Effects of Micropit Depths on Tribology Performance of Textured Port Plate Pair

In order to improve the friction and wear performance of textured port plate pair, effects of the micropit depth on the tribology performance is studied in the paper.(e relation between the micropit depth and the port plate pair’s oil loading carrying capacity is analyzed in theory; with the friction coefficient, the wear volume and the surface roughness as the evaluation criteria, effects of the micropits’ depth on the tribology performance are investigated. (e conclusions are shown as follows: oil loading capacity would come to its peak when the oil film thickness is equal to the micropit depth; the optimal micropit depth is unrelated to the area ratios and micropits’ diameters. With the same parameters, the effects of antifriction is optimal when the micropits’ depth is 10 μm, while antiwear and surface integrity are optimal when 15 μm. When the micropits’ depth is 5 μm, the antiwear, surface roughness, and antifriction are worse compared with those of the untextured port plate pair.


Introduction
e port plate pair is an important friction pair of the axial piston pump/motor, and friction and wear are the leading causes of its failure; for this reason, the port plate pair's tribology performance is a research hotspot [1,2].e common measures to improve the port plate pair's surface tribology performance are as follows: improving surface treatment processes [3], coating [4][5][6] and improving lubrication property through changing the port plate pair's structure [7][8][9][10][11], and so on.
ese measures improve the surface and lubrication properties to a certain extent, which would largely result in the improvement of the work performance and the service life of the axial piston pump.
According to the work principle and the structure features of the axial piston pump's port plate pair, texturing the components of the port plate pair is also an effective measure to improve its friction and lubrication feature [12][13][14].e surface texture parameters, especially the micropit depth, have a considerable effect on the tribology performance of the port plate pair [15][16][17], therefore, through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the effect of the micropit depth on the textured port plate pair is discussed in this paper.

The Effect of the Micropit Depth on the Oil Film Loading Carrying Capacity
Because the textured friction pairs can produce the additional oil film loading carrying capacity and texturing the port plate in the low pressure area would improve the mechanical property and the tribology performance, as is shown in Figure 1, the textured port plate pair discussed in this paper mainly refers to that in low pressure area.e structural sizes of the port plate are shown as follows: the inside belt's radii r1 and r2 of the port plate are 17 mm and 19 mm, respectively, and the outside belt's radii r3 and r4 of the port plate are 23 mm and 27.5 mm, respectively.In order to provide the theoretical basis for the study on the micropit depth's effect on the textured port plate's tribology performance, the effect of the micropit depth on the oil film loading carrying capacity should be studied by the numerical computation, which can be referred to in the related literature [18,19].
Figure 2 shows that the dimensionless loading carrying capacity changes with the micropits' depths at different textured parameters.In Figure 2(a), when the area ratio is 10% and the oil film thickness is 10 μm, the dimensionless loading carrying capacity at the four micropit diameters (100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, and 400 μm) would be the maximal loading carrying capacity if the micropit is 10 μm deep.Figure 2(b) indicates the relationship between the dimensionless loading carrying capacity and the micropit depth at different area ratios when the micropit is 300 μm in diameter and the oil film is 10 μm thick, which shows that loading carrying capacity is maximal when the micropit is 10 μm deep.Figure 2(c) shows the relationship between the dimensionless loading carrying capacity and the micropit depth at different oil film thicknesses when the area ratio is 10% and the micropit diameter is 400 μm, which displays that with the oil film thicknesses 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, and 25 μm and micropit depth 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, and 25 μm, respectively, there would appear the maximum loading carrying capacity.
It can be concluded that when the oil film thickness is equal to the micropit depth, the textured port plate pair has the maximum loading carrying capacity; when the oil film thickness is bigger than the micropit depth, the oil film loading carrying capacity decreases with the increase in the micropit depth; and when the oil film thickness is smaller than the micropit depth, the oil film loading carrying capacity decreases with the decrease in the micropit depth.Moreover, the optimal micropit depth is practically not related to the micropit diameter and the area ratio.

The Effect of the Micropit Depth on the
Tribology Performance e experiment was conducted with a self-made test machine in unidirectional orbiting, as is shown in Figure 3. e textured parameters of the port plate are shown in Table 1.With the friction coefficient, the wear volume, and the surface roughness as the evaluation criteria, effects of the micropit depth on the tribology performance are further investigated.

3.1.
e Friction Coefficient.show that the friction coefficient and the antifriction ratio change with the micropit depths under the condition of three area ratios and four rotate speeds when the micropit is 100 μm in diameter and the loading force 1000 N.
In Figure 4(a), the area ratio is 10%, the micropits are 5 μm deep, and the friction coefficients seem a bit closer and are larger than the others at different rotate speeds.When the rotate speeds are 600 r/min and 750 r/min and the micropits' depth is 10 μm, the textured port plate pair has an optimal antifriction effect; when the rotate speeds are 300 r/min and 450 r/min and the micropits are 15 μm deep, the textured port plate pair has an optimal antifriction effect.As is shown in Figure 4(b), under the conditions of the abovementioned 3 micropit depths and 4 different rotate speeds, antifriction effect does exist to some extent in the textured port plate pair.As a whole, the antifriction ratio at the depth of 10 μm is close to that at the depth of 15 μm, with the maximal antifriction ratio 32.61%, corresponding micropit depth 15 μm, and the rotate speed 300 r/min.
From Figure 3(a), it can be seen that, with the area ratio 10%, the friction coefficients are close to each other and antifriction effect would be the poorest at different rotate speeds when the micropits are 5 μm deep.When the micropits' depth is 10 μm, the antifriction effect would be the best and the antifriction ratio is closest to that at the depth of 15 μm, with the maximum difference only 13.21%.e antifriction shown in Figure 3(b) indicates that the textured port plate pairs at the 4 rotate speeds all have negative antifriction ratios, giving expression to an increasing effect on friction.When the micropits' depths are 10 μm and 15 μm, the difference between the two corresponding antifriction ratios is very small.When the micropits' depth is 10 μm and the rotate speed is 300 r/min, the maximum antifriction ratio is 27.98%.
In Figure 6, it can be seen that, with the area ratio 20%, the textured port plate pair has the worst antifriction effect at different rotate speeds when the micropits are 5 μm deep, while it has the best antifriction effect when the micropits are 10 μm deep.
e friction coefficients at the three rotate speeds (except for the speed of 300 r/min) and at the three micropit depths are very close to each other.
In conclusion, when the parameters such as the loading force, the rotate speed, and other textured parameters remain the same, the textured port plate pair has the best antifriction effect when the micropits are 10 μm deep, while it has worst antifriction effect when the micropits are 5 μm deep.

e Wear Volume.
e time of the wear experiment is 10 hours; the wear volume of the upper test specimen is measured as the evaluation parameter.e results are analyzed as follows.
Figure 7(a) shows that the wear volume changes with the micropit depths when the micropit diameter is 100 μm and  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering the area ratios are 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.Overall, the decreased wear volumes four area ratios are rather small, but they are the smallest when the micropits are 10 μm deep, with the wear volume at the depth of 15 μm the second place and that at the depth of 5 μm the third place.With the same micropits' depth, the antiwear effect is optimal when the area ratio is 10%.e optimal antiwear ratio could amount to 88.65% when the micropits are 10 μm deep and the area ratio is 10%.
Compared with the untextured port plate pair, the textured port plate pair displays greater effect on antifriction when the area ratio is 15% and the micropits' depths are 5 μm and 15 μm, respectively.To put it more accurately, the wear volume of the textured port plate pair increases over 10 times when the area ratio is 15% and the micropits' depth is 5 μm.shows that the wear volume changes with the micropits' depths when the micropit's diameter is 300 μm and the area ratios are 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.Different from Figure 7(a), antiwear effect comes to its best when the micropit depth is 15 μm; the effect at the depth of 10 μm comes the second, similar to that at the depth of 15 μm; the effect at the depth of 5 μm is the worst.With the same micropit depth, the antifriction effect is relatively obvious when the area ratios are 10% and15%, but it is not so ideal when 5% and 20%.e smallest antiwear effect occurs when the area ratio is 15% and the micropits' depth is 15 μm, with antiwear ratio 92.42% compared to that of the untextured port plate pair.Both the wear volumes increase in the cases of the 5% area ratio and the 5 μm deep micropits and the 20% area ratio and the 10 μm deep micropits, with the increase in the wear ratios 29.08% and 303.16%, respectively.

e Surface Roughness.
In order to investigate the wear of the textured port plate pair, the surface roughness of the upper test specimen is measured.Figure 8(a) shows that the surface roughness changes with the micropit depths when the micropit diameter is 100 μm and the area ratios are 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, whose histogram is similar to that of the corresponding wear volume.At di erent area ratios, the surface roughness at the micropit depth of 5 μm is the largest, that at the depth of 15 μm comes the second, and that at the micropit depth of 10 μm is the smallest.Under the circumstances of the three micropits' depths, all the surface roughnesses are the smallest when the area ratio is 10%.e minimum surface roughness occurs when the area ratio is 10% and the micropit depth is 10 μm, while the maximum surface roughness appears when the area ratio is 15% and the micropit depth is 5 μm.
In Figure 8(b), the histogram shows that the surface roughness changes with the micropit depth when the micropit diameter is 300 μm and the area ratios are 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.When the micropit depth is 15 μm, the surface roughnesses under the circumstances of erent area ratios are the smallest, indicating that the textured port plate pair has the least chance to contact the wear solid at such a micropit depth.When micropits are 10 μm deep, the surface roughnesses rank the second smallest, very close to that at the micropit depth of 15 μm.When the micropits are 5 μm deep, the surface roughnesses come at the third place.
e smallest surface roughness of the textured port plate pair appears when the area ratio is 15% and the micropit depth is 15 μm.
As can be seen in Figure 8, the e ect of the micropit depth on the wear volume bears the resemblance to that on the surface volume; that is, the smaller micropit depth is not conducive to keep the surface topography of the textured port plate pair.

Discussions
According to the theoretical analysis, with the same other textured parameters, the textured port plate pair would produce the maximum loading carrying capacity (hydrodynamic pressure) when the micropit depth is equal to the oil lm thickness.e oil lm thickness is ordinarily about 10 μm when the axial piston pump works.When the micropit depth is 10 μm, the loading carrying capacity can limit the direct contact between the port plate and the cylinder to the greatest degree.As a result, the friction coe cient is smaller while the antiwear ratio is higher.Meanwhile, the antifriction e ect would be lowered if the micropit depth is too big and restrained by the surface tension of the hydraulic oil.
For the untextured friction pair, the change of the friction coe cient re ects its lubricating state.e wear of the friction pair depends on the nature of the materials on one hand and the lubricating state on the other hand when the friction pair's materials are of no signi cant di erence, a one-to-one correspondence between the wear volume and the friction coe cient.Uniformly distributed micropits can accommodate a number of solid particulates, so the change  When the micropit diameter is 300 μm, the friction coefficient is minimum at the micropit depth of 10 μm while the wear volume minimum at the micropit depth of 15 μm, indicating the difference in the change laws between friction coefficient and wear volume.In the light of the case, the analysis can be carried out as follows: the solid particulates in the oil can be deposited more easily for the larger micropit diameter of 300 μm; as the more solid particulates are deposited in the micropits over time, the micropits will become shallow.As a result, the surface with the micropit depth of 5 μm is close to the smooth surface and the micropits of 10 μm become shallow too, which makes them to have the same tribology performance with that of the real 5 μm deep micropits, displaying the maximum wear volume.Similarly, after the surface of the 15 μm deep micropits deposits the solid particles and becomes shallower, the 15 μm deep micropits have the best antiwear performance instead.It is worth noting that the antiwear effect will be limited with the excessive micropit depth due to the surface tension of the oil.
For the micropits with diameter 100 μm, the surface is not easy to deposit the solid particles; therefore, the change laws of the wear volume are consistent with those of the friction coefficient when the micropit depths are 5 μm, 10 μm, and 15 μm.

Conclusion
e effects of the micropit depth on the tribology performance of the textured port plate pair are explored in this paper, and the results are shown as follows:    Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (1) e effects of the micropit depth on the average wear volume are related to the micropit diameters.(2) e real micropit depth should be suggestively a bit bigger than the optimal micropit depth in order that the friction pair will still keep good tribology performance when the solid particles are deposited in the micropits or the micropits are worn.(3) e surface roughness and the wear volume display the similar laws, which can further validate the antiwear effect of the textured port plate pair in the low pressure.

Figure 7 (
Figure 7(b)  shows that the wear volume changes with the micropits' depths when the micropit's diameter is 300 μm and the area ratios are 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.Different from Figure7(a), antiwear effect comes to its best when the micropit depth is 15 μm; the effect at the depth of 10 μm comes the second, similar to that at the depth of 15 μm; the effect at the depth of 5 μm is the worst.With the same micropit depth, the antifriction effect is relatively obvious when the area ratios are 10% and15%, but it is not so ideal when 5% and 20%.e smallest antiwear effect occurs when the area ratio is 15% and the micropits' depth is 15 μm, with antiwear ratio 92.42% compared to that of the untextured port plate pair.Both the wear volumes increase in the cases of the 5% area ratio and the 5 μm deep micropits and the 20% area ratio and the 10 μm deep micropits, with the increase in the wear ratios 29.08% and 303.16%, respectively.

Table 1 :
e textured parameters of the port plate.Diameter, d (μm) Depth, c (μm) Area ratio, s (Science and Engineering laws of the wear volume are naturally different from those of the friction coefficient in the textured port plate pair.

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :
Figure 4: (a) Friction coefficient and (b) antifriction ratio when the value of the area ratio is 10%.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Friction coefficient when the value of the area ratio is 20%.