First-Principles Calculations of the Structure Stability and Mechanical Properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under Pressure

College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Chongqing ree Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China Institute for Structure and Function, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing ree Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China School of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Department of Physics, Chongqing ree Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China


Introduction
e recent discovery of superconductivity in LaO 1−x F x FeAs with a superconducting transition temperature (T c ) of 26 K has generated tremendous interest in the ion based on the layered superconductor field [1].Substitution of lanthanum in LaO 1−x F x FeAs with other rare earth metals results in a series of superconducting compounds REFeAsO 1−x F x , where RE � Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Cd, with T c s closing or exceeding 50 K [2][3][4][5].Fe-based superconductors are a broad family of groups including three main types of Fe-based superconductors, namely, REFeAsO (RE � rare earth, abbreviated as 1111 type), AeFe 2 As 2 (Ae � alkaline earth, abbreviated as 122 type), and AFeAs (A � alkaline, abbreviated as 111 type).Parent compounds of 1111 and 122 types do not superconduct, but 111 type compounds LiFeAs and NaFeAs superconduct [6].e critical transition temperature values of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are T c � 18 K and T c � 9 K, respectively [7][8][9][10].
e absence of the spin density wave (SDW) transition and the relatively low T c in comparison with the 1111 type and 122 type of iron-based superconductors make LiFeAs and NaFeAs possible candidates for being conventional BCS superconductors.In some sense, LiFeAs and NaFeAs are important with regard to understanding the mechanism of superconductivity in ironbased superconductors.
e compounds LiFeAs and NaFeAs have a structure of tetragonal symmetry (P4/nmm), and α-PbO-type layers of edge-sharing FeAs 4/4 tetrahedra interspersed with Li and Na atoms at interstitial sites of the As layer, which is shown in Figure 1.However, owing to the evaporation loss of Li/Na during the high-temperature reaction [11], the stoichiometric LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds are difficult to be synthesized experimentally.With the fast development of computer, various properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds have been investigated by the first-principles calculations.For example, the elastic coefficients, bulk moduli, and shear moduli of LiFeAs crystals have been calculated from the first principles using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method [12].Li et al. [13] investigated the crystal, spin, and electronic structure of LiFeAs superconductors by the first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory.More recently, a study on doping effect on the electronic band structure and magnetic properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds was carried out using ab initio method [11].
ese results are very important to further scientific and technical investigations.
Elastic properties of a solid are significant because some physical properties such as the equation of state, specific heat, thermal expansion, bulk modulus, Young's modulus, melting point, and Poisson's ratio can be determined from its elastic constants.e velocity of sound of the longitudinal wave and shear wave and the strength of a material can be also derived from its elastic constants [14].However, to date, elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under high pressures have never been fully investigated.Following this, the present study has been conducted to predict the elastic properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under high pressure by using the first-principles calculations within the density functional theory.In addition, various mechanical properties including the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and elastic wave velocities have also been obtained and discussed in detail with increasing pressure based on the calculated elastic constants.e paper is organized as follows: the theoretical method is briefly described in Section 2; Section 3 presents the calculated results with some discussions; and Section 4 presents the conclusions.

Method of Calculation
In the present work, the first-principles calculations were performed by using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method [15,16] within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), as implemented in the VASP code developed at the Institute für Materialphysik of Universität Wien [17][18][19].e exchange-correlation effects were treated within the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) approximation [20,21].In this work, 2s 1 , 2p 6 3s 1 , 3p 6 4s 1 3d 7 , and 4s 2 4p 3 are treated as the valence electrons for Li, Na, Fe, and As, respectively.e kpoint meshes for Brillouin zone sampling were constructed using the Monkhorst-Pack scheme [22], and the 10 × 10 × 8 kpoint mesh is employed to calculate the lattice and elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures.In addition, a plane-wave basis set with energy cutoff 500 eV is used, and the energy convergence criterion is set to 10 −6 eV for all calculations.e structural parameters of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures are optimized by the full relaxations with respect to the volume, shape, and all internal atomic positions until the change in the total energy is smaller than 10 −5 eV between two ionic relaxation steps.LiFeAs and NaFeAs are detected to have no magnetic order at any temperature, so spin polarization is not considered in all calculations.
Let x i be the initial configuration of a material element, and the same material element has coordinate x i ′ after a homogeneous elastic deformation.e deformation gradient is described as From the deformation gradients, we define finite Lagrangian strains as follows: e elastic energy (ΔE) can be expanded in a Taylor series in terms of the strain tensor as follows: where V is the volume of the unstrained lattice.After using the Voigt notation for the strain tensors η 11 → η For LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure, there are six independent elastic constants C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , C 44 , and C 66 .To obtain the complete set of the elastic constants, we introduce six Lagrangian strain tensors in terms of a single strain parameter ξ. e elastic energy per unit mass can be written as an expansion in the strain parameter ξ: e coefficient Λ 2 is combinations of the elastic constants (C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , C 44 , and C 66 ).e six specific strain tensors labeled as N α (α � 1, 2, . . ., 6) can be expressed as As Fe Li(Na) 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering e corresponding strain energy density can be expressed as For each strain tensor N α , the strain parameter ξ varies from −0.02 to 0.02 with a finite step size of 0.002.
Based on the calculated elastic constants, the bulk modulus B and shear modulus G can be evaluated in terms of the Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) scheme [23].e Voigt bounds on bulk (B V ) and shear (G V ) moduli are defined as [24] and the Reuss bounds on bulk (B R ) and shear (G R ) moduli are defined as [25] e Hill averages of bulk (B) and shear (G) moduli are obtained by (10)

Results and Discussion
In Table 1 Furthermore, in both systems, C 11 > C 33 is proved to be true in the whole range of pressure, which indicates that the atomic bonds along the [100] direction between the nearest neighbors are stronger than those along the [001] direction.For a tetragonal crystal, the mechanical stability under isotropic pressure leads to restrictions on the elastic constants as follows [27][28][29]: where C αα C αα − P (α 1, 3, 4, 6), C 12 C 12 + P, and C 13 C 13 + P. C P 44 > 0 cannot be rstly satis ed at higher pressure among all the mechanical stability conditions for LiFeAs and NaFeAs.Figure 3 shows the pressure-dependent C 44 − P of LiFeAs and NaFeAs.When P > 16 GPa for LiFeAs and P > 18 GPa for NaFeAs, C 44 − P < 0, which suggests that their structure phase transitions may happen above pressures about 16 GPa and 18 GPa for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively.e crystal structural evolution of NaFeAs as a function of pressure has been investigated by Liu et al. [30] through the synchrotron X-ray powder di raction and diamond anvil cell technique, and a clear structural phase transition at about 20 GPa is found.Subsequently, the pressure-induced structural phase transitions in LiFeAs and NaFeAs have been systematically investigated by Zhang et al.  4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering [31] through the rst-principles calculations based on the CALYPSO structural searches.And they reported that the structural phase transition happened at about 22 GPa for NaFeAs and at about 22.2 GPa for LiFeAs.erefore, our results about the phase transition nearly agree with the previous experimental and theoretical values to a certain extent, especially for NaFeAs.
In order to predict the plastic properties of a solid, a simple relationship predicted by Pugh [32] links empirically the brittle or ductile behavior of materials with their elastic moduli by G/B. e values of B are 66.5 GPa and 49.9 GPa for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental values 57.3(6) GPa [33] and 52.3(2) GPa [33] for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively.Meanwhile, the agreement between our calculations and experimental results at 0 GPa provides reliability for the elastic properties under higher pressures.A high (low) G/B value is associated with brittleness (ductility).If G/B < 0.57, the material will display a ductile behavior; otherwise, it will display a brittle behavior.Figure 4(a) displays G/B as a function of pressure.Obviously, the G/B ratio decreases with increasing pressure, and the decreasing degree of NaFeAs is larger than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure, which demonstrates that high pressure can improve their ductilities and more e ectively improve the ductility of NaFeAs.Besides, it is observed from Figure 4(a) that the G/B value of NaFeAs is smaller than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure in addition to the existing small di erence at 0 GPa, illustrating that NaFeAs is more ductile than LiFeAs under di erent pressures except at 0 GPa.Pettifor has suggested that the angular character of atomic bonding in metals and intermetallics, which also relates to the brittle or ductile characteristics, could be described by the Cauchy pressure.For a tetragonal crystal, the Cauchy pressure can be de ned as C 13 − C 44 and C 12 − C 66 [34].For metallic bonding, the Cauchy pressure is typically positive, while for directional bonding, it is negative, with larger negative pressure representing a more directional character.
e pressure dependence of Cauchy pressures of LiFeAs and NaFeAs is plotted in Figure 4(b).Obviously, their Cauchy pressures increase with increasing pressure, and NaFeAs has higher Cauchy pressure than LiFeAs under di erent pressures.at is, we can obtain the same conclusion from both the G/B ratio and the Cauchy pressure.In addition, Poisson's ratio with ] 3B − 2G/(2(3B + G)) can also re ect the ductile properties, which usually ranges from −1 to 0.5.e higher the Poisson ratio is, the better the ductility is.Furthermore, ] is larger than 1/3 for ductile materials and less than 1/3 for brittle materials.Figure 4(c) presents the pressure dependence of Poisson's ratio for LiFeAs and NaFeAs.It is clear that, in both systems, the values of ] increase with increasing pressure, and the increasing degree of NaFeAs is larger than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure.Moreover, hardness de ned as the resistance of a material to deform is another important parameter to describe the mechanical properties of a material.As we all know, both Pugh's modulus ratio and Poisson's ratio have a close relationship with the hardness of a material.On the basis of Teter's famous empirical correlation [35], a simpli ed formula of Vickers hardness proposed by Chen et al. [36,37] can be written as is formula demonstrates that the hardness is not only related to the shear modulus but also to the bulk modulus.Figure 4(d) displays the change in Vickers hardness versus pressure for LiFeAs and NaFeAs.It is noteworthy that the hardness data are intrinsic, ignoring microstructural e ects.Obviously, in both systems, the hardness decreases with pressure, indicating that high pressure is conducive to the formation of ionic bonds and consequently results in the increase of ductility.Besides, NaFeAs has smaller Vickers hardness than LiFeAs under di erent pressures, indicating that the metallic bonding of NaFeAs is stronger than that of LiFeAs, that is, the ductility of NaFeAs is superior to that of LiFeAs under di erent pressures.
e anisotropy is also a key parameter to determine the mechanical properties of a material.A proper description of anisotropic behavior has a signi cant implication in engineering science as well as in crystal physics.For a tetragonal crystal, the shear anisotropic factors along 100 { } and 001 { } planes are de ned as follows [14,28]: Both A 1 and A 2 must be equal to one for an isotropy crystal, while any value smaller or greater than one measures the degree of elastic anisotropy.e anisotropic factors A 1 and A 2 with pressure for LiFeAs and NaFeAs are plotted in Figure 5.It can be found that, in both systems, A 100 { } decreases and A 001 { } increases with increasing pressure, which have the same change trend as that of the reported tetragonal WN 2 [28].A 100 { } decreases with pressure which may be resulted from the increase in the longitudinal modes C 11 and C 33 and decrease in the shear mode C 44 with pressure.Furthermore, it can be seen from Figure 5 that all the values of A 100 are smaller than one and those of A 001 are greater than one, that is, all the values deviate from one and the degree of deviation increases with increasing pressure.erefore, it can be concluded that high pressure can make LiFeAs and NaFeAs more elastically anisotropic.
To elucidate the nature of the pressure e ect, the total and partial density of states (DOSs) of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under di erent pressures are calculated, just as shown in Figures 6(a)-6(f).For LiFeAs, our calculated DOS at the ground state (0 K and 0 GPa) is similar to that reported earlier [38,39].e DOS plots of LiFeAs and NaFeAs show  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering some generic features that are common to the parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors.at is, the total DOS is dominated by the Fe 3d states in the vicinity of the Fermi energy, with only a small contribution from the As and alkali metal states and that is strongly decreasing with energy near the Fermi energy.Because the two compounds show similar features, we take LiFeAs as an example to analyze the pressure effect.From Figure 6(b), it can be seen that the substantial overlap between Fe 3d and As 4p orbitals indicating the strong covalence of LiFeAs mainly comes from the orbital hybridization between Fe 3d and As 4p states from −6 eV to −2 eV.When the external pressure is increased to 16 GPa, it can be seen from Figure 6(c) that the external pressure weakens the interaction of Fe 3d and As 4p, which indicates that higher pressure can enhance the ductility of LiFeAs.

Conclusions
In summary, the structure stability and mechanical properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures have been investigated by using the first-principles calculations.e pressure dependence of the lattice parameters and elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are also presented.It is found that their lattice parameters at 0 GPa are in agreement with the available experimental data.On the basis of the elastic constants under different pressures, the phase transitions of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are researched by the elastic stability criteria under isotropic pressure.It is predicted that LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure are not mechanically stable above 16 GPa and 18 GPa, respectively, which agree well with the previous experimental and theoretical values to a certain extent, especially for NaFeAs.Besides, Pugh's modulus ratio G/B, Poisson's ratio ], the Vickers hardness H v , and the elastic anisotropy of LiFeAs in the pressure range of 0-16 GPa and NaFeAs in the pressure range of 0-18 GPa are further investigated.It is shown that, in both systems, the ductilities increase with increasing pressure, and NaFeAs has more ductility than LiFeAs under different pressures.Besides, in both systems, A 100 { } decreases and A 001 { } increases with pressure, which have the same change trend as that of the reported tetragonal WN 2 .

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: (a) e quotient of shear to bulk modulus G/B, (b) the Cauchy pressure, (c) Poisson's ratio ], and (d) the Vickers hardness H v versus pressure for LiFeAs and NaFeAs.

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: e pressure dependence of the anisotropic factors for (a) LiFeAs and (b) NaFeAs.

Table 1 :
It is a pity that there are no experimental data under high pressure for comparison.It is found that the lattice parameters decrease with increasing pressure.Besides, the lattice parameters and the volume of NaFeAs are always larger than those of LiFeAs under different pressures, which can be easily explained by the fact that the atomic radius of Li is smaller than that of Na.Knowledge of the elastic constants is crucial for understanding the structural stability, the anisotropic character of the bonding, and the bonding characteristic between the adjacent atomic planes.epresentresults(C 11 �144.9GPa,C12 � 37.1 GPa, C 13 � 35.3 GPa, C 33 � 101.8 GPa, C 44 � 27.3 GPa, and C 66 � 63.8 GPa for LiFeAs and C 11 � 117.4 GPa, C 12 � 36.7 GPa, C 13 � 30.0 GPa, C 33 � 54.8 GPa, C 44 � 25.9 GPa, and C 66 � 58.1 GPa for NaFeAs) nearly agree with Calculated lattice constants (a and c in Å) and primitive cell volume (V in Å3 ) for tetragonal LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures (P in GPa) at 0 K. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering the recent theoretical results (C 11 180.5 GPa, C 12 56.0GPa,C13 60.5 GPa, C 33 104.4GPa,C 44 52.1 GPa, and C 66 66.9 GPa for LiFeAs and C 11 147.8GPa,C 12 58.3GPa,C13 56.7 GPa, C 33 110.3GPa,C 44 40.9 GPa, and C 66 59.9 GPa for NaFeAs) [26].e pressure dependence of the elastic constants (C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , C 44 , and C 66 ) of LiFeAs and NaFeAs is illustrated in Figure 2. e elastic constants C 11 and C 33 are closely associated with the uniaxial sound propagation, and the other elastic constants C 12 , C 13 , C 44 , and C 66 are mainly related to the nonaxial sound propagation.From Figure 2, it can be seen that C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , and C 66 increase with increasing pressure; however, C 44 has the opposite change trend.It is also noted from Figure2that the values of C 11 and C 33 are the largest among all the elastic constants under di erent pressures, which demonstrates that both LiFeAs and NaFeAs cannot be easily compressed under uniaxial stress.