Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 1759469, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1759469

Research Article

Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticle Arrays in the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeOx Films by Magnetron Sputtering

Oleg Gorshkov,¹ Ivan Antonov,² Dmitry Filatov,¹ Maria Shenina,¹ Alexander Kasatkin,² Alexander Bobrov,¹ Maria Koryazhkina,² Irina Korotaeva,³ and Mikhail Kudryashov³

¹Research and Educational Center for Physics of Solid State Nanostructures, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
²Research Institute for Physics and Technology, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
³Department of Physics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed to Dmitry Filatov; dmitry_filatov@inbox.ru

Received 20 April 2017; Accepted 11 June 2017; Published 12 July 2017

Academic Editor: Ilia Ivanov

Copyright © 2017 Oleg Gorshkov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The single sheet arrays of Au nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeOx () films have been fabricated by the alternating deposition of the nanometer-thick dielectric and metal films using Magnetron Sputtering followed by annealing. The structure and optical properties of the NP arrays have been studied, subject to the fabrication technology parameters. The possibility of fabricating dense single sheet Au NP arrays in the matrices listed above with controlled NP sizes (within 1 to 3 nm) and surface density has been demonstrated. A red shift of the plasmonic optical absorption peak in the optical transmission spectra of the nanocomposite films (in the wavelength band of 500 to 650 nm) has been observed. The effect was attributed to the excitation of the collective surface plasmon-polaritons in the dense Au NP arrays. The nanocomposite films fabricated in the present study can find various applications in nanoelectronics (e.g., single electronics, nonvolatile memory devices), integrated optics, and plasmonics.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the investigations of the optical and electronic properties of the metal nanoparticles (MNPs) embedded into various dielectric matrices have attracted much attention [1]. These nanocomposite materials are promising for the applications in nonvolatile memory [2–5], single electronics [6], integrated optics [7], plasmonics [8], and so forth. For instance, the MNPs are known to play a role of the electromagnetic field concentrators in the resistive random access memory (RRAM) cells and, therefore, to improve the stability of these ones [4] and to increase the yield of the RRAM devices [2]. In the last decade, a new direction in the studies of the dielectric films with embedded MNPs has emerged, namely, the investigations of the photoconductivity in the MNP arrays in the dielectric films due to the optically excited plasmon resonance (PR) in the MNP arrays. The motivation for this activity was to control the conductivity of the nanocomposite materials by means of the optical pumping in the visible wavelength band [9].

Ion implantation with subsequent annealing is used widely to fabricate the MNPs in the dielectric matrices [10]. This method allows forming the MNPs with controlled sizes and densities within a wide range. However, the MNPs formed by ion implantation are featured by an essential scatter in sizes originating from the stochastic nature of the ion interaction with solids. The alternating deposition of the metal and dielectric films (e.g., by Electron Beam Evaporation or by Magnetron Sputtering) with subsequent annealing is another method applied to fabricate the MNP arrays in the dielectric matrices [11]. The metal film material coagulates into the MNPs during annealing thus forming the single sheet MNP arrays separated by the dielectric spacers with the predefined thickness. The Au nanoparticle (NP) arrays in the SiO₂ matrix have been studied most comprehensively to date, mainly, due to poor solubility and diffusivity of Au in SiO₂ [12] that favors the coagulation of the Au films into the NPs. On the other hand, yttria-stabilized zirconia ZrO₂(Y) and hafnia HfO₂(Y) [4, 13] as well as germanium dioxide GeO₂ [14] are promising oxide matrices for various applications. However, the structure and the optical properties of the MNP arrays in the nanocomposite films formed by Magnetron Sputtering from the above materials have been studied insufficiently to date.

In [14, 15], we have reported the fabrication of dense Au NP arrays inside the ZrO₂(Y) films using layer-by-layer Magnetron Sputtering followed by annealing. The uniform Au NPs of 1 to 3 nm in diameter (subject to the initial Au film thickness) were arranged in a single sheet inside the ZrO₂(Y) films. The optical transmission spectra measurements revealed a red shift of the plasmon absorption peaks in the Au NPs (down to ~650 nm) attributed to the collective plasmon excitation in the dense NP arrays.

It should be noted that dense enough Au NP arrays in the oxide matrices specified above manifesting the collective plasmonic excitations could be fabricated by ion implantation as well [16]. However, forming the high density NP arrays requires high enough ion doses that in turn leads to high concentration of the radiation defects. From this viewpoint, Magnetron Sputtering has a considerable advantage as compared to ion implantation in forming the dense NP arrays because Magnetron Sputtering provides the formation of more uniform NPs in the defect-free dielectric matrix.

In the present paper, the results of comprehensive studies of the structure and optical properties of the Au NP arrays in the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeOx () films formed with layer-by-layer Magnetron Sputtering subject to the conditions of the deposition process are reported. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the capabilities of Magnetron Sputtering in forming the MNP arrays in the above dielectric matrices with controlled morphology and optical properties necessary for various nanoelectronic and photonic applications.

2. Materials and Methods

The samples for investigations were fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering using Torr International 2g1-1g2-eb4-th1 vacuum setup for thin film deposition on the fused silica and Si(100) substrates. The underlying oxide layers 20 nm in thickness were deposited on the substrate surface by radio frequency (RF) Magnetron Sputtering in the Ar-O₂ gas mixture (50-50% mol.) at the substrate temperature = 300 10°C. Then, the islanded Au films with nominal thickness = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 nm were deposited by direct current (dc) Magnetron Sputtering in Ar ambient at = 200 10°C. Finally, the Au films were capped by the cladding layers of the same dielectric with the thickness of 20 nm. So far, the overall thickness of the nanocomposite films was 40 nm. The oxide/Au/oxide stacks were annealed in the Ar flow at the temperature = 450 10°С in order to make the islanded Au films coagulate into the NPs. The annealing times t A were 2 min, 1 hr, and 2 hrs. Also, the 40 nm thick dielectric films without the NPs were fabricated to serve as the reference samples.

The investigations of the structure of the nanocomposite films deposited onto the Si substrates were carried out by High Resolution Cross-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR X-TEM) using Jeol® JEM 2100/F electron microscope. The single crystal Si(100) substrates served as a reference in the HR TEM measurements with atomic resolution. The optical properties of the nanocomposite films formed on the fused silica substrates were investigated by optical transmission spectroscopy at 300 K using Varian® Cary™ 6000i spectrophotometer. The refractive indices of the reference dielectric films were measured by spectrum-resolved ellipsometry using MicroPhotonic® PhE-102 instrument.

3. Results and Discussion

The results of the structural investigations of the nanocomposite films by HR X-TEM have demonstrated that during annealing the islanded Au films transform into the two-dimensional arrays of almost round NPs. For example, Figure 1 presents a HR X-TEM image of a ZrO₂(Y)/Au(1 nm)/ZrO₂(Y)/Si stack after annealing at 450°C for 2 min. The TEM image shows the Au NPs with the diameter = 2.3 ± 0.4 nm and with the average surface density  cm–2 to be confined almost in a single sheet in the middle of the dielectric film within a thin layer of ~10 nm thickness. The location of the NP layer inside the dielectric film is determined by the thicknesses of the underlying layer and of the cladding one. In the case of the stack, the TEM image of which is shown in Figure 1, the underlying layer and the cladding one had the same thickness ≈ 20 nm. The HR X-TEM images have shown also the Au NPs to have a single crystal structure whereas ZrO₂(Y) layers had a nanocrystalline structure with the grain sizes of 5 to 15 nm.

Figure 1: High resolution X-TEM image of a ZrO₂(Y)/Au(1 nm)/ZrO₂(Y)/Si stack after annealing at 450°C for 2 min.

Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c) present typical optical transmission spectra of the ZrO₂(Y)/Au/ZrO₂(Y)/SiO₂, HfO₂(Y)/Au/HfO₂(Y)/SiO₂, and GeO₂/Au/GeO₂/SiO₂ stacks for = 0.5 nm, 1.0 nm, and 2.0 nm, respectively, after annealing for 1 hr. Besides a background due to the impurity absorption in the dielectric films and the interference fringes typical for the thin films, the plasmon absorption peaks in the Au NPs were observed in the optical transmission spectra.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Typical optical transmission spectra (300 K) of ZrO₂(Y)/Au/ZrO₂(Y)/SiO₂, HfO₂(Y)/Au/HfO₂(Y)/SiO₂, and GeO₂/Au/GeO₂/SiO₂ stacks with different values of the nominal Au film thickness after annealing at 450°C for 1 hr.

In the ZrO₂(Y)- and HfO₂(Y)-based films, the PR peaks were observed at the wavelengths  nm and 607 nm, respectively, while in the GeO₂-based film the PR peak was observed at  nm. Different values of the spectral positions of the PR peaks observed for the Au NP arrays formed in the same conditions coincide with the differences in the refractive index n of the respective matrix materials (2.15 to 2.20 for ZrO₂(Y), 1.95 to 2.05 for HfO₂(Y), and 1.6 for GeO₂, according to the spectrum-resolved ellipsometry data for the probing light wavelength 632.8 nm), in full agreement with Mie scattering theory [17]. The scatter in the values of n obtained for the ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) films was due to different molar fraction of Y₂O₃ in different samples [18]. It should be noted that a nonuniform distribution of Y in the host oxide films could introduce an additional scatter in the values of measured in these ones as well [18].

It is worth noting that the expected PR peak wavelengths calculated for the separate Au NPs with the same sizes in the ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) matrices according to Mie scattering theory [17] fall into the range from 590 to 600 nm. For the GeO₂ matrix, the expected PR peak wavelength was 470 nm. The red shift of the PR peak observed in the experiment relative to the calculated values for the noninteracting NPs was attributed to the collective plasmon excitation in dense Au NP arrays [19]. The parameter , where l is the average spacing between the NPs, can serve as a criterion of the MNP array density [19]. For example, for the ZrO₂(Y)/Au/ZrO₂(Y)/Si stack, the TEM image of which is shown in Figure 1, .

It is worth noting that usually the oxide films deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering are featured by a considerable excess surface charge density, which also could potentially induce a shift in the frequency of the plasmon resonance in the MNPs due to the charging of these ones [20]. Indeed, the C-V measurements performed on the -Si(001)/ZrO₂(Y)/Au metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) stacks with the 40 nm thick ZrO₂(Y) layers deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering in the same conditions as the ones studied in the present paper have revealed a built-in negative charge with the effective surface density ~ 10¹² cm–2 [21]. However, the excess charging of the NPs with electrons would result in a blue shift of the plasmon resonance in these ones [20] whereas red shift of the plasmon resonance with respect to the bulk has been observed in the present paper. In any case, the effect of the excess charge in the MNPs on the absorption signatures of these ones is quite small and limited in very small NPs [22]. Note that just such NPs were the objects of investigations in the present study. So far, one can conclude that the collectivization of the plasmon excitations in the dense NP arrays rather than the charging of the NPs was the primary factor governing the optical properties of the NPs studied in the present work.

From the plasmonic optical absorption spectra (see, e.g., Figure 3) obtained from the transmission ones by standard technique, the average diameter , surface density of NPs , the volume fraction of the NPs calculated for the 10 nm thick layer, within which the NPs are confined, and the array density parameter have been evaluated using Mie scattering theory [17]. The results of the optical transmission data analysis for the annealing time = 2 min, 1 hr, and 2 hrs are presented in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the averaged NP diameter D and the array density parameter as well as the relative volume fraction of NPs increased with increasing nominal thickness of the initial Au film for all dielectric film materials. The values of a for the NPs arrays obtained from the TEM data and from the optical absorption spectra demonstrate the applicability of Magnetron Sputtering to fabricate the dense Au NP arrays in the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeO₂ thin films, in which the conditions for the manifestation of the collective plasmon excitations are provided.

Table 1: The average diameter , the surface density , the volume fraction , and the array density parameter for the Au NPs in the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeO₂ based nanocomposite films fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering followed by annealing. Uncertainty assessment for all parameters is 15%.

, nm

Film material
, nm
, cm–2

0.5
2 min
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.1
4.7 10¹²
0.0028
0.23

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

GeO₂
—
—
—
—

0.5
1 hr
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.2
1.1 10¹³
0.0097
0.40

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

ZrO₂
1.9
2.8 10¹²
0.0106
0.27

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
1.9
3.0 10¹²
0.0108
0.28

GeO₂
1.8
2.3 10¹²
0.0065
0.23

0.5
2 hrs
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
0.72
3.4 10¹³
0.0068
0.42

1.0
2 min
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.9
4.0 10¹²
0.0151
0.38

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.7
1.2 10¹²
0.0115
0.29

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
—
—
—
—

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.1
2.9 10¹²
0.0147
0.30

GeO₂
—
—
—
—

1.0
1 hr
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.6
5.0 10¹²
0.0281
0.36

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.6
1.6 10¹²
0.0147
0.31

ZrO₂
3.0
1.4 10¹²
0.0180
0.34

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.2
2.5 10¹²
0.0205
0.30

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
3.6
6.8 10¹¹
0.0164
0.32

GeO₂
1.5
6.0 10¹²
0.0103
0.27

1.0
2 hrs
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.7
8.6 10¹²
0.0223
0.50

2.0
2 min
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.9
8.3 10¹²
0.0274
0.54

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.4
6.3 10¹²
0.0482
0.44

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.2
7.6 10¹²
0.0421
0.43

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
3.5
1.9 10¹²
0.0404
0.43

GeO₂
2.0
9.1 10¹²
0.0410
0.42

2.0
1 hr
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.8
1.1 10¹³
0.0346
0.60

ZrO₂ (8 mol.% Y₂O₃)
2.6
3.7 10¹²
0.0370
0.40

ZrO₂
3.4
1.2 10¹²
0.0230
0.36

HfO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃)
3.2
2.8 10¹²
0.0576
0.45

HfO₂ (0 mol.% Y₂O₃)
3.4
2.4 10¹²
0.0528
0.45

GeO₂
2.2
4.4 10¹²
0.0488
0.36

2.0
2 hrs
ZrO₂ (12 mol.% Y₂O₃) [15]
1.9
7.9 10¹²
0.0284
0.53

Figure 3: Plasmonic optical absorption spectra (300 K) of the ZrO₂(Y)/Au/ZrO₂(Y)/SiO₂ and GeO₂/Au/GeO₂/SiO₂ stacks after annealing at 450°C for 1 hr. The optical absorption spectra were calculated from the respective optical transmission ones presented in Figures 2(a) and 2(c).

The maximum values of have been observed in ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) with the Y₂O₃ molar fraction 0.12 and  nm that could be attributed to increased diffusivity of Au in the Y-stabilized zirconia and hafnia due to large concentration of the oxygen vacancies in these materials (the latter is equal to of the one of Y [18]). So far, the greater the concentration of the stabilizing oxide Y₂O₃ in the film material, the better the conditions for the diffusion of Au, which promote the growth of the Au NPs during annealing. This conclusion was supported also by the fact that in the samples based on ZrO₂(Y) with the Y₂O₃ molar fraction 0.12 the values of the array density parameter (as well as the ones of the surface density of the NPs N s) were the largest as compared to other matrices as well as to other values of the Y₂O₃ molar fraction in ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) for every value of . The smallest value of a has been observed in the sample based on amorphous GeO₂ (see Table 1). In the HfO₂(Y)-based samples, the doping by the stabilizing oxide Y₂O₃ affected the Au NP array density parameter a weaker than in the ZrO₂(Y)-based ones.

On the other hand, the concentration of Y₂O₃ affected the size of the NPs D formed in HfO₂(Y) as well as in ZrO₂(Y). The increasing of the Y₂O₃ molar fraction resulted in the decreasing of the NP diameter accompanied by the corresponding increasing of the NP surface density for each value of . The largest values of NP diameter have been observed in the undoped ZrO₂ and HfO₂ matrices.

Earlier, the NP diameter in the ZrO₂(Y)-based nanocomposite films was found to increase with increasing nominal Au film thickness for all values of the annealing time within the range from 2 min to 2 hrs [15]. The results obtained within the present study have revealed, in general, the same behavior of with increasing for the HfO₂(Y)-based films as well as for the GeO₂-bases ones. However, the smallest NPs with  nm and  cm–2 have been observed in ZrO₂ with the highest concentration of Y₂O₃ and = 0.5 nm and = 2 hrs (see Table 1). In this case, the decrease of the NP diameter with increasing was attributed to the dissolving of the Au NPs during annealing because the detachment of the Au atoms from the NPs begins to prevail over the attachment at long enough annealing time [15].

The variation of the stabilizing oxide Y₂O₃ molar fraction in ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) has been found to affect the density parameter weakly (see Table 1). This observation can be explained as follows. As one can see from Table 1, in general, in the HfO₂(Y) based films as well as in the ZrO₂(Y)-based ones the NP diameter increased with decreasing Y₂O₃ molar fraction at given and . Again, this effect may be ascribed to the increase in the concentration of the vacancies in the oxygen sublattice with increasing Y concentration that, in turn, facilitates the diffusion of Au from the NPs into the rest of the volume of the ZrO₂(Y) and HfO₂(Y) films during annealing. On the other hand, the surface density of the NPs decreased with decreasing Y₂O₃ content. For example, in the case of ZrO₂(Y) film with  nm annealed during  hr, a notable increase of the NP size by 58% (from 1.2 nm up to 1.9 nm) along with the reduction of the surface density of the NPs by 75% (from 1.1 10¹³ cm–2 down to 2.8 10¹² cm–2) with decreasing the Y₂O₃ molar fraction from 12% down to 0% had been observed. For the HfO₂(Y) based film, this tendency was hard to trace in the case of thin initial Au film ( nm) and short annealing time ( min) because the plasmonic absorption peaks were manifested poorly in the optical transmission spectra of this series of samples. However, in the cases of and 2.0 nm for  min and 1 hr, this tendency was expressed clearly. For instance, for  nm and  hr the sizes of the Au NPs increased by 64% (from 2.2 nm up to 3.6 nm) whereas reduced by 73% (from 2.5 10¹² cm–2 down to 6.8 10¹¹ cm⁻²) with decreasing of the Y₂O₃ molar fraction from 12% down to 0%. Note that the differences in the relative increasing of the Au NP sizes and the decreasing of make 10 to 15% for each value of and each , that is, fall into the uncertainties of the determination of the above parameters from the optical transmission spectra. So far, the variations of the NP volume fraction as well as of the array density parameter a fall into the uncertainty limits. This tendency can also point to the redistribution of the Au atoms among the NPs in the array during annealing: the Au atoms detach from the smaller NPs and attach the bigger ones. The greater the stabilizing oxide Y₂O₃ molar fraction is (i.e., the greater the oxygen vacancy concentration), the more the redistribution is pronounced. Therefore, the decrease of the Y₂O₃ molar fraction complicates the diffusion of the Au atoms during annealing thus preventing the redistribution of these ones among the NPs and increasing the NP surface density.

4. Conclusion

The structural parameters and optical properties of the single sheet Au nanoparticle arrays formed inside the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeOx () nanometer-thick films with layer-by-layer Magnetron Sputtering deposition with subsequent annealing have been studied, subject to the technological parameters of the film fabrication process. The possibility of the fabrication of the single sheet Au nanoparticle arrays in the ZrO₂(Y), HfO₂(Y), and GeO₂ thin films positioned at a predefined distance from the substrate and from the film surface has been demonstrated. The technological regimes for forming the dense uniform Au nanoparticle arrays, in which the conditions for the collective plasmon excitations take place, were found. The fabricated nanocomposite films can find various applications used in single electronic devices, nonvolatile memory, integrated optics, and plasmonics.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The present work has been supported by Ministry of Education and Science, Russian Federation (Project no. 16.7864.2017). The TEM measurements were performed using the shared research facilities of Research and Educational Center for Physics of Solid State Nanostructures at Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod.

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