One-StepSynthesisofConductiveBNC / PPy · CuCl 2 HybridFlexible Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization

Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering (PGMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil Laboratory of Electrical Materials (LAMATE), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEL), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil Department of Chemical and Food Engineering (EQA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil


Introduction
Conducting polymers can be employed as active, functional components in flexible nanocomposites [1][2][3].e interest in research on polymeric and hybrid nanocomposites containing both conductive polymers and oxide materials has attracted the attention of many research groups in recent years [1,2].Such class of nanocomposites shows great potential in various applications like sensors and other electronic devices, as they combine electrical, optical, and magnetic properties in one material [4][5][6].
Among the substrates for flexible electronics, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has been extensively applied in the synthesis of polymeric and hybrid nanocomposites mainly due to its low-cost and controllable synthesis process [7,8].Several studies have been performed in the polymerization of conductive polymers onto bacterial nanocellulose membranes for various applications such as sensors [9], electronic devices, and biomedical devices [10,11].
e oxidative chemical polymerization in aqueous media of conducting polymers, such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, is widely used as a preparation method, because of the simplicity of the reaction [12,13].e electrical conductivity and other properties of these polymers depend on the preparation conditions.Fe (III) salts and ammonium persulfate are the most common oxidants used for polymerization of conductive polymers.Because of their potential of oxidation, other oxidants have been reported in the literature, such as sulfate of cerium IV [14], potassium dichromate [15], vanadium chloride [16], and copper (II) salts [17].It is known that the use of different oxidizing agents tends to alter the electrical and morphological properties of conducting polymers [18].However, studies on the use of different oxidants and their functionality in such composites are scarce, since they are usually removed, leaving only the compositional polymers.
is work reports the synthesis and characterization of flexible BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 nanocomposites in a single step through in situ oxidative polymerization with copper chloride dehydrate as both oxidant agent and conducting component in the nanocomposites.Structural and electrical properties were evaluated and related to the monomer concentration and the oxidant agent : monomer molar ratio.e hydrated BNC membranes with diameters of 30 mm were immersed in an alcoholic solution (isopropyl alcohol) with two different Py concentrations, 0.04 and 0.08 mol•L −1 .After 10 min under magnetic stirring, a copper chloride dehydrate alcoholic solution was added gently.e polymerization was carried out at 25 °C during 4 h.After polymerization, the BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 membranes were washed thoroughly with acetone in order to extract the residues and byproducts of the reaction.e membranes were then vacuum dried at room temperature.e CuCl 2 •2 (H 2 O) : Py molar ratios used for the chemical synthesis were 2 : 1 and 4 : 1.

Characterization of BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 Composite
Membranes.X-ray diffractometry was used for phase identification (XRD; Phillis, X-Pert) using Cu Kα radiation (λ �1.54 Å).BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 membranes were placed on aluminum stubs and scanned over a 2θ interval between 5 °and 70 °with a step of 1 °/min.Raman spectroscopy (InnoRam, B and WTEK) was also performed for structural analysis.e microstructure of the samples was evaluated by Field-Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM, JEOL JSM-670F) operating at 15 kV and 80 A. For SEM observations, pure BNC and the BNC nanocomposites membranes were dried and placed on an aluminum support and sputtered with gold.Electrical conductivity of the BNC/PPY•CuCl 2 membranes was measured in ambient conditions using the four-probe method by a high precision SMU (Agilent B2912A).At least three samples of each composition were measured.

Chemical and Structural Analysis.
e changes in the chemical structure of polypyrrole in the presence of the oxidizing agent CuCl 2 •2(H 2 O) as well as the oxidant agent : monomer molar ratio effect on the nanocomposites properties were studied.BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 composites were initially analyzed using chemical and structural analysis.
Figure 1 shows Raman spectra of BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 composites prepared with different Py concentrations and different oxidant agent : monomer molar ratios.Two typical peaks of polypyrrole can be observed in all samples.e typical bands of PPy are observed in the region of 1560 cm −1 and 1380 cm −1 due to the ring stretching mode and the C�C stretching of the main chain [20].A peak is observed in the nearby region of 329 cm −1 , characteristic of CuO and CuCl 2 [21].It can be noticed that for the composite with higher Py concentration and higher molar ratio this peak is more evident.
Figure 2 shows FTIR spectra of the bacterial cellulose nanocomposites polymerized with pyrrole using copper chloride as the oxidizing agent with different molar ratios and Py concentrations.All spectra display typical characteristics of conductive polymer as widely reported in the literature, in addition to the characteristic bands of pure CuCl 2 and BNC.In the CuCl 2 spectrum, the peaks centered at 3340 cm −1 and 1575 cm −1 correspond to the OH stretching, and the peak characteristic of Cu-Cl is located at 1129 cm −1 [22].In the BNC spectrum, the 3325 cm −1 band is characteristic of O-H groups and the peak at 2922 cm −1 to asymmetric C-H bonds.e 1649 and 1028 cm −1 bands can be attributed to C-O and C-O-C type bonds [23].In all other spectra, the bands observed between 1550 cm −1 and 1460 cm −1 are assigned to C-C bonds and C-N stretching vibration of the pyrrole ring, respectively.It is also observed a peak in the 1613 cm −1 region, corresponding to Cu + ion [24].e region near the band at 1050 cm −1 corresponds to C-H and C-N deformation vibration.ree bands centered at around 920, 1100, and 1195 cm −1 correspond to the stretching vibration to the doped PPy.A band located at 1700 cm −1 is attributed to the carboxylic group.As can be seen, this band has been observed in many samples of polypyrrole both chemically and electrochemically polymerized.is band corresponds to the overoxidation of the C�O band of pyrrole, which influences its conductivity [25][26][27].
e presence of copper hydroxide peaks may be related to the interaction of the BNC hydroxyl groups with the oxidizing agent.With the increase of both the Py concentration from 0.04 to 0.08 mol.L −1 and the molar ratio from 2 : 1 to 4 : 1, the copper hydroxide peaks are absent; however, copper chloride and traces of copper oxide peaks can be seen (JCPDS 01-072-0572).For the 2 : 1 molar ratio, peaks corresponding to the oxidizing agent are not present, only an amorphous halo, which is 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering a characteristic of polypyrrole and the broad peaks, which are related to the bacterial cellulose.e CuCl 2 present in the membranes is not chemically bound, but physically within the nano brous network.It is known that copper can assume valence 1 or 2, and considering that it is not chemically bound to the compound but in the form of CuCl 2 salt, being a simple ionic compound.
e Cu valence can assume the number of oxidation +2, bivalent.Another evidence to consider this valence is the instability of the Cu + ions and also the low potential of Cu +2 /Cu + (0.57 V) compared to PPy (1.0 V).Because the potential is lower, receiving electrons by Cu +2 becomes more di cult, preventing its changing to Cu + [29].

Morphologic and Electrical Characterization.
Figure 4 shows the morphology of the BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 nanocomposites polymerized with di erent Py concentrations and oxidizing agent : monomer molar ratios through eldemission scanning electron microscopy.BNC membranes are formed by a network structure of intertwined cellulose nano bers with high aspect ratio [23,30].For the 2 : 1 molar ratio, it can be observed that at both concentrations (0.04 and 0 : 08 mol•L −1 ), the bacterial cellulose nano bers are coated with PPy (Figure 4(a)).As the concentration of Py increases (Figure 4(b)), an increase on the amount of PPy incorporated into the BNC matrix is observed.e increase of the concentration of Py results in an increase of the concentration of PPy particles, forming agglomerates of PPy deposited on the surface of the BNC nano bers (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)).As the molar ratio increases from 2 : 1 to 4 : 1, an increase in the mean ber diameter is observed, as can be also seen in Figures 4(c) and 4(d).BNC/PPy•CuCl 2 nanocomposites exhibited an average ber diameter close to 300 nm; this value is four times larger than that of pure cellulose nano bers (50 nm in average).
is signi cant increase was not observed for 2 : 1 ratio nanocomposites, in which it was observed an average ber diameter of 70 nm.
e electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites as a function of concentration of pyrrole and the molar ratio used in the reactions are shown in Table 1.
Pure BNC exhibits low electric conductivity, around 3.0 × 10 −13 S/cm.It can be seen for the 2 : 1 molar ratio membranes that the electrical conductivity increases with the increase of PPy concentration, from 1.64 × 10 −4 to 1.54 × 10 −3 S/cm.For higher molar ratios, it was observed a signi cant increase in electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites (1.85 × 10 −2 to 8.13 × 10 −1 S/cm), which is two orders of magnitude higher when compared to the membrane with the same concentration and di erent molar ratio [9,31].
e increase in molar ratio in uenced the increase in conductivity.For higher molar ratios, the amount of copper chloride also increased, which can be the reason for higher values of electrical conductivity.

Conclusions
Cellulose conducting nanocomposites incorporated with polypyrrole were synthesized in a single step by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization using CuCl 2 •2(H 2 O). e chemical and morphological characterization of the nanocomposites confirmed the presence of the conducting polymer deposited along the nanofibers and Cu-containing salts.e presence of Cu salts influenced the increase of the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites.ese nanocomposites can be promising materials in applications such as electronic devices and sensors.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study (tables and graphics) are included within the article.