Based on overcoming the sleeping obstacle for people, the purpose of this study is to design a photo-induced biofeedback fabric which is a kind of optical fiber fabric with the function of enhancing sleeping sense and to evaluate its effect. The fabrics with two layers including background layer and pattern layer were designed firstly. The pattern layers with 3 kinds of wavelengths of sine waves and the light controller with 3 kinds of flashing frequencies were then prepared. Guiding the light into the optical fiber, it will emit out of the optical fiber and stimulate our visual system to change the form of brain wave. Finally, EEG and sleeping scale were applied to evaluate the effect of enhancing sleeping sense. The results were shown that human’s brain wave can be changed from sober status to shallow-sleeping status and the effect of enhancing sleeping sense can be achieved for all pattern layers in frequencies of 0, 5 and 10 Hz. Furthermore, female is more significant than male and participants age from 30 to 49 are the most significant. Besides, the stronger the participant’s stress is, the more significant the sleeping sense is.
According to the investigation of Taiwan Society of Sleep Medicine (TSSM), more than 4.5 million people have sleeping obstacle and 2.5 million people have suffered from chronic insomnia in Taiwan in 2006. Only a few people would like to consult doctors for this general issue. Therefore, how to enhance sleeping sense by using an effective and natural method has become an important issue and needs to be studied. Because the sleeping quality is strongly relative to stress [
In general, methods of stress relaxation are listed as follow: medical control treatment, exercise and homework treatment, breathing control treatment, musical treatment, Biofeedback treatment, and so forth [
Referring to the aforesaid method of biofeedback treatment, a unique home decoration fabric with the functions of stress relaxation and sleeping sense enhancement was created by the combination of textile, photoelectric system, and medical technology. This is in a way with the hope to stimulate the activity of the brain wave by the light emitting out of the optical fibers which were weaved into fabric and sewn on it, other than by medication. It is expected that such innovation can release the stress exerted in our busy life and provide a new natural way choice of stress relaxation and enhancing sleeping sense for the people.
There are two layers in this biofeedback fabric including pattern layer and background layer. The background layer is woven with the warp and the weft densities of 36 ends per inch by 150 denier white synthetic filament yarn (SFY) and plastic optical fiber (POF) of 0.25 mm diameter. By sewing the Plastic Optical Fibers (POFs) of 1.5 mm diameter on the surface of the background layer in a form of sine wave with various wavelengths as the pattern layer, the light can be guided into one end of the POFs and then emit out of the lateral of the POFs. The emitting light can stimulate a change of the brain wave by the reaction of man’s visual system. Besides, a light controller was designed for obtaining various flashing frequencies of light. The details of the design for our study were described as follows.
A design draft of background layer.
A design draft of pattern layer with
This experiment sets the brain wave into 4 categories as follows:
The brain wave electrodes are located in F8 as positive, A2 as negative behind the right ear, and A1 as ground behind the left ear as shown in Figure
Brain wave potential position.
5 minutes before the evaluation is conducted, the participants have to be informed of the purpose and the procedure in preparation stage and the samples should be prepared as showed in Figure For the comparison of sleeping sense after the stimulated stage, filling sleeping scale is conducted in 1 minute before starting the resumed stage. Closing the eyes and taking a rest for 3 minutes is necessary in resumed stage (RS), it can assure that the participant’s condition has recovered from the former evaluated stage (SS). In the stimulated stage (SS), the participants open their eyes and look at the biofeedback fabric for 3 minutes. During this period of time, the participants’ visual system will be stimulated and their brain waves was changed and then recorded at every 10-seconds interval. Filling sleeping scale in 1 minute after each stimulated stage for the comparison of sleeping sense and repeating (3) to (5) steps for 3 types of the flashing frequencies ( Repeating (2) to (5) steps for all the 3 samples of the different curvatures (
A flow chart of the evaluating procedure with EEG instrument and sleeping scale.
An illustration of the relative position in evaluation room.
The EEG instrument was applied to measure the brain wave’s strength at different flashing frequencies and to evaluate the biological state of the participants at resumed stage and stimulated stage. The measuring data obtained will be further analyzed and compared based on different stimulation condition, participant’s age, and gender. Therefore, all the participants’ brain waves need to be stabilized at resumed stage of phases of
Analysis of differences of the participants’ brain waves in phases of
Sample | Brain wave |
|
|
|
|
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | B1 | M | 4.99 | 5.19 | 4.76 | .201 | .818 |
Alpha | SD | 2.20 | 2.73 | 2.94 | |||
B2 | M | 3.90 | 4.14 | 3.89 | .310 | .734 | |
Beta | SD | 1.36 | 1.31 | 1.46 | |||
B3 | M | 3.52 | 3.69 | 3.29 | .498 | .610 | |
Theta | SD | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.64 | |||
B4 | M | 6.36 | 7.37 | 6.21 | .824 | .442 | |
Delta | SD | 3.50 | 4.23 | 3.69 | |||
| |||||||
Sample 2 | B1 | M | 6.00 | 6.09 | 5.93 | .035 | .966 |
Alpha | SD | 2.32 | 2.28 | 2.33 | |||
B2 | M | 4.13 | 4.23 | 4.38 | .458 | .634 | |
Beta | SD | 0.86 | 1.01 | 1.15 | |||
B3 | M | 4.08 | 4.30 | 4.16 | .303 | .739 | |
Theta | SD | 1.04 | 1.16 | 1.15 | |||
B4 | M | 4.27 | 8.61 | 7.88 | .820 | .444 | |
Delta | SD | 3.19 | 4.98 | 4.27 | |||
| |||||||
Sample 3 | B1 | M | 5.93 | 5.89 | 5.65 | .128 | .880 |
Alpha | SD | 2.26 | 2.31 | 2.28 | |||
B2 | M | 4.52 | 4.39 | 4.27 | .395 | .675 | |
Beta | SD | 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.08 | |||
B3 | M | 4.29 | 4.30 | 4.49 | .165 | .848 | |
Theta | SD | 1.01 | 1.14 | 2.06 | |||
B4 | M | 6.89 | 7.76 | 7.79 | .931 | .398 | |
Delta | SD | 2.62 | 3.50 | 2.51 |
Analysis of brain wave differences between resumed stage (RS) and stimulated stage (SS) in phases of
Sample |
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | B1 | RS | 4.99 | 2.80 | 2.637 | .110 | B1 | RS | 5.19 | 2.73 | 2.853 | .007 | B1 | RS | 4.76 | 2.94 | 2.175 | .035 |
SS | 3.68 | 1.59 | SS | 3.56 | 1.50 | SS | 3.41 | 1.71 | ||||||||||
B2 | RS | 3.90 | 1.36 | −3.37 | .737 | B2 | RS | 4.14 | 1.31 | .520 | .605 | B2 | RS | 3.98 | 1.45 | −4.520 | .653 | |
SS | 4.03 | 1.52 | SS | 3.95 | 1.41 | SS | 4.06 | 1.47 | ||||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.52 | 1.42 | −3.189 | .003 | B3 | RS | 3.69 | 1.64 | −2.502 | .015 | B3 | RS | 3.29 | 1.64 | −2.765 | .008 | |
SS | 5.30 | 2.69 | SS | 4.92 | 2.13 | SS | 4.67 | 2.18 | ||||||||||
B4 | RS | 6.36 | 3.50 | −4.664 | .000 | B4 | RS | 7.37 | 4.23 | −3.830 | .000 | B4 | RS | 6.21 | 3.69 | −3.993 | .000 | |
SS | 14.11 | 8.40 | SS | 12.68 | 6.30 | SS | 11.58 | 6.37 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
Sample 2 | B1 | RS | 6.00 | 2.32 | 4.039 | .000 | B1 | RS | 6.09 | 2.28 | 4.651 | .000 | B1 | RS | 5.93 | 2.33 | 4.372 | .000 |
SS | 4.12 | 1.06 | SS | 3.97 | .99 | SS | 3.91 | .97 | ||||||||||
B2 | RS | 4.13 | .86 | −1.241 | .219 | B2 | RS | 4.23 | 1.01 | −.062 | .951 | B2 | RS | 4.38 | 1.15 | .377 | .708 | |
SS | 4.47 | 1.23 | SS | 4.25 | 1.02 | SS | 4.26 | 1.26 | ||||||||||
B3 | RS | 4.08 | 1.04 | −3.498 | .001 | B3 | RS | 4.30 | 1.16 | −2.765 | .008 | B3 | RS | 4.16 | 1.14 | −3.793 | .000 | |
SS | 5.64 | 2.20 | SS | 5.47 | 1.99 | SS | 5.79 | 2.05 | ||||||||||
B4 | RS | 7.21 | 3.19 | −5.369 | .000 | B4 | RS | 8.61 | 4.98 | −3.754 | .000 | B4 | RS | 7.88 | 4.27 | −4.814 | .000 | |
SS | 15.01 | 7.28 | SS | 14.45 | 6.91 | SS | 14.80 | 6.62 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
Sample 3 | B1 | RS | 5.93 | 2.26 | .429 | .669 | B1 | RS | 5.89 | 2.31 | 4.140 | .000 | B1 | RS | 5.65 | 2.28 | 3.789 | .000 |
SS | 5.33 | 2.30 | SS | 3.95 | 1.09 | SS | 3.82 | 1.34 | ||||||||||
B2 | RS | 4.52 | 1.02 | .830 | .410 | B2 | RS | 4.39 | 1.10 | .135 | .893 | B2 | RS | 4.27 | 1.08 | .085 | .932 | |
SS | 4.29 | 1.08 | SS | 4.35 | 1.16 | SS | 4.25 | 1.26 | ||||||||||
B3 | RS | 4.29 | 1.01 | −3.208 | .003 | B3 | RS | 4.30 | 1.14 | −2.847 | .007 | B3 | RS | 4.49 | 2.06 | −1.481 | .144 | |
SS | 5.65 | 2.07 | SS | 5.64 | 2.31 | SS | 5.33 | 2.34 | ||||||||||
B4 | RS | 6.89 | 2.62 | −4.897 | .000 | B4 | RS | 7.76 | 3.50 | −4.228 | .000 | B4 | RS | 7.79 | 2.51 | −3.728 | .001 | |
SS | 14.87 | 8.26 | SS | 14.69 | 8.26 | SS | 12.77 | 6.86 |
Analysis of brain wave differences among
Sample | Brain wave |
|
|
|
|
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | B1 | M | 3.68 | 3.56 | 3.41 | .224 | .799 |
Alpha | SD | 1.59 | 1.50 | 1.71 | |||
B2 | M | 4.03 | 3.96 | 4.06 | .041 | .960 | |
Beta | SD | 1.52 | 1.41 | 1.47 | |||
B3 | M | 5.30 | 4.92 | 4.67 | .537 | .587 | |
Theta | SD | 2.69 | 2.13 | 2.18 | |||
B4 | M | 14.11 | 12.68 | 11.58 | .962 | .386 | |
Delta | SD | 8.40 | 6.30 | 6.37 | |||
| |||||||
Sample 2 | B1 | M | 4.12 | 3.97 | 3.91 | .316 | .730 |
Alpha | SD | 1.06 | .99 | .97 | |||
B2 | M | 4.47 | 4.25 | 4.26 | .333 | .717 | |
Beta | SD | 1.23 | 1.02 | 1.26 | |||
B3 | M | 5.64 | 5.47 | 5.79 | .178 | .838 | |
Theta | SD | 2.20 | 1.99 | 2.05 | |||
B4 | M | 15.04 | 14.45 | 14.80 | .050 | .951 | |
Delta | SD | 7.28 | 6.91 | 6.62 | |||
| |||||||
Sample 3 | B1 | M | 5.33 | 3.95 | 3.82 | 1.117 | .332 |
Alpha | SD | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.34 | |||
B2 | M | 4.29 | 4.35 | 4.25 | .058 | .944 | |
Beta | SD | 1.08 | 1.16 | 1.26 | |||
B3 | M | 5.65 | 5.64 | 5.33 | .191 | .827 | |
Theta | SD | 2.07 | 2.31 | 2.35 | |||
B4 | M | 14.87 | 14.69 | 12.77 | .653 | .523 | |
Delta | SD | 8.53 | 8.26 | 6.86 |
Analysis of female brain wave differences between resumed stage and stimulated stage in phases of
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | RS | 4.841 | 1.899 | 2.544 | .017 | B1 | RS | 5.091 | 2.754 | 2.342 | .031 | B1 | RS | 4.773 | 2.601 | 1.944 | .062 |
SS | 3.320 | 1.324 | SS | 3.293 | 1.119 | SS | 3.273 | 1.464 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B2 | RS | 4.075 | 1.597 | −0.370 | .970 | B2 | RS | 4.028 | 1.424 | −.033 | .974 | B2 | RS | 3.998 | 1.332 | −4.290 | .671 |
SS | 4.098 | 1.812 | SS | 4.046 | 1.582 | SS | 4.224 | 1.547 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.313 | 1.461 | −2.654 | .013 | B3 | RS | 3.390 | 1.614 | −2.485 | .019 | B3 | RS | 3.311 | 1.542 | −2.488 | .019 |
SS | 5.373 | 2.628 | SS | 4.946 | 1.811 | SS | 4.998 | 2.127 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B4 | RS | 6.481 | 4.502 | −3.489 | .002 | B4 | RS | 6.927 | 4.667 | −3.282 | .003 | B4 | RS | 6.183 | 3.704 | −3.690 | .001 |
SS | 15.095 | 8.436 | SS | 12.790 | 5.106 | SS | 12.981 | 6.098 |
Analysis of male brain wave differences between resumed stage and stimulated stage in phases of
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | RS | 5.155 | 2.538 | 1.372 | .181 | B1 | RS | 5.296 | 2.806 | 1.685 | .103 | B1 | RS | 4.750 | 3.333 | 1.202 | .242 |
SS | 4.055 | 1.791 | SS | 3.844 | 1.809 | SS | 3.549 | 1.970 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B2 | RS | 3.737 | 1.115 | −.532 | .599 | B2 | RS | 4.258 | 1.227 | .840 | .408 | B2 | RS | 3.791 | 1.618 | −.208 | .837 |
SS | 3.965 | 1.236 | SS | 3.873 | 1.280 | SS | 3.907 | 1.430 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.735 | 1.412 | −1.816 | .084 | B3 | RS | 4.001 | 1.673 | −1.172 | .251 | B3 | RS | 3.271 | 1.801 | −1.440 | .161 |
SS | 5.227 | 2.851 | SS | 4.908 | 2.485 | SS | 4.350 | 2.275 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B4 | RS | 6.238 | 2.267 | −3.019 | .008 | B4 | RS | 7.822 | 3.853 | −2.184 | .040 | B4 | RS | 6.237 | 3.823 | −2.018 | .053 |
SS | 13.133 | 8.550 | SS | 12.579 | 7.502 | SS | 10.180 | 6.532 |
Analysis of brain waves differences between resumed stage and stimulated stage for Age 1 group in phases of
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | RS | 5.255 | 2.035 | 1.876 | .078 | B1 | RS | 5.023 | 2.371 | 1.886 | .076 | B1 | RS | 4.914 | 2.610 | 1.621 | .122 |
SS | 3.616 | 1.342 | SS | 3.430 | 1.230 | SS | 3.364 | 1.525 | |||||||||
B2 | RS | 3.897 | 1.441 | .065 | .949 | B2 | RS | 3.735 | 1.279 | −.215 | .832 | B2 | RS | 3.506 | 1.244 | −.966 | .347 |
SS | 3.851 | 1.719 | SS | 3.878 | 1.671 | SS | 4.113 | 1.550 | |||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.752 | 1.474 | −1.187 | .251 | B3 | RS | 3.690 | 1.509 | −.786 | .442 | B3 | RS | 3.585 | 1.677 | −.810 | .428 |
SS | 4.798 | 2.365 | SS | 4.259 | 1.723 | SS | 4.272 | 2.092 | |||||||||
B4 | RS | 8.142 | 4.585 | −1.641 | .118 | B4 | RS | 8.795 | 4.816 | −1.011 | .326 | B4 | RS | 7.349 | 4.204 | −1.463 | .161 |
SS | 13.215 | 8.631 | SS | 11.002 | 4.950 | SS | 10.763 | 6.062 |
Analysis of brain waves differences between resumed stage and stimulated stage for Age 2 group in phases of
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | RS | 4.946 | 2.749 | .829 | .418 | B1 | RS | 5.185 | 3.213 | 1.139 | .269 | B1 | RS | 4.975 | 3.178 | 1.141 | .269 |
SS | 4.009 | 2.878 | SS | 3.791 | 2.156 | SS | 3.597 | 2.117 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B2 | RS | 3.597 | 1.340 | −.659 | .518 | B2 | RS | 4.100 | 1.502 | .219 | .829 | B2 | RS | 4.121 | 1.634 | .357 | .725 |
SS | 4.020 | 1.523 | SS | 3.949 | 1.587 | SS | 3.861 | 1.623 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.424 | 1.668 | −2.434 | .026 | B3 | RS | 3.484 | 1.798 | −2.356 | .030 | B3 | RS | 3.324 | 1.643 | −2.319 | .032 |
SS | 6.280 | 3.315 | SS | 5.772 | 2.489 | SS | 5.448 | 2.386 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B4 | RS | 5.703 | 3.068 | −3.678 | .006 | B4 | RS | 6.777 | 3.960 | −3.192 | .005 | B4 | RS | 6.595 | 3.466 | −3.128 | .006 |
SS | 16.160 | 9.302 | SS | 15.007 | 7.128 | SS | 13.945 | 6.574 |
Analysis of brain waves differences between resumed stage and stimulated stage for Age 3 group in phases of
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
|
|
M | SD |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | RS | 4.793 | 1.974 | 1.949 | .067 | B1 | RS | 5.373 | 2.840 | 1.978 | .063 | B1 | RS | 4.395 | 3.272 | .976 | .342 |
SS | 3.437 | .972 | SS | 3.485 | 1.023 | SS | 3.271 | 1.603 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B2 | RS | 4.223 | 1.382 | −.002 | .999 | B2 | RS | 4.594 | 1.112 | 1.113 | .281 | B2 | RS | 4.057 | 1.547 | −.254 | .802 |
SS | 4.224 | 1.464 | SS | 4.052 | 1.066 | SS | 4.223 | 1.370 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B3 | RS | 3.396 | 1.237 | −1.735 | .100 | B3 | RS | 3.913 | 1.761 | −.978 | .341 | B3 | RS | 2.964 | 1.738 | −1.556 | .137 |
SS | 4.821 | 2.284 | SS | 4.750 | 2.054 | SS | 4.302 | 2.091 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
B4 | RS | 5.234 | 1.929 | −3.072 | .012 | B4 | RS | 6.552 | 3.922 | −2.269 | .036 | B4 | RS | 4.685 | 3.195 | −2.359 | .034 |
SS | 12.961 | 7.717 | SS | 12.044 | 6.575 | SS | 10.033 | 6.417 |
Analysis of sleeping scale differences between
Sample 1 | M | SD |
|
Sample 2 | M | SD |
|
Sample 3 | M | SD |
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
7.32 | 1.59 | 0.381 |
|
7.25 | 1.60 | 0.467 |
|
7.34 | 1.21 | 0.241 | |||
|
6.91 | 1.95 |
|
6.90 | 2.07 |
|
7.41 | 1.35 | ||||||
Q1–Q6 |
|
7.32 | 1.59 | 0.023 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.25 | 1.60 | 0.034 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.34 | 1.21 | 0.018 |
|
6.16 | 2.19 |
|
6.20 | 2.11 |
|
6.31 | 1.99 | ||||||
|
7.32 | 1.59 | 0.000 |
|
7.25 | 1.60 | 0.036 |
|
7.34 | 1.21 | 0.049 | |||
|
7.88 | 1.69 |
|
8.09 | 1.42 |
|
7.82 | 1.90 | ||||||
| ||||||||||||||
|
0.40 | 0.86 | 0.000 |
|
0.47 | 1.01 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.64 | 0.000 | |||
|
2.87 | 1.55 |
|
3.20 | 1.73 |
|
2.63 | 1.22 | ||||||
Q7 |
|
0.40 | 0.86 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.47 | 1.01 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.27 | 0.64 | 0.000 |
|
5.10 | 2.50 |
|
5.70 | 2.23 |
|
4.97 | 1.97 | ||||||
|
0.40 | 0.86 | 0.000 |
|
0.47 | 1.01 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.64 | 0.000 | |||
|
5.30 | 2.04 |
|
6.30 | 2.39 |
|
6.20 | 2.04 |
Analysis of female sleeping scale differences between
Sample 1 | M | SD |
|
Sample 2 | M | SD |
|
Sample 3 | M | SD |
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
7.69 | 1.17 | 0.575 |
|
7.73 | 1.41 | 0.436 |
|
7.63 | 1.01 | 0.648 | |||
|
7.42 | 1.39 |
|
7.23 | 2.00 |
|
7.43 | 1.34 | ||||||
Q1–Q6 |
|
7.69 | 1.17 | 0.284 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.73 | 1.41 | 0.068 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.63 | 1.01 | 0.094 |
|
7.09 | 1.77 |
|
6.58 | 1.89 |
|
6.91 | 1.26 | ||||||
|
7.69 | 1.17 | 0.169 |
|
7.73 | 1.41 | 0.408 |
|
7.63 | 1.01 | 0.322 | |||
|
8.32 | 1.28 |
|
8.18 | 1.49 |
|
8.09 | 1.43 | ||||||
| ||||||||||||||
|
0.53 | 1.06 | 0.000 |
|
0.60 | 1.30 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.80 | 0.000 | |||
|
3.33 | 1.80 |
|
3.87 | 2.00 |
|
3.07 | 1.33 | ||||||
Q7 |
|
0.53 | 1.06 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.60 | 1.30 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.27 | 0.80 | 0.000 |
|
5.67 | 2.32 |
|
6.87 | 1.92 |
|
5.60 | 2.16 | ||||||
|
0.53 | 1.06 | 0.000 |
|
0.60 | 1.30 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.80 | 0.000 | |||
|
5.87 | 2.00 |
|
7.47 | 2.00 |
|
7.13 | 2.03 |
Analysis of male sleeping scale differences between
Sample 1 | M | SD |
|
Sample 2 | M | SD |
|
Sample 3 | M | SD |
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
6.94 | 1.88 | 0.487 |
|
6.77 | 1.68 | 0.779 |
|
7.06 | 1.35 | 0.514 | |||
|
6.40 | 2.32 |
|
6.57 | 2.16 |
|
7.39 | 1.42 | ||||||
Q1–Q6 |
|
6.94 | 1.88 | 0.081 | Q1–Q6 |
|
6.77 | 1.68 | 0.211 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.06 | 1.35 | 0.068 |
|
5.43 | 2.22 |
|
5.82 | 2.31 |
|
5.79 | 2.42 | ||||||
|
6.94 | 1.88 | 0.482 |
|
6.77 | 1.68 | 0.138 |
|
7.06 | 1.35 | 0.472 | |||
|
7.44 | 1.96 |
|
7.80 | 1.90 |
|
7.56 | 2.29 | ||||||
| ||||||||||||||
|
0.27 | 0.59 | 0.000 |
|
0.33 | 0.62 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.46 | 0.000 | |||
|
2.40 | 1.12 |
|
2.53 | 1.13 |
|
2.20 | 0.94 | ||||||
Q7 |
|
0.27 | 0.59 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.33 | 0.62 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.27 | 0.46 | 0.000 |
|
4.53 | 2.61 |
|
4.53 | 1.92 |
|
4.33 | 1.59 | ||||||
|
0.27 | 0.59 | 0.000 |
|
0.33 | 0.62 | 0.000 |
|
0.27 | 0.46 | 0.000 | |||
|
4.73 | 1.98 |
|
5.13 | 2.23 |
|
5.27 | 1.62 |
Analysis of sleeping scale differences between
Age 1 | M | SD |
|
Age 2 | M | SD |
|
Age 3 | M | SD |
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
7.51 | 1.12 | 0.628 |
|
6.89 | 1.28 | 0.678 |
|
7.51 | 1.84 | 0.490 | |||
|
7.35 | 1.42 |
|
6.72 | 1.77 |
|
7.15 | 2.17 | ||||||
Q1–Q6 |
|
7.51 | 1.12 | 0.009 | Q1–Q6 |
|
6.89 | 1.28 | 0.011 | Q1–Q6 |
|
7.51 | 1.84 | 0.052 |
|
6.60 | 1.46 |
|
5.62 | 2.29 |
|
6.45 | 2.29 | ||||||
|
7.51 | 1.12 | 0.299 |
|
6.89 | 1.28 | 0.136 |
|
7.51 | 1.84 | 0.045 | |||
|
7.81 | 1.10 |
|
7.58 | 2.14 |
|
8.41 | 1.53 | ||||||
| ||||||||||||||
|
0.30 | 0.47 | 0.000 |
|
0.70 | 1.29 | 0.000 |
|
0.13 | 0.35 | 0.000 | |||
|
2.27 | 1.14 |
|
3.97 | 1.71 |
|
2.47 | 1.01 | ||||||
Q7 |
|
0.30 | 0.47 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.70 | 1.29 | 0.000 | Q7 |
|
0.13 | 0.35 | 0.000 |
|
5.03 | 1.97 |
|
6.07 | 2.56 |
|
4.67 | 1.97 | ||||||
|
0.30 | 0.47 | 0.000 |
|
0.70 | 1.29 | 0.000 |
|
0.13 | 0.35 | 0.000 | |||
|
5.40 | 1.40 |
|
6.83 | 2.60 |
|
5.57 | 2.16 |
We designed a unique biofeedback fabric including background layer and pattern layer, 3 kinds of wavelengths of sine waves, and 3 kinds of flashing frequencies based on the biofeedback principle for enhancing sleeping sense and evaluated its performance according to the brain wave measured with EEG and the sleeping scale was developed by ourselves. The results can be summarized as follows. For all the phases of The effect in enhancing sleeping sense for female is more significant than it for male. The effect in enhancing sleeping sense for Age 2 group (30–49) is the best among all Age groups. The stronger the participant’s stress is, the more obvious the effect in enhancing sleeping sense is.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors would like to take this opportunity to thank to Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) for the financial support. They also would like to thank the authority of Shu-Te University for providing them with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Finally, they would like to express their heartfelt thanks to all of the participants for their help in this study.