Interfacial Reaction of Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-Free Solder Alloy on Cu: A Review

This paper reviews the function and importance of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys in electronics industry and the interfacial reaction of SnAg-Cu/Cu solder joint at various solder forms and solder reflow conditions. The Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys are examined in bulk and in thin film. It then examines the effect of soldering conditions to the formation of intermetallic compounds such as Cu substrate selection, structural phases, morphology evolution, the growth kinetics, temperature and time is also discussed. Sn-Ag-Cu leadfree solder alloys are the most promising candidate for the replacement of Sn-Pb solders in modern microelectronic technology. Sn-Ag-Cu solders could possibly be considered and adapted in miniaturization technologies. Therefore, this paper should be of great interest to a large selection of electronics interconnect materials, reliability, processes, and assembly community.


Introduction
Among various alloy systems that are considered as lead-free solder candidates, Sn-Ag-Cu alloys have been recognized as the most promising because of their relatively low melting temperature (compared with the Sn-Ag binary eutectic leadfree solder), superior mechanical properties, and good compatibility with other components [1][2][3]. Sn-Ag-Cu alloys are widely used as lead-free solutions for ball-grid-array (BGA) interconnection in the microelectronic packaging industry as solder balls and pastes [4].
Among bumping materials, a family of solder alloys based on the ternary Sn-Ag-Cu eutectic (217 ∘ C) composition has the most potential for broad use in the industry [5]. The eutectic composition is favourable to be chosen because it behaves as an independent homogenous phase and has a unique metallographic structure and a distinct melting point [6]. Sn-Ag-Cu solders can promote enhanced joint strength as well as creep and thermal fatigue resistance and can permit increased operating temperatures for the fabrication of advanced electronic systems and devices [7,8]. The International Printed Circuit Association has suggested that 96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu (two near-eutectic alloys) will be the most widely used alloys in the future [7]. This prediction is attributed to their good mechanical properties, acceptable wetting properties, and suitable melting points [2,3,[9][10][11].
Lead-free solder joints have been reported to have fine and stable microstructures because of the formation of small-dispersed particles. Thus, these joints have higher shear strengths [12,13]. Sn-Ag-Cu solders require a higher reflow temperature because of its higher melting point. For instance, the melting point of Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu is 219 ∘ C, and that of SAC305 is 217 ∘ C. The high melting temperature not only requires a new reflow profile, but also increases the component stability concerns that accompany a higher temperature. Several components may not survive at a high reflow temperature.

Lead-Free Solder and Its Applications
Soldering is a well-recognized metallurgical joining method to bond solder to a base material (usually metal) at a melting point below 425 ∘ C [14]. Let us take Figure 1 as an example. During the soldering process, the SAC305 solder wire (Figure 1(a)) melts and gets into contact with Cu substrate base metal (Figure 1(b)). Moreover, the Sn in the molten solder  reacts with Cu to form intermetallic compound (IMC) on the interface. It is this IMC layer that bonds the solder and Cu together [15][16][17][18][19][20].
Generally, the soldering process is portrayed in Figure 2. The soldering process can be divided into three stages [21]: (a) spreading; (b) base metal dissolution; (c) formation of an IMC layer.
The Cu substrate did not melt or change its microstructure during soldering. The liquid phase then transformed to various solid phases when the joints were cooled down. The different kinds and relative amounts of the solid phases formed during solidification are important for solder joint properties.
Solders are usually low melting point alloys because soldering is conducted when the solders are completely molten [22]. The products are used at their solid phases at relatively high operation temperatures. Hence, diffusivity is an important property for most solders. In addition, good wetting is required for good solders; thus, interfacial reactions with substrates are usually important not only at the liquid/solid contacts, but also at the solid/solid contacts at high operation temperatures [22].
The solder joint strength is controlled by the land pattern design and a good metallurgical bond between the component and the board. A reliable solder connection must have a solderable surface to form a good metallurgical bond between the solder and the components being joined. Interfacial reactions at the solder joints are key factors in the fabrication of electronic products.

IMC of Sn-Ag-Cu Solders with Cu Substrate
In electronic products, all common base materials, coatings, and metallizations, such as Cu, Ni, Ag, Ag-Pd, and Au, form IMCs with Sn. Therefore, chemical reactions occur between solders and conductor metals during soldering (i.e., component metallizations, board surface finishes, and underlying conductors), and IMCs nucleate and grow at the solder/conductor interfaces.  The presence of IMCs between solders and conductor metals is desirable because it results in good metallurgical bonding. A thin, continuous, and uniform IMC layer is an essential requirement for good bonding. Without IMCs, the solder/conductor joint is weak because no metallurgical interaction occurs in the bonding, which is disastrous to electronic packaging. However, a thick IMC layer at the solder/conductor metal interface may degrade the reliability of the solder joints because of their inherent brittle nature and their tendency to generate structural defects caused by mismatches of the physical properties (such as elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion) [23]. A thick IMC layer should be avoided during the process. Thus, knowledge of the solder/conductor metal interactions and phase evolution in the solder interconnections is important to understand the reliability of solder interconnections from a metallurgical viewpoint and to optimize the soldering process [17].
During the soldering of the Sn-Ag-Cu solder on the Cu substrate, the Cu starts to dissolve instantaneously to the molten solder after the flux removed the oxides and permitted metallurgical contact between the solder and contacted Cu. The initial rate of dissolution is very high. The dissolution is a nonequilibrium process, and a very high concentration of Cu could be locally found in the Cu/liquid interface. After a short duration of time, the layer of molten solder adjacent to the contacted Cu becomes supersaturated with the dissolved Cu throughout the interface.
From a thermodynamics viewpoint, the solid IMC starts to form in the layer of the solder adjacent to the contacted metal at the local equilibrium solubility. Cu 6 Sn 5 crystallites are formed because a large driving force for the chemical reaction between Cu and Sn atoms exists at the metastable composition. Scallop-type Cu 6 Sn 5 first formed at the Sn/Cu interface during soldering, and its rate of formation is very fast. Cu 6 Sn 5 was formed by the dissolution of Cu, followed by a chemical reaction. If contact with the molten solder is long enough, Cu 3 Sn formed between Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu. Cu 3 Sn was formed by diffusion and by reaction type growth [24]. Figure 3 briefly illustrates the interfacial reaction of SAC305/Cu during solder reflow. When heat is applied, the solid SAC305 solder melts, and the contacted Cu substrate starts to dissolve to the molten SAC305 solder (Figure 3

Structural Phases of IMCs in Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu
Cu is the most frequently used conductor metal, and it is utilized in contact with solders because of its good solderability characteristic and excellent thermal conductivity performance [25]. Liu et al. [26] investigated the interfacial reactions between a SAC305 solder paste and a polycrystalline Cu substrate at 250 ∘ C and 300 ∘ C from 30 s to 1800 s. They found that some nanosized Ag 3 Sn particles were adsorbed on the SAC305/Cu interface after soldering. The authors explained that Ag atoms first reacted with Sn to form an Ag 3 Sn phase in the liquid solder. During solidification, the Ag 3 Sn phase precipitated near the IMCs and was prone to be "captured" by the IMCs. Moreover, Wang et al. [27] performed Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis on interfacial SAC305/Cu to examine the phase structure of IMC during soldering at 260 ∘ C for 20 s. The XRD pattern indicates that the crystal structure of IMCs for SAC305/Cu is Cu 6 Sn 5 . However, no Ag 3 Sn phase was detected in this case.
The XRD patterns of SAC305 in various solder forms are shown in Figure 4. The overall intensity of the SAC305 solder wire was much lower than that of the as-deposited SAC305 thin film and of the as-reflowed SAC305/Cu. The asdeposited SAC305 thin film exhibited -Sn,-Cu 6 Sn 5 , and Ag 3 Sn reflections. Heating the SAC305 solder wire did not result in phase changes, except in its relative intensity. The peaks of Cu 6 Sn 5 and Ag 3 Sn were too low to be seen in the XRD pattern of the SAC305 solder wire (Figure 4(a)), which had lower intensity than that of the as-deposited SAC305 thin film (Figure 4(b)). After solder reflow at 230 ∘ C, most -Sn phases diminished (Figure 4(c)). By contrast, the diffraction peaks of-Cu 6 Sn 5 and Ag 3 Sn became more evident. New phases of IMCs formed and were confirmed as -Cu 6 Sn 5 , -Cu 3 Sn, and SnO.

Microstructure Evolution of IMCs in Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu
Kar et al. [28] evaluated the microstructure of a transition joint consisting of an Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy and a Cu substrate in a reflowed condition at 230 ∘ C for 120 s. They confirmed the presence of Cu 6 Sn 5 , Cu 3 Sn, and Ag 3 Sn intermetallic phases at the interfacial reaction layer (IRL). The presence of Ag in the IRL was minimal and did not take part in the formation of IMCs at the interface. Gao et al. [29] assumed that a significant quantity of Ag was entangled with Sn to form Ag 3 Sn within the solder alloy. Thus, the extent of diffusion of Sn towards the IRL was reduced.
One of the characteristics of IMC is the formation of a scallop-type morphology. Scallop-type Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs were formed at SAC305/Cu interfaces, whereas the solder was in the molten state during the reflow at 270 ∘ C for 120 s [30]. This result also corresponds to the study done by Kim et al. [1] on the effect of IMC on a SAC305 solder alloy (in the form of pastes and balls) with a Cu substrate joint after reflow treatment at 260 ∘ C. Yoon and Jung [31] also investigated the interfacial reaction of Cu/Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/Cu sandwich solder joints. Typical scallop-type Cu 6 Sn 5 IMC layers were formed at both Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/Cu interfaces after reflow. The layers had a composition of approximately 54.8 at.% Cu and 45.2 at.% Sn. Figure 5 displays the cross-sectional FESEM micrograph of the as-reflowed SAC305/Cu sample. The reaction layer on the Cu substrate is the scallop Cu 6 Sn 5 phase, which was formed during the reflow treatment. Long Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs were observed at the top of the interfacial Cu 6 Sn 5 scallops, and the growth is attributed to the Cu flux from the Cu substrate to the scallops [32]. However, relatively large Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs were formed in the solder matrix because of the dissolution of the Cu pad. Some Cu pads were dissolved in the molten SAC305 solder during reflow, and the dissolved Cu was precipitated as large Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs in the solder matrix. In other words, the solidification of a eutectic SAC305 solder produced a mixture of -Sn matrix, fine Ag 3 Sn, and Cu 6 Sn 5 IMC particles.
Moreover, Ag 3 Sn IMC was uniformly dispersed in the solder after reflow [33]. A microstructural analysis on Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys with different Ag contents was performed to understand the microstructure details and to evaluate the formation of intermetallic compounds. Elongated plates of the -Ag 3 Sn phase were observed in the eutectic matrix of Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC105), Sn-2.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC205), and SAC305 solder alloys. On the other hand, large -Ag 3 Sn intermetallics plates and elongated plates of the -Ag 3 Sn phase were clearly seen in the Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) solder alloy. Figure 6 illustrates the morphologies of Ag 3 Sn IMCs in the solder matrix, which can be changed by varying the Ag content. Ag 3 Sn IMCs of elongated plate-like structure exist when the Ag content is between 1.0 and 3.0 wt% (Figure 6(a)). A higher Ag composition of 4.0 wt% results in the formation of large Ag 3 Sn IMCs, as in Figure 6(b).
The overall reliability can be greatly affected by the amount and size of -Ag 3 Sn IMCs in the microstructure. Large -Ag 3 Sn IMCs are generally believed to be detrimental in both crack initiation and propagation, and numerous studies have attributed the failure of SAC305 solders to large plate-like -Ag 3 Sn IMCs under impact and thermal cycling stimuli [1,34,35]. In addition, the formation of large platelike -Ag 3 Sn IMCs causes solid dissolution and precipitation hardening, which in turn decreases the matrix strength [36,37]. Figure 7 shows the interfacial reaction of the SAC305 thin film deposited by the thermal evaporation technique. The thin film was subsequently reflowed at 230 ∘ C for 30 s. The top white layer is the SAC305 solid layer, which comprised loose SAC305 particles that were physically adsorbed on the Cu substrate (Figure 7(a)). After solder reflow, interfacial reaction occurred. As shown in Figure 7(b), two layers of IMCs were formed. The top region is Cu 6 Sn 5 , and the layer beneath is Cu 3 Sn. Cu 6 Sn 5 was thick and irregular in thickness, whereas Cu 3 Sn was very thin and had a more uniform thickness and a layer-like morphology. However, the thin layer followed the topography of the adjacent Cu 6 Sn 5 phase layer to a particular extent. No spalling or flaking of the IMCs was observed, which indicates that the Sn concentration in the thin film was low. The thin film SAC305 solder completely reacted with excess Cu substrate to form Cu 6 Sn 5 during reflow. The Cu 3 Sn intermetallic layer consistently increased with increasing temperature, whereas Cu 6 Sn 5 gradually decreased with increasing reflow temperatures.

Formation and Growth Kinetics of Interfacial IMCs
The formation of scallop Cu 6 Sn 5 has been observed in wetting reactions between eutectic Sn-Pb and Cu [38][39][40], eutectic Sn-Ag and Cu [39], and eutectic Sn-Bi and Cu [39]. The scallop is a common growth mode, which grows bigger but fewer with time. This behavior indicates that a nonconservative ripening reaction occurs among scalloptype grains. Furthermore, the scallop-type morphology is stable as long as unreacted Cu is present. In a Cu-Sn system, Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn IMCs form at solder/substrate interfaces [1,39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. The actual formation sequence of these phases is determined by local thermodynamic conditions at the Cu/Sn interface. The Cu 6 Sn 5 phase precipitates during the earliest stages of solder/substrate interactions, which correspond to a higher driving force for precipitation than that of the Cu 3 Sn phase [48,49]. The Cu 6 Sn 5 phase has been experimentally confirmed to precipitate in a random fashion along the solder/substrate interface.
The formation and growth of interfacial Cu-Sn IMCs is illustrated in Figure 8. During the initial stage (Figure 8(a)), individual Cu 6 Sn 5 grains appear at random locations along the solid/liquid interface within a few milliseconds. After the Cu 6 Sn 5 grains appear, they began to spread along the interface without much growth perpendicular to the solder/substrate interface until they encounter other spreading grains, which resulted in the formation of a relatively uniform IMC layer of Cu 6 Sn 5 (Figure 8(b)).
After the initial formation of the IMC layer, its thickness grows at the expense of the underlying substrate. The individual grains acquire a scallop-like morphology [50] that continues to grow perpendicularly to the interface (Figure 8(c)). The ripening process contributes to the formation of the scallop structure of IMCs, which result in the coarsening of the scallops as its number is decreasing (Figure 8(d)). This reaction is driven by the Gibbs-Thomson effect in the ripening process. Thus, smaller IMC grains are dissolved in the liquid solder, and the growth of neighboring grains is further promoted [39,51,52].
After the precipitation of the Cu 6 Sn 5 phase, the precipitation of the Cu 3 Sn phase at the Cu 6 Sn 5 /substrate interface becomes thermodynamically possible. This phenomenon is usually observed during the later stages of the soldering reactions. The thickness of Cu 3 Sn is expected to be much smaller than that of Cu 6 Sn 5 because Cu 3 Sn was grown by solid state diffusion.
The evolution of Cu-Sn IMCs for Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu couples is based on the continuous growth of Cu 6 Sn 5 via soldering and on the formation and growth of Cu 3 Sn between Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu. The formation of Cu 3 Sn is governed by the phase stability according to the following reaction [29]: Vianco [53] found the formation of Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn at the interface between Cu and 95.5Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu. The author concluded that Cu 6 Sn 5 layer was formed during soldering and Cu 3 Sn forms during solid state ageing between Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu substrate. The layer growth is diffusion limited and sensitive to the CU concentration in the solder.
The remaining amount of components, which are involved in the interfacial reaction, takes part in phase evolution after the formation of the first phase. In the Sn-Pb/Cu system, the Cu 6 Sn 5 layer that first formed transforms into Cu 3 Sn if the solder volume is very small compared with  Figure 7: FESEM micrographs of the cross-sectional surface of (a) as-deposited SAC305 thin film and (b) as-reflowed SAC305/Cu at 230 ∘ C for 30 s.  that of Cu [54,55]. Conversely, the Cu 3 Sn converts back to Cu 6 Sn 5 if the thin film is Cu [56]. Cu 3 Sn could dissolve itself to produce Cu 6 Sn 5 , and it also could react with Sn atoms to form Cu 6 Sn 5 [3,57]. The transformation equations from Cu 3 Sn to Cu 6 Sn 5 are shown as follows:

Sn-Ag-Cu solder
During cooling, the outer layer of Cu 3 Sn that is in contact with the molten solder transforms back to Cu 6 Sn 5 by the peritectic reaction Many models exist to forecast the first phase formation of solid state interfacial reactions in thin films. The kinetics of growth of each layer can be diffusion or interfacial reaction controlled. The largest product of the Gibbs free energy change and the rate of growth determines the formation of the first phase. In other words, the phase that has the largest flux of interdiffusion becomes the first phase that is formed.
The difference in IMC growth rates is attributed to various growth kinetics [58]. Diffusion rates control the IMC growth rate, whereas different solder/IMC interface energies control the coarsening of the IMC grains and nucleation kinetics. The IMC growth in solder joints is considered to be an ordinary diffusion growth and should be controlled by interdiffusion of elements of the substrates and of the solder. Interfacial IMCs layers continue to grow even at room temperature after the solder joints have completed solidification because of its low activation energy [59,60].
If the IMC layer growth is a diffusion dominant process, the isothermal growth of the IMC layer should follow the square root time law. The thickness ( ) of an IMC layer is directly observed with FESEM together with the help of a image processing system and can be expressed by parabolic equation [61] = 0 + √ , where 0 is the initial thickness (cm), is the aging time (s), and is the growth rate constant which is strongly related to the diffusion coefficient of atomic elements of the IMC (cm 2 /s) and can be obtained from the linear regression line. Rewrite (5) for experimental and plotting purposes as The value of for a particular temperature can be obtained from the slope of the linear regression of the average measured intermetallic thickness ( − 0 ) versus 1/2 plot. Meanwhile, the activation energies for the intermetallic growth can be calculated using the Arrhenius relationship [43]: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7 Rewrite (7) for plotting as where is the layer-growth constant (cm 2 /s), is the activation energy for layer growth (kJ/mol), is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K), and is the absolute temperature (K). The for layer growth will be obtained from the slope of the ln versus 1/ plot multiplied by .

Effects of Reflow Temperature and Time on Interfacial IMCs
The thicknesses of the IMC layers are measured at multiple selected areas and then divided by the number of selected points to obtain the average value, as illustrated in Figure 9.
The thickness of the IMC layers formed at the SAC305/Cu interface increases with increasing soldering temperature and time. Cu-Sn IMCs were formed at the interface of Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu and the Cu substrate by dip soldering in various soldering temperature and time [62]. Either Cu 3 Sn or Cu 6 Sn 5 intermetallic phase was found at the interfacial zone depending on the soldering condition. The authors concluded that the increase in intermetallic layer thickness in both cases is attributed to the diffusion growth of these intermetallic phases during the soldering process. Additionally, Yu et al. [61] studied the formation and growth of IMC layer at the interface between Sn-3.5Ag leadfree solder and the Cu substrate during soldering and aging. The soldering was conducted at 250 ∘ C using dipping method. A continuous IMC layer was formed in a short time, and the dissolution of the IMC played an important role on the IMC growth. With the increasing of soldering time, both the growth rate and dissolution rate decreased. During aging at 70, 125, and 170 ∘ C up to 1000 h, the initial scallop morphology of the IMC layer changed to that of a more planar type.
The increase in IMC thickness that resulted from increasing soldering time has also been reported by Yu and Wang [3]. The authors soldered Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5Ag-1.7Cu, and Sn-0.5Ag-4.0Cu lead-free solder alloys with a Cu substrate at 250 ∘ C. The growth of the IMC layers is fast at a short soldering time. The thickness of the IMC layer gradually increases with increasing soldering time. However, the increasing rate of IMC thickness slows down when the soldering time exceeds 60 s. Thus, the authors concluded that the formation of IMC is initially controlled by reaction diffusion and by a high growth rate. After a specific thickness is reached, the growth is controlled by grain boundary diffusion mechanism. Hence, the growth of the IMC layer becomes slow, as shown in Figure 10.
The authors also concluded that Sn-0.5Ag-4.0Cu had the thinnest IMC layer when the soldering time is shorter than 90 s. After soldering for 600 s, the order of IMC thickness at the solder joints is Sn-3.5Ag < Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu < Sn-3.5Ag-1.7Cu < Sn-0.5Ag-4.0Cu. Thus, the IMC thickness increased with increasing Cu content in the solder alloy. Moreover, the IMCs layer thickness quickly increased with increasing soldering time because of the precipitation effect of the After prolonged soldering for 180 s, a thin Cu 3 Sn layer was formed between the Cu 6 Sn 5 layer and Cu. Moreover, the IMC layers became thicker, and the number of the IMC grains decreased when the samples underwent soldering for 600 s, which resulted in a scallop-like morphology. Figure 11 demonstrates the growth of Cu-Sn IMCs at varying reflow times. Figure 11(a) shows the formation of a scallop-type structure at the interfacial layer of SAC305/Cu when the reflow time was 30 s. Ag 3 Sn are present in the solder matrix. Furthermore, spalling of Cu 6 Sn 5 spheroids was observed because the Sn concentration in SAC305 was high. The formation of the spheroids was assisted by the ripening reaction among the compound grains. When soldered for 180 s, a thin band of Cu 3 Sn were observed at the Cu 6 Sn 5 /Cu interface (Figure 11(b)). When soldered for 600 s, the IMC layers became thicker, and the number of scallop  Cu 6 Sn 5 decreased. Cu 3 Sn maintained its continuous layerlike morphology with increasing thickness and reflow time (Figure 11(c)). Li and Chen [63] also conducted an experiment on commercial lead-free solders, namely, Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu, by using a standard infrared reflow oven at 250 ∘ C for 2, 6, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 s. Both Cu 6 Sn 5 and Ag 3 Sn were detected in the solder joint. The Ag 3 Sn phase was detected because it was formed on top of the layer during the reflow process. However, a scallop-like layer of Cu 6 Sn 5 IMC was located at the solder-Cu substrate interface. The authors added that Cu 3 Sn phase was not observed in the as-solidified solder joint, although it may exist between Cu and the Cu 6 Sn 5 phase. Figure 12 compares the thicknesses of the IMC layers formed at the interfacial region as a function of reflow temperatures. The Cu 3 Sn intermetallic layer consistently increased with increasing temperature (Figure 12(a)), whereas Cu 6 Sn 5 gradually decreased with increasing reflow temperature (Figure 12(b)). Figure 13 shows the relationship between the IMC layer thickness and the reflow time. Likewise, at a specific soldering temperature, the thickness Advances in Materials Science and Engineering of the IMC layers at the interfacial zone increased with increasing soldering time. Based on the study done by Yu and Wang [3], the increase in soldering time enables the IMC layer to grow quickly because of the precipitation effect of Cu 6 Sn 5 . Cu 6 Sn 5 could be recalled to develop into Cu 3 Sn when the Sn supply is limited. Hence, the Cu 3 Sn thickness increases with decreasing Cu 6 Sn 5 thickness despite the fact that Cu 6 Sn 5 generally grows with increasing solder time. These results provide evidence that the interfacial Cu 3 Sn layer grows at the expense of Cu 6 Sn 5 according to the reaction Cu 6 Sn 5 + 9Cu → 5Cu 3 Sn [29]. Moreover, the Cu 3 Sn thickness growth follows a linear equation. According to material kinetics, a linear growth indicates that the formation of the interfacial Cu-Sn IMC layer is an interfacial reaction-controlled process [64].
The increase in the Cu 3 Sn IMC layer results from the diffusion and reaction type growth during the soldering process [17]. The growth of Cu 3 Sn consists of several steps: the dissolution of Cu from the Cu pad, the diffusion of Cu and Sn through the existing Cu 3 Sn layer, and the conversion of Cu 6 Sn 5 into Cu 3 Sn at the Cu 6 Sn 5 /Cu 3 Sn interface and the reaction of Sn with Cu at the Cu/Cu 3 Sn interface [65]. Conversely, Cu 6 Sn 5 is formed by the dissolution of Cu, followed by a chemical reaction [17], and its growth is restricted by the Cu 3 Sn layer because the amount of free Cu atoms that can diffuse to the Cu 6 Sn 5 is very small. Therefore, Cu 3 Sn grows rapidly with temperature, consuming Cu 6 Sn 5 at the interface of Cu 3 Sn/Cu 6 Sn 5 .

Conclusions
Sn-Ag-Cu is the leading candidate for the fabrication of ecofriendly products. Two intermetallic layers are commonly found at the interfacial zone of Sn-Ag-Cu and the Cu substrate, that is, Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn. Cu 6 Sn 5 forms first and possesses a scallop-like structure, whereas Cu 3 Sn emerges at the Cu 6 Sn 5 /Cu interface and has a layered structure. However, the thickness of Cu 3 Sn is much smaller than that of Cu 6 Sn 5 , and its formation requires longer contact times. Morphological transformations could occur depending on the phase stability. Both Cu-Sn IMCs grow with increasing reflow temperature and time.