic equations of second order near the boundary, in the case when the boundary contains a segment of the line . He showed that for degenerating elliptic equation (26) the formulation of the Dirichlet problem may depend on the lower order terms (the dependence is different for different values of ). Fichera [34] generalized Keldysh’s results for multidimensional linear second-order equations with nonnegative characteristic form and now BVPs for them are well understood in the sense that boundary conditions should not be imposed on the whole boundary. A summary of Fichera’s theory can be found in Radkevich [35, 36]. Keyfitz [37] examined whether the Fichera’s classification could be extended to quasilinear equations and mentioned that contrasting behavior of the characteristics of the Tricomi and Keldysh equation (see Figures 1 and 2) may have implications, unexplored yet, for the solution of some free boundary problems arising in the fluid dynamics models.

All these results and the fact that the solutions of the Keldysh-type equation are not differentiable at the degenerate boundary (see [38]) make it interesting to formulate and study the multidimensional Protter-Morawetz problem for Keldysh-type equations. In [39], using the exact Hardy-Sobolev inequality, we proved the uniqueness of a quasiregular solution to problem PK for equations involving lower order terms. Let us mention here that, in problem PK, unlike Tricomi case, a data on the degenerate boundary is not prescribed (similar to the elliptic case) and derivative can have singularity on it, but up to the prescribed level. On the other hand, the results in [1] and the results of the present paper show some similarities between problem PK and problems , : the infinite-dimensional cokernel of the problem and the existence of generalized solutions with isolated singularities.

There are still some open questions in this area that naturally arise.

Open Problems

(1)In the case when the right-hand side function is a “harmonic polynomial” to find additional conditions under which problem PK has a bounded solution. According to Corollary 7, when all the orthogonality conditions, which we prescribe in the present paper, are fulfilled, the generalized solution is still allowed to have a singularity of order .(2)To study the general case of problem PK when the right-hand side function is a smooth function not only of the form of “harmonic polynomial” is an open problem:

(i)Find appropriate conditions for the function under which there exists a generalized solution.(ii)What kind of singularity may have the generalized solution in this case? The a priori estimate, obtained in [1], shows that when the function is a “harmonic polynomial” the generalized solution may have at most a polynomial growth. Are there exist singular solutions with an exponential growth, as it is in the case of the Protter problems for the usual wave equation?(iii)To find some appropriate conditions for the function under which problem PK has only regular, bounded, or even classical solution. Up to now such conditions for the existence of a bounded solution to Protter problems are obtained only in the case of the wave equation.

(3)To study problem PK in the more general case when . Let us mention that the presentation of the generalized solution from [1], which we are studying in the present paper, is valid only in the case when . Find appropriate techniques that work for .

4. The Two-Dimensional Darboux-Goursat Problems Corresponding to Problem PK

Problem PK in the case when the right-side function is of the form (15) can be reduced to a two-dimensional problem.

More precisely, let us look for a solution to problem PK of the form (16). Using the spherical coordinates with

and later in the characteristic coordinates

for the functions

we obtain (see [1]) the following Darboux-Goursat problem.

Problem . Find a solution of

satisfying the following boundary conditions:

where

As far as we consider problem PK in the case when for the parameter we have

In conformity with Definition 2, a generalized solution of problem is defined as follows.

Definition 8 (see [1]). We call a function a generalized solution of problem in , , if

(1) ;(2)

(3) for each there exists a constant , such that

(4) the identity

 holds for all

Further, using the Riemann-Hadamard function associated with problem , an explicit integral representation of the generalized solution was found. A survey of the Riemann method can be found in [40].

Theorem 9 (see [1]). Let and . Then there exists one and only one generalized solution of problem in , which has the following integral representation at a point :

and it satisfies the following estimates:

where is a positive constant and

The Riemann-Hadamard function , which we have found in [1], can be represented as follows:

where

Here is the Appell series:

and is the Horn series:

(for basic information on the Appell and the Horn series, see [41], p. 222–228.)

According to Theorem 9, the generalized solution is allowed to have a singularity of order no greater than at point . But it is still not clear if such a singularity really exists and how it depends on the right-hand side of the equation. In the next section, we study more deeply the function , given by (40), or, more precisely, its restriction on the segment ,

5. The Asymptotic Expansion of the Solution of Problem PK₂

Introduce the following functions:

where are functions (6), closely connected with the solutions of the homogeneous adjoint problem . Then we prove the following lemma.

Lemma 10. For the following equalities hold

where are the coefficients (11) and the relation between and the Fourier coefficient from the expansion of is given by (33).

Proof. Denote

Denote also by the spherical functions expressed in the spherical coordinates; that is, . Then, using the orthonormality of the spherical functions on the unit sphere , a direct calculation gives

The proof is complete.

Theorem 11. Suppose that . Then the restriction of the generalized solution of problem has the following expansion on the segment :

where and , with constants and independent of .

Proof. According to Theorem 9 the condition assures that there exists an unique generalized solution of problem , given by (40). According to Definition 8, we see that the restriction should belong to .
Further, we set in (40). Essential for the following calculations is the decomposition of given in Theorem A.3 which we prove in Appendix. Using (A.34) we obtain

According to (A.35) and Lemma 10 we have

with .
The functions , given by (50), can be estimated in as follows:

Then we have

For , using the estimate (A.36) from Theorem A.3, we obtain

Making a substitution we compute

with

Formula (A.11) gives

and with (A.13) we estimate

Applying the results (60), (62), and (63) into (59) we obtain

According to the results from [1] (Lemmas , , and therein), we have an estimate

Then for we have

Therefore (54) holds with Obviously, , because .
The proof is complete.

From this theorem, we see that the generalized solution of problem may have a singularity of order and this happens in the general case: a bounded solution, or a solution with a smaller order of singularity, is possible only if some of the coefficients are equal to zero. This result exactly corresponds to the estimate prescribed in Theorem 9.

6. Proof of the Main Results

Now, we are ready to prove the main results stated in Section 2.

Proof of Lemma 1. First, we have obviously .
For it is easy to check that and .
For we see that as .
Therefore .
It is easy to check that for the boundary conditions (5) are also satisfied.
Now, let us look for solutions of the homogeneous problem of the form (9). Passing to the spherical coordinates (27) in the homogeneous equation (1) and using that, the spherical functions satisfy the differential equation:

and we see that the functions should be solutions of

in . A direct calculation of the derivatives of shows that these functions indeed satisfy (68).
The proof is complete.

Proof of Theorem 5. Let be the unique generalized solution of problem PK. Then it has the form (16) (see Theorem 4)
As we saw, all the functions

, are generalized solutions of problem with right-hand sides given by

Now, Theorem 11 states that

where are nonzero constant independent of and .
Now, using the relations (27)-(28), we make the inverse transformation from problem to problem PK. In this way we obtain the expansion (18), (20) with

and
The assertion (i) in Theorem 5 follows from the properties of the functions and the fact that the functions are bounded and belong to
The proof is complete.

Proof of Corollary 6. Let at least one of the constants in (20)

be different from zero. Then by the linear independence of the spherical functions it follows that, for the corresponding function , there exists a vector , such that . But, recalling that we extend functions out of radially, we have that . Therefore .
The proof is complete.

Appendix

For in our calculations we use the following relations (see [42]):

Further, we recall some well-known formulae, concerning the Gauss hypergeometric series (see, e.g., [41–43]):

which are also used in the computations. For the series is absolutely convergent.

The derivatives of are given by

In the special case when and we have

In the case when and the changing from to is given by

The binomial series is a particular case of the hypergeometric series:

For in the special case when , the Euler integral representation

is valid for each .

In the present paper we use the following estimates:

(a)If , then for each there exists a constant such that

(b)For the case we have a constant such that

Here we prove some auxiliary results which we use in our calculations. First, we give two lemmas which we need for the proof of Theorem A.3.

Lemma A.1. Let and . Then

Proof. According to the integral representation (A.11) we have

Then for we have

because the function is antisymmetric in respect to the point , that is, .
In the case when is an even number we proceed by the induction method. For (, resp.), (A.14) holds obviously.
For from (A.15) we get

or more simply

Our induction hypothesis is that for some the equality

holds. But then for this equality will also hold, because according to (A.18) we have

The proof is complete.

Lemma A.2. Let , and denote

where

Then

where

Proof. First, we expand the function from (A.21) in Taylor series in powers of :

where we use (A.7) to compute the corresponding derivatives in the series. By formula (A.8) we have that for

Then , using also (A.3), becomes

Now set :

Since , for , we obtain

There are two different cases.
(i) Let Be an Odd Number. In this case (A.29) becomes

because

(a)for even indexes according to (A.26) we have ;(b)for odd indexes Lemma A.1 with gives .

(ii) Let Be an Even Number. In this case, according to (A.26), we have nonzero coefficients in (A.29) only for even indexes . Then we set and by Lemma A.1 we have

Now with (A.4) we calculate

Applying the equalities (A.31)-(A.32) into (A.29) with and simplifying the derived expression with use of (A.1), we obtain

The proof is complete.

Theorem A.3. The trace of the function on the line can be decomposed as follows:

where

are nonzero constants, and the function satisfies in the following estimate:

Proof. For from (44) and (49) we obtain

According to (A.3) and (A.5) we have

and, consequently,

where

Now we set

with

For , using (A.10), we have

and according to this we decompose as follows:

with

where

(i) Expansion of the Function in Negative Powers of . According to (45) and (46) we have

and, in order to extract the negative powers of , we introduce the new index instead of . We obtain

Using (A.3) and (A.5) we simplify

and we derive

which actually gives

where is the function (A.21) from Lemma A.2.
Now, according to (A.23) we have nonzero terms in the sum only for indexes of the same parity as . For this reason let us introduce the new index and by Lemma A.2 we obtain

Next, we transform the hypergeometric function in (A.52) by formula (A.9):

Applying this into (A.52) and defining the following function:

we obtain

with

This establishes the equality (A.35).
(ii) Estimation of the Function from (A.45). For the function we have

where

In we set the new index instead of to obtain

Since

for the function , it follows the estimate

in . For the last equality, we used (A.10).
Applying this estimate in (A.57) gives that, in , the following inequality holds:

where is a positive constant.
(iii) Estimation of the Function from (A.42). For this function we have

where

Now, we set and using (A.3) compute

Since

from here it follows the estimate

in . By (A.12) with we estimate

Applying (A.67)-(A.68) in (A.63) and taking into account the fact that

we derive that in the following inequality holds

where is a positive constant.
Now, to complete the proof, we define

Then from (A.62) and (A.70) we come to the inequality (A.36). This, together with (A.55), gives the statement of the theorem, because

The proof is complete.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The research of Nedyu Popivanov, Tsvetan Hristov, and Aleksey Nikolov is partially supported by the Bulgarian NSF and Russian NSF under Grant DHTC 01/2/23.06.2017 and by the Sofia University under Grant 80-10-216/2017.

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