Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 2323761, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2323761

Research Article

Investigating the Effects of Chopped Basalt Fiber on the Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture

Sheng Wang, Aihong Kang, Peng Xiao, Bo Li, and Weili Fu

College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Aihong Kang; kahyzu@163.com

Received 17 March 2019; Revised 21 May 2019; Accepted 18 June 2019; Published 2 July 2019

Guest Editor: Jose Norambuena-Contreras

Copyright © 2019 Sheng Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Porous asphalt mixture is a type of asphalt mixture with good drainage. However, it has poor tensile strength performance and durability. Chopped basalt fibers (CBF) have been proved to be an effective additive to improve the mechanical and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures, but little attention has been paid on porous asphalt mixture. This paper examined the effect of chopped basalt fibers with different lengths (nonfiber, 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, and 12 mm) and contents (3% and 4%) on the performance of the porous asphalt mixture. A series of tests were conducted to figure out the optimum fiber length and content, including draindown test, cantabro abrasion test, freeze-thaw split tensile test, wheel tracking test, low-temperature cracking resistance test, and four-point bending beam test. Thereafter, indirect tensile tests at different temperatures were conducted to investigate the tensile strength properties of porous asphalt mixtures with optimum fiber length and content. Besides, the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of fracture sections of the samples after indirect tensile tests were studied by using a single-lens reflex (SLR) camera and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) so as to further explore the reinforced mechanism of chopped basalt fibers. The results show that the addition of chopped basalt fibers can generally improve the performance of porous asphalt mixture since chopped basalt fibers form a three-dimensional network structure in the porous asphalt mixture.

1. Introduction

Porous asphalt mixture is widely used for its remarkable water permeability, good skid resistance performance, and the function of reducing the pavement temperature [1]. However, due to the stone skeleton structure and big air voids, the structural strength of the porous asphalt mixture mainly comes from the point-to-point intercontact of coarse aggregates [2, 3]. Compared with the conventional dense-graded asphalt mixtures, the contact area between the aggregates decreased by about 25%, resulting in stress concentration at the contact points. Therefore, the tensile strength of the porous asphalt mixture is greater than that of the conventional asphalt mixture, which will make the porous asphalt mixture suffer more thermal cracking or low-temperature cracking and prone to be loose or raveling [4–6]. Besides the limitations of porous asphalt mixtures, the increasing traffic volume is another challenging for the use of porous asphalt mixtures. Thus, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the performance of porous drainage pavement.

Adding additives to the asphalt or asphalt mixture has become one of the technical means to solve this problem [7]. In recent years, fibers have widely been used as an additive in asphalt mixtures. The outstanding characteristics of fiber asphalt mixture can prevent the expansion of asphalt pavement cracks, reduce the occurrence of high-temperature rutting, make up for the shortcomings of low-temperature brittleness, and relieve water damage on the pavements so as to significantly extend the service life of asphalt pavements.

At present, most of the fibers used in asphalt mixtures include organic fibers (lignin fibers, polymer fibers, and polyester fibers) and inorganic fiber (chopped basalt fibers, etc.) [8–10]. Previous studies have shown that organic fibers have some disadvantages such as low strength and modulus, poor resistance to high and low temperatures, and high water absorption. Besides, they also present degradation, oxidation reaction, and curling problems during mixing and paving process [7, 11, 12]. The chopped basalt fiber is made of natural basalt rocks, which are broken and thrown into a melting furnace. After being melted at 1450°C to 1500°C, the continuous fibers were formed by drawing from the platinum-rhodium alloy wire drawing plate [13–15]. As a new type of mineral fiber, chopped basalt fiber has the advantages of high strength, good acid and alkali resistance, high- and low-temperature resistance, good dispersibility, and environment friendly [16–18]. A large number of previous studies have focused on the effects of chopped basalt fiber on the performance of conventional asphalt mixture and proved the positive effects. However, little attention has been paid on porous asphalt mixture [19–22]. Therefore, the effect of chopped basalt fiber on the performance of porous asphalt mixture needs to be comprehensively studied [23, 24].

Therefore, this paper examined the effect of chopped basalt fibers with varied lengths (nonfiber, 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, and 12 mm) and contents (3% and 4%) on the performance of the porous asphalt mixture. And draindown test, cantabro abrasion test, freeze-thaw split test, wheel tracking test, low-temperature bending test, and four-point bending test were conducted, respectively. The tensile properties of porous asphalt mixture with chopped basalt fiber at different temperatures (−25°C, −15°C, −5°C, 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C) were explored by the indirect tensile test. Morphology analysis of fracture sections was also studied to further understand the reinforced mechanism of CBF by SEM.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Asphalt

A type of radial styrene-butadiene-styrene- (SBS-) modified asphalt was used in the research. The properties of asphalt are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Properties of the asphalt.

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

Penetration (25°C, 0.1 mm)
66.0
≥50

Softening point (°C)
80
≥75

Ductility (cm)
29
≥20

Viscosity (Pa·s)
2.302
2.2∼3.0

Elastic recovery (25°C, %)
98.7
≥90

Density (g·cm⁻³)
1.023
Measured

Penetration ratio (25°C, %)
85.7
≥65

2.1.2. Aggregates

Basalt coarse aggregates (minimum size of aggregate ≥4.75 mm) and limestone fine aggregates (maximum size of aggregate <4.75 mm) were used, respectively. The properties of the aggregates are listed in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 2: Properties of the coarse aggregates.

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

5∼10 mm
10∼15 mm

Apparent density (g/cm³)
3.002
2.955
≥2.70

Water absorption (%)
0.43
0.57
≤2.0

<0.075 mm grain content (%)
0.1
0.4
≤1

Soft stone content (%)
0.1
0.1
≤1

LA abrasion value (%)
9.9
≤20

Crushing value
11.0
13.0
≤18

Table 3: Properties of fine aggregates.

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

Apparent density (g/cm³)
2.936
≥2.60

Sturdiness (%)
0.2
≤3

Angularity (s)
33
≥30

2.1.3. Mineral Filler

The mineral filler was produced by limestone. Some properties are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Properties of mineral filler.

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

Apparent density (g/cm³)
2.700
≥2.60

Hydrophilic coefficient (%)
0.7
≤1

Water content (%)
0.4
≤1

2.1.4. Additives

High-viscosity agent (HVA) and chopped basalt fiber were used as additives in this study. HVA is a commonly used additive for porous asphalt mixture to enhance the viscosity of asphalt and improve the bonding between asphalt and aggregates, as shown in Figure 1. HVA is added with the aggregates and blended during the mixing process, which is called “dry process.” The dose of HVA was 0.3% by weight of the asphalt. Some properties are shown in Table 5.

Figure 1: High-viscosity agent (HVA).

Table 5: Properties of the high-viscosity agent (HVA).

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

Density (g/cm³)
0.985
0.90∼1.00

Single particle quality (g)
0.029
≤0.03

Melt index (g/10 min)
9.0
≥2.0

Chopped basalt fiber was obtained from Jiangsu Province (Figure 2). Chopped basalt fiber was added by weight of the total aggregates. Properties of CBF are shown in Table 6.

Figure 2: Chopped basalt fibers.

Table 6: Properties of chopped basalt fiber.

Properties
Results
Specification requirements

Relative density (g·cm⁻³)
2.71
—

Length (mm)
3, 6, 9, 12
—

Diameter (μm)
13
—

Water content rate (%)
0.13
≤0.2

Oil absorption rate (%)
52
≥50

Melting point (°C)
1600
—

Tensile strength (MPa)
2218
≥1200

Figure 3 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of chopped basalt fibers with the magnification level of 1000. As shown in Figure 3, chopped fiber was of regular cylinders with circular cross sections and large specific surface areas, which can absorb a certain amount of asphalt binder.

Figure 3: SEM micrograph of chopped basalt fibers.

Besides, some crystalline particles can be observed on the fiber surface, which results in increased surface roughness, and the anchoring effect can be formed when the fibers interact with the asphalt binder, thereby effectively improving the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the asphalt and improving the overall performance of the asphalt mixture subsequently.

2.2. Test Methods

The test methods are illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Flowchart of test methods.

2.2.1. Mixture Design

The gradation of porous asphalt mixture is presented in Table 7.

Table 7: Porous asphalt mixture gradation.

Sieve size (mm)
16
13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075

Passing ratio (%)
100.0
92.8
60.8
13.6
11.6
9.6
8.4
7.2
6.2
5.1

The porous asphalt mixtures with basalt fibers were fabricated for laboratory tests according to the Chinese technical specification [25]. The minimum asphalt content was determined through Cantabro tests, and the maximum asphalt content was determined through draindown tests. Table 8 summarizes the mixture design parameters of each porous asphalt mix.

Table 8: Design parameters of each porous asphalt mix.

Mixture type
No.
Fiber length (mm)
Fiber content (%)
Binder content (%)
Air void (%)

Porous asphalt mixture
01
—
—
4.6
20.3

02
3
0.3
4.8
20.1

03
3
0.4
4.8
20.1

04
6
0.3
4.8
19.9

05
6
0.4
4.8
19.8

06
9
0.3
4.8
19.6

07
9
0.4
4.8
19.5

08
12
0.3
4.9
19.3

09
12
0.4
4.9
19.2

2.2.2. Draindown Test and Cantabro Abrasion Test

The draindown test and cantabro abrasion test based on JTG E20-2011 were used to evaluate the draindown resistance and antishedding ability of the porous asphalt mixture [26]. Five replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value of every experiment.

2.2.3. Freeze-Thaw Split Strength Test

The freeze-thaw split test was performed according to the JTG E20-2011 procedure to evaluate the water stability of the porous asphalt mixtures [26]. The Marshall specimens are compacted under 50 blows per side. After absorbing water to the saturated state in vacuum, the specimens were placed in a refrigerator at −18°C ± 2°C for 16 h ± 1 h. Then, the specimens were kept in a water tank at 60°C ± 0.5°C for 24 h and then loaded at a ratio of 50 mm/min until failure. Three replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value.

2.2.4. Wheel Tracking Test

The wheel tracking tests were performed according to the JTG E20-2011 procedure to evaluate the high-temperature stability of the porous asphalt mixture [26]. The wheel tracking test was conducted at 60°C on rectangular specimens, with the dimension of 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm. Three replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value of every experiment.

2.2.5. Low-Temperature Bending Beam Test

The low-temperature bending beam test based on JTG E20-2011 was used to evaluate the low-temperature cracking resistance of the porous asphalt mixture [26]. The specimens, which were 30 mm × 35 mm × 250 mm rectangular beams, were tested to determine the bending strain at −10°C with a loading rate of 50 mm/min until cracking failure, and the load and deflection at the center of beam specimens were measured. Three replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value of every experiment. The bending strain was calculated according to the followingequation:

where εB is the maximum bending strain when the specimen failed, h is the height of the cross section of the specimen, d is the deflection of the cross section of the specimen, and L is the span of the specimen.

2.2.6. Four-Point Bending Beam Fatigue Test

In this study, the four-point bending beam fatigue test was performed using an UTM-25 testing apparatus according to JTG E20-2011 and a rectangular beam with the dimension of 380 mm × 63 mm × 50 mm was used. A haversine loading with the frequency of 10 Hz was used at 15°C, and the experiment was conducted by constant strain mode at different strain levels of 650, 850, and 1050 microstrain. Three replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value of every experiment.

2.2.7. Indirect Tensile Test

The indirect tensile test is used to determine the tensile properties of the asphalt mixture at a specified temperature and loading rate. This test was carried out in accordance with JTG E20-2011 [26], chopped basalt fibers with a length of 9 mm, content of 0.3% and length of 12 mm and content of 0.3% were mixed into porous asphalt mixture, respectively. The test temperatures were −25°C, −15°C, −5°C, 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C, and the loading rate was 50 mm/min. The indirect tensile test is illustrated in Figure 5. Three replicates are used for each test, and the final data are the average value.

Figure 5: Indirect tensile test.

2.2.8. Fracture Morphology Analysis

The fractured section of the specimens after the indirect tensile test was chosen to observe the fracture mode by using a Nikon D5300 SLR camera and an XL-30ESEM environmental scanning electron microscope. The size of each observation section was approximately 20 mm × 20  mm × 20 mm. The sample should be gold coated before the SEM test, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Sample after gold plating.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Pavement Performance Tests

The pavement performance results of porous asphalt mixtures are shown in Figures 7–12. The results of the draindown test and cantabro abrasion test are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.

Figure 7: Draindown test results.

Figure 8: Cantabro abrasion test results.

Figure 9: Freeze-thaw split test results.

Figure 10: Wheel tracking test results.

Figure 11: Low-temperature bending test results.

Figure 12: Four-point bending beam fatigue test results.

It can be seen from Figures 7 and 8 that all the results met the specification’s requirements. Clearly, the porous asphalt mixture blended with chopped basalt fiber presented the lower draindown ratio and cantabro mass loss, which means that chopped basalt fiber can improve the antishedding ability of the porous asphalt mixture. As for the effect of fiber length, with the increased fiber length, the draindown ratio and cantabro mass loss firstly decreased and then increased. And the length of 9 mm presented the lowest values. As for the effect of fiber contents, 0.3% of fibers always presented lower values than that of 0.4% of fibers. Therefore, it referred that porous asphalt mixture blended with 9 mm length and 0.3% of basalt fibers acquired the best antistripping ability.

The results of freeze-thaw split strength test are shown in Figure 9.

From Figure 9, it can be seen that the tensile strength ratios of all the specimens were in the range of 81%–84%, which met the requirement of no less than 80%. However, there was no significant difference between specimens with or without CBF, though the tensile strength ratios presented a slight increasing trend when CBF were used. It indicates that the chopped basalt fibers have no significant impact on the water stability of the porous asphalt mixture.

The results of the wheel tracking test are shown in Figure 10.

Based on Figure 10, all the dynamic stability (DS) results met the requirement of no less than 6000 cycles/mm, and compared with the no-fiber porous asphalt mixture, all the porous asphalt mixture with chopped basalt fiber presented much higher dynamic stability. As for the effect of fiber length, with the increased fiber length, the DS values firstly decreased and then increased. And the length of 9 mm presented the highest value. As for the effect of fiber contents, 0.3% of fibers always presented higher DS values than that of 0.4% of fibers. Therefore, it infers that porous asphalt mixture blended with 9 mm length and 0.3% of basalt fibers acquires the best rutting resistance ability.

The results of low-temperature bending beam test are shown in Figure 11.

It can be seen from Figure 11 that all the destructive strain results met the requirement of no less than 2800 με. And compared with the no-fiber porous asphalt mixture, porous asphalt mixture with 3 mm or 6 mm length of CBF presented a slight increment in destructive strains. However, there was an abrupt increment in the strain when 9 mm length of fibers was added into the porous asphalt mixture. When using longer fibers with a length of 12 mm, the strain was slightly reduced. As for the effect of fiber contents, similarly, 0.3% of fiber always presented higher destructive strain values than that of 0.4% of the fibers. Therefore, it refers that porous asphalt mixture blended with 9 mm and 0.3% of CBF acquires the best low-temperature cracking resistance.

The results of the four-point bending fatigue test are shown in Figure 12.

From Figure 12, it is clearly seen that porous asphalt mixtures with CBF have much higher cycles to failure. It means that chopped basalt fiber can significantly improve the fatigue performance of the porous asphalt mixture. For the same kind of porous asphalt mixture, the fatigue life change trend is the same under different strain modes, and the fatigue life decreases with the increase of strain. As for the effect of fiber length, with the increased fiber length, the failure cycles firstly increased and then decreased. And specimens with 9 mm CBF presented the highest fatigue values. As for the effect of fiber contents, 0.3% of fibers mostly presented the higher values than that of 0.4% of fibers. Therefore, it indicates that porous asphalt mixture with 9 mm length and 0.3% of basalt fibers shows the best fatigue performance.

From Figures 7–12, it can be seen that all of the tested performance of the designed porous asphalt mixtures can meet the specifications’ requirements, and the addition of chopped basalt fibers can generally improve the performances of the porous asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the fiber length and content did impact the performance to some extent. Porous asphalt mixture with 9 mm length and 0.3% of basalt fibers acquires the best pavement performance and followed by the mixtures with 12 mm length and 0.3% of fibers.

3.2. Indirect Tensile Strength Test at Different Temperatures

The tensile properties of the porous asphalt mixture can indicate the thermal cracking resistance performance. Therefore, it is important to further study the effects of chopped basalt fiber on the tensile properties of porous asphalt mixtures. Indirect tensile tests were explored to evaluate the tensile properties of porous asphalt mixtures at different temperatures. According to the results of Figures 7–12, samples with CBF of 9 mm, 12 mm length, and 0.3% content were used. The indirect tensile strengths of porous asphalt mixtures and temperature are plotted in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Results of indirect tensile strength.

As can be seen from Figure 13, the addition of both 9 mm and 12 mm CBF provides a considerable positive effect on the tensile strength of the porous asphalt mixture at all the test temperatures. For instance, compared with no-fiber mixtures, the indirect tensile strength of porous asphalt mixture with fibers increased by 7.1% and 46% at −25°C and 25°C, respectively. Furthermore, with the increasing temperature, the indirect tensile strength of all mixtures with fibers increased firstly from −25°C to −5°C and then decreased from −5°C to 25°C, and the indirect tensile strength reaches the highest point when the temperature is −5°C. It was also observed that fiber length had no obvious impact on the indirect tensile strength. However, mixtures with 9 mm fibers presented higher indirect tensile strength at several temperatures. Thus, combined with the results from Figures 7–12, 9 mm length and 0.3% content of fiber is recommended to improve the tensile properties of the porous asphalt mixture.

3.3. Morphology Analysis

The morphology of fracture sections of the samples is highly related to the temperatures. When the temperature is over 10°C, the samples cannot produce a fracture section by indirect tensile tests. Therefore, typical fracture sections of samples from indirect tensile tests (ITTs) at the temperatures of −15°C, −5°C, and 5°C were selected for morphology analysis, and the results are shown in Figures 14–16. Porous asphalt mixture is a type of continuous open-grade asphalt mixture, which presents three typical cracking mode aggregate fractures, asphalt tack coat fracture, and asphalt mortar layer fracture [27]. As shown in Figures 14–16, the aggregate fracture is grayish white (marked as green dots); the asphalt tack coat fracture is grayish black, and fracture is relatively smooth, and the fracture of the asphalt mortar layer is black and white [28].

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 14: Typical sections of no-fiber samples. (a) 5°C. (b) −5°C. (c) −15°C.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 15: Typical sections of samples with fibers of 9 mm + 0.3%. (a) 5°C. (b) −5°C. (c) −15°C.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 16: Typical sections of samples with fibers of 12 mm + 0.3%. (a) 5°C. (b) −5°C. (c) −15°C.

It can be seen from Figures 14–16 that the fracture sections of all the three types of samples from −5°C ITT presented much more grayish white parts than the samples from −15°C and 5°C ITT, and the fracture sections of all the three types of samples from −15°C ITT presented more grayish white parts than the samples from 5°C ITT. It indicates that at −5°C, aggregate fracture became an important contributor to the total indirect tensile fracture failure, along with asphalt tack coat fracture and asphalt mortar layer fracture. Since the strength of the basalt aggregates themselves becomes a part of the indirect tensile strength of the whole test specimen, the tensile strength of the porous asphalt mixture at −5°C is much higher than that at 5°C and −15°C. At −15°C, asphalt turns stiffer, and the mortar layer fracture becomes the dominant fracture mode. As a result, the tensile strength at −15°C is lower than that at −5°C but higher than that at 5°C, which is consistent with the results from Figure 13.

3.4. Microstructure Analysis by SEM

Samples with 9 mm length and 0.3% of fibers after −5°C ITT were selected for microstructure analysis by XL-30ESEM environmental scanning electron microscopy. Typical fiber distribution in porous asphalt mixture is shown in Figure 17. Interface between CBF and asphalt is shown in Figure 18.

Figure 17: SEM micrographs of the crack of the porous asphalt mixture.

(a)

(b)

Figure 18: SEM micrographs of bonding interface between the fiber and asphalt. (a) Asphalt wrapped with chopped basalt fiber; (b) distribution of fibers in asphalt.

It can be observed from Figure 17 that the chopped basalt fibers are randomly distributed in the asphalt mixture. However, the distribution formed a three-dimensional spatial network structure, which is significant for the reinforcement of asphalt mixtures. The three-dimensional network structure cannot only bear and transfer stress but also improve the inner defects of the asphalt mixtures. Moreover, it can enhance the integrity of the asphalt mixtures so as to prevent crack propagation.

In Figure 18(a), chopped basalt fiber is dispersed in the asphalt and has good wettability with asphalt, and it absorbs a part of free asphalt and makes it become structural asphalt. Meanwhile, chopped basalt fiber can absorb a certain amount of asphalt so as to maintain the free asphalt, resulting in a positive improvement effect on the asphalt mixture performance.

In Figure 18(b), the surface of the fiber is covered with asphalt, which means the chopped basalt fiber is well bonded to the asphalt. Furthermore, even the broken end of the BCF was covered with asphalt, indicating an excellent interface bonding force between the chopped basalt fiber and the asphalt.

4. Conclusions

According to the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

(1)The addition of chopped basalt fibers can improve the pavement performance of porous asphalt mixture, and the recommended length and content of fiber are 9 mm and 0.3%, respectively.(2)The addition of chopped basalt fiber can improve the indirect tensile strength of porous asphalt mixture. No obvious difference was observed between the 9 mm and 12 mm length of fibers. The indirect tensile strength reaches the maximum value at −5°C.(3)At −5°C, the strength of aggregates contributes to the indirect tensile strength of the test sample, resulting in the maximum indirect tensile strength.(4)The chopped basalt fiber is well combined with the asphalt and distributed in a three-dimensional network structure in the porous asphalt mixture, which can reinforce the performance of asphalt mixture significantly.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to appreciate the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 51578481 and 51578480), the Practice and Innovation Plans for Graduates of Yangzhou University (XSJCX17_023), and Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (16KJB580010).

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