The Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problem with Time and Space-Fractional Diffusion Equation via a Novel Inner Product

The main goal of this study is to find the solution of initial boundary value problem for the one-dimensional time and spacefractional diffusion equation which is a very intriguing topic for many researchers. With the aim of newly defined inner product, which is the main contribution of this study, the analytic solution of the boundary value problem is obtained. The time and spacefractional derivatives are defined in the Caputo sense which ismore suitable than Riemann-Liouville sense.We apply the separation of variables method to reduce the problem to two separate fractional ODEs. The generalized solution is constructed/formed in the form of a Fourier series with respect to the eigenfunctions of a certain eigenvalue problem. In order to obtain the coefficients of the Fourier series for the solution, we define a new inner product which is the key point of study.


Introduction
Since PDE of fractional order contributes to modeling for the wide range of processes and systems, including past memories, in various scientific research areas, it has become very intriguing topic for many scientists.Main reason of this trend is that using fractional derivative is global in nature whereas the integer derivative is local in nature.This property makes fractional DEs the best possible choice in modeling physical problems involving past memory and/or delay and attracts growing number of researchers.
The Caputo derivatives are more useful than Riemann-Liouville derivatives since the analysis of the mathematical models involving Caputo derivatives gives closer results to the analysis of ones including integer derivatives.There are various studies in literature supporting this conclusion [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].By making use of Mittag-Leffler function, characteristic equations of fractional ODEs are solved and solutions of them are constructed efficiently.In this sense, the Mittag-Leffler function takes the role of the exponential function which is used in the determination of solutions for ODEs with integer derivatives.

Preliminary Results
In this section, some basic definitions and known results regarding Caputo fractional derivatives are given.Definition 1.The Caputo fractional derivative of () of order  where  − 1 <  <  is given by equation where  () () =   /  .If  is an integer, then the above definition of fractional derivative coincides with the integer derivative.
Definition 2. If 0 <  < 1, the Caputo fractional derivative of order  can be defined by equation where 0 < q < 1.

Advances in Mathematical Physics
To determine the solution of eigenvalue problem in the following section, we use the two-parameter Mittag-Leffler function defined as where  is a constant.In particular, for  0 = 0,  =  =  we obtain When  = 1, Mittag-Leffler function corresponds to usual exponential function, i.e.,  1,1 () =   .For further reading see [9,10].
Let us define the following functions which play an important role in the representation of solution for the problem under consideration: and Note that for  = 1 these functions are usual trigonometric functions sin() and cos().

Novel Inner Product
In this section, we define a new inner product to determine the solution which satisfies the initial boundary value problem.The missing of such an inner product makes the space-time fractional initial and boundary value problems open problems.This inner product promotes these kinds of problems to be studied theoretically.Moreover, it provides the best understanding possible to develop the theoretical study of space-time fractional initial boundary value problems.By this inner product, the maximum principle for time-spacefractional PDE will be discussed and investigated for a wide range of problems.In the definition of this inner product, we use the functions which satisfy the initial and boundary value problems with integer orders which make the calculations much more easier.

Main Results
In this section, we deal with the following initial boundary value problem involving time and space-fractional PDE: The generalized solution of this problem can be obtained in an analytical form by using the separation of variables method.Let a particular solution of (11)-(13) be in the following form: (, ; , ) =  (; )  (; , ) where 0 ≤  ≤ , 0 ≤  ≤ .
Note that the function  depends on order of fractional derivative with respect to  and function  depends on orders of fractional derivatives with respect to  and .Substituting In order to determine the solution of the eigenvalue problem (( 16)-( 17)) we use the following Mittag-Leffler function: which leads to the following characteristic equation for the eigenvalue problem (( 16)-( 17)): Case 1.If  < 0, we have two real and distinct solutions  = ±√−(), and the general solution of the eigenvalue problem (( 16)-( 17)) is represented by which leads to the following solution: From the second boundary condition we have  (; ) = 0 ⇒  (; ) which implies that Thus which means that there is no solution for the case  < 0.
Case 2. If  = 0, the characteristic equation becomes Hence the general solution of the eigenvalue problem (( 16)-( 17)) is represented by From the first boundary condition we have which leads to the following solution: From the last boundary condition we have which leads to (; ) = 0 which means that there is no solution for  = 0.
Case 3. If  > 0, we obtain two complex roots  = ∓ √ .Then the general solution of the eigenvalue problem (( 16)-( 17)) is represented by Let us check if the boundary conditions are satisfied by the solution.From the first boundary condition we have which gives the following solution: From the second boundary condition we have Let   () = √  ()  .Hence the eigenvalues can be represented in terms of   () as follows: Thus the solution of the eigenvalue problem is represented in the following form: The equation on the left of (15) for each eigenvalue   gives the following fractional differential equation: (    ) (; , ) + (  2  ()  2 )   (; , ) = 0 (37) By using the similar calculations the solution of (37) is determined in the following form: For each eigenvalue   we obtain the following function: (, ; , ) =   (; )   (; , ) and hence we have the following sum: which satisfy both the fractional equation ( 11) and boundary condition (13).
In order to determine the solution which satisfies the initial condition (12) we use the inner product defined in (7).

Illustrative Example
Before solving fractional heat-like problem we first solve the following problem for  =  = 1 in order to compare the solutions of these two problems: The solution of this problem is obtained as follows: Let us consider the following fractional heat-like problem: Let   () =   2  , i.e., sin  (  ) = 0. Hence the eigenvalues can be represented in terms of   () as follows: Thus the solution of the eigenvalue problem is represented in the following form: The equation on the left of (48) for each eigenvalue   () gives the following fractional differential equation: By using the similar calculations the solution of ( 58) is determined in the following form: For each eigenvalue   we obtain the following function: and thus we have the following sum: which satisfy both (45) and boundary condition (47).In order to determine the solution which satisfies the initial condition (46), Via the inner product we obtain the coefficients   for  = 1, 2, 3, . . .as follows: Thus   = 0,  ̸ = 2.For  = 2 we get Notice that as  and  go to 1, solution (67) goes to the solution (44).

Conclusion
In this paper, we establish a new inner product which plays the remarkable role in the determination of the solution for the one-dimensional time and space-fractional diffusion problem which is an open problem.Moreover this inner product can be applied in many related problems and brings new insights into the understanding of time and spacefractional problems.
)Replacing  back and substituting upper and lower limits give us the result of the new inner product.