Anemia
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 7345835, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7345835

Research Article

Absolute Reticulocyte Count and Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content as Predictors of Early Response to Exclusive Oral Iron in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Emilia Parodi,¹ Maria Teresa Giraudo,² Fulvio Ricceri,³ Maria Luigia Aurucci,⁴ Raffaela Mazzone,⁵ and Ugo Ramenghi⁴

¹Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Largo Turati 62, 10128 Turin, Italy
²Department of Mathematics “G. Peano”, University of Turin, Via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
³Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
⁴Hematology Unit, Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy
⁵Hematology and Coagulation Laboratory, Città della Scienza e della Salute Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy

Received 30 December 2015; Revised 2 March 2016; Accepted 3 March 2016

Academic Editor: Maria Stella Figueiredo

Copyright © 2016 Emilia Parodi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We report data regarding kinetic of response to oral iron in 34 iron deficiency anemia children. Twenty-four/34 patients (70.5%) reached reference value of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration for age and sex at day + 30 from the beginning of treatment (complete early responders (CERs)), and 4/34 (12%) reached an Hb concentration at least 50% higher than the original (partial early responders (PERs)). CHr at T1 (within 7 days from the beginning of treatment) was significantly different in the different groups (22.95 in CERs versus 18.41 in other patients; ; 22.42 in early responders versus 18.07 in NERs; ). Relative increase of CHr from T0 to T1 resulted significantly higher in CERs than in other patients (0.21 versus 0.11, ) and in early responders than in NERs (0.22 versus 0.004, ). Multivariate logistic models revealed a higher probability of being a complete early responder due to relative increase of ARC from T0 to T1 [OR (95% CI) = 44.95 (1.54–1311.98)] and to CHr at T1 [OR (95% CI) =3.18 (1.24–8.17)]. Our preliminary data confirm CHr as early and accurate predictor of hematological response to oral iron.

1. Introduction

Reticulocytes are the youngest erythrocytes released from the bone marrow into circulating blood. Under normal conditions, after maturing for 1–3 days within the bone marrow, they are released into peripheral blood where they circulate for 1-2 days before becoming mature erythrocytes. The reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) provides an indirect measure of the functional iron available for new red blood cell production over the previous 3-4 days [1]. CHr in peripheral blood samples has been proven to be a useful marker for diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) both in children [2–4] and adults [5].

Brugnara et al. [6] demonstrated that CHr also provides an early measure of the response to parenteral iron therapy increasing within 2–4 days of the initiation of intravenous iron therapy.

The goal of therapy for IDA, the most common hematological disease of infancy and childhood, is to supply sufficient iron to repair the hemoglobin (Hb) deficit and replenish storage iron [7]. Oral iron administration is a well-established effective and worldwide accepted treatment for anemia derived from inadequate dietary iron intake because of its efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness [8]. Thus, in our Pediatric Hematology Unit, oral iron treatment is the first-line therapy for all children with IDA with anamnestic suspicion of inadequate iron intake, independently of base Hb level. Recently, we have identified absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) and CHr as accurate and precocious markers in order to early detect early responders to exclusive oral iron therapy in a small cohort of pediatric patients with severe iron deficiency anemia (IDA) [9]. These preliminary results in children with very low base Hb levels (median Hb level before treatment 6.3 g/dL; range 4.5–7.0) prompted us to investigate the efficacy of reticulocyte parameters in monitoring the response to oral iron supplementation in a larger cohort of pediatric patients.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients and Hematological Evaluation

Clinical records of patients referred to our Pediatric Hematology Unit for IDA between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2014, were retrospectively analyzed.

Patients who matched inclusion criteria and did not present exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data about patients with an age between 6 months and 16 years, a hemoglobin level more than 2 standard deviations below the mean reference value for age and gender, a transferrin saturation < 15%, and a high anamnestic suspicion of inadequate iron intake were analyzed. Patients with diagnosis of celiac disease, positivity of fecal occult blood test, or positivity of Helicobacter pylori fecal antigen test were excluded. Patients from our preliminary report were not included in the present study [9].

All children with these characteristics had started a first-line treatment with exclusive oral iron supplementation at a dosage equivalent to 2 mg/kg/die of elemental iron. In all patients but one, who underwent therapy with liposomial iron, bisglycinate chelate iron was administered.

Data about Hb levels and reticulocyte parameters (ARC and CHr) at diagnosis, before treatment (T0), within 7 days (T1), and at day +30 (T2) from the beginning of iron supplementation, were extrapolated from clinical records of each patient and analyzed with analytical methods.

Hb and reticulocyte parameters on peripheral blood samples had been measured with an automated flow cytometer (Advia 120 Bayer®) with optic measure; reticulocytes had been stained with dye oxazine 750. Approximately 50.000 cells had been counted for each red blood cell and reticulocyte determinations.

2.2. Statistical Analysis

We described data as number and frequencies or mean and standard deviation for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively.

Differences between different groups of patients were tested using Fisher’s exact test or Wilcoxon sum rank test (due to the not normal distribution of all the values as established by means of Shapiro-Wilks normality tests), as appropriate.

To account for possible confounding variables, we performed a multivariate logistic model, adjusting for age, sex, and Hb value at diagnosis.

Relative increase of ARC and CHr from T0 to T1 was computed as .

All tests were two-sided and a value lower than 0.050 was considered significant. Analyses were performed using SAS V9.4.

2.3. Definitions

Response was defined as early and complete if patients reached mean Hb reference value for age at day +30 (T2) from the onset of iron therapy (complete early responders (CERs)).

Response at T2 was defined as early and partial if patients reached an Hb concentration at least 50% higher than the original one, computed as (partial early responders, PERs).

Patients who at T2 did not achieve an Hb concentration at least 50% higher than the original one were classified as not early responders (NERs).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Patients

Thirty-four pediatric patients, 22 males and 12 females, with a mean (SD) age at diagnosis of 52 (61) months, matched inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. Patients’ characteristics at diagnosis are set out in Table 1.

Table 1: Patients’ characteristics at diagnosis.

Patient
(id)
Sex
(M/F)
Age at diagnosis
(months)
Hb T0
(g/dL)
ARC T0
(/mmc)
CHr T0
(pg)

1
M
9
5.8
82800
15.3

2
M
9
5.5
79800
15.4

3
M
12
5.1
54100
15.4

4
M
48
5.0
82200
15.7

5
M
7
5.7
148100
15.7

6
M
24
4.5
145700
15.8

7
F
24
6.8
89200
16.1

8
F
24
6.1
66700
16.4

9
F
144
7.0
126000
16.7

10
F
96
6.3
92300
16.9

11
F
72
6.3
85400
17.2

12
M
36
7.9
78300
17.5

13
M
48
8.1
94000
18.0

14
M
7
8.7
43700
18.2

15
M
9
6.0
56800
18.2

16
F
36
7.8
69500
18.5

17
F
7
5.8
78000
18.8

18
M
11
9.3
53600
18.8

19
F
8
8.9
15500
19.0

20
F
180
7.4
63500
19.4

21
M
60
7.2
47700
19.7

22
M
192
8.5
40500
20.4

23
M
24
7.4
46600
20.4

24
F
156
6.8
78600
20.5

25
F
180
6.5
56100
20.6

26
M
48
7.9
59700
21.2

27
M
36
8.0
19800
21.8

28
M
4
8.8
57700
24.8

29
M
192
6.3
68000
na

30
M
24
6.7
18600
na

31
M
6
6.3
132000
na

32
M
24
6.0
152000
na

33
M
5
6.8
50000
na

34
F
8
5.5
42000
na

3.2. Hemoglobin and Reticulocyte Parameters at T0, T1, and T2

Data regarding values of Hb, ARC, and CHr at T0, T1, and T2 are set out in Table 2.

Table 2: Hemoglobin and reticulocyte parameters at T0 (before treatment), T1 (within 7 days from the beginning of oral iron), and at T2 (day +30 from the beginning of treatment).

Patient
(id)
T0 Hb
(g/dL)
T1 Hb
(g/dL)
T2 Hb
(g/dL)
T0 ARC
(/mmc)
T1 ARC
(/mmc)
T2 ARC
(/mmc)
T0 CHr
(pg)
T1 CHr
(pg)
T2 CHr
(pg)

1
5.8
6.3
9.1
82800
182200
84200
15.3
21.0
26.0

2
5.5
5.7
8.4
79800
137300
141300
15.4
15.8
19.6

3
5.1
5.9
11.1
54100
99100
44000
15.4
18.7
29.8

4
5.0
4.9
7.0
82200
126300
78900
15.7
16.8
16.4

5
5.7
5.9
8.0
148100
232000
154100
15.7
17.5
17.7

6
4.5
4.5
9.4
145700
209400
122200
15.8
20.5
24.9

7
6.8
7.6
12.9
89200
190000
47400
16.1
21.9
25.2

8
6.1
7.2
13.2
66700
155300
31500
16.4
24.2
30.1

9
7.0
7.2
12.4
126000
201400
106200
16.7
19.9
29.0

10
6.3
7.1
11.8
92300
315000
79400
16.9
22.3
27.2

11
6.3
6.1
7.4
85400
134500
107000
17.2
18.3
19.3

12
7.9
8.1
9.8
78300
110600
66000
17.5
20.8
23.7

13
8.1
8.6
10.5
94000
148200
54300
18.0
23.8
27.6

14
8.7
9.7
9.4
43700
71600
67100
18.2
18.8
18.1

15
6.0
7.0
12.2
56800
108200
60000
18.2
19.7
26.6

16
7.8
7.4
9.5
69500
71500
69500
18.5
19.3
23.6

17
5.8
6.3
12.4
78000
232000
43800
18.8
21.0
31.3

18
9.3
9.1
9.5
53600
84200
148300
18.8
17.7
21.0

19
8.9
9.3
10.5
15500
262500
61900
19.0
25.6
22.5

20
7.4
8.8
10.8
63500
148100
44800
19.4
27.3
27.6

21
7.2
7.2
12.5
47700
155900
71100
19.7
22.7
28.9

22
8.5
8.4
10.5
40500
44600
70100
20.4
25.7
26.2

23
7.4
8.8
10.5
46600
240300
42200
20.4
26.7
32.1

24
6.8
7.7
13.7
78600
105500
26100
20.5
24.3
32.0

25
6.5
8.9
10.7
56100
149900
188500
20.6
22.6
22.3

26
7.9
7.5
10.4
59700
93900
35400
21.2
22.0
26.3

27
8.0
8.9
11.8
19800
42000
63500
21.8
22.9
30.9

28
8.8
9.2
10.8
57700
59200
75500
24.8
23.9
26.2

29
6.3
6.9
10.0
68000
101340
82800
na
na
na

30
6.7
8.0
10.0
18600
345700
26400
na
na
na

31
6.3
6.7
12.4
132000
294100
37000
na
na
na

32
6.0
6.7
9.3
152000
233000
103000
na
na
na

33
6.8
6.7
9.8
50000
110000
94500
na
na
na

34
5.5
6.0
11.2
42000
537000
66800
na
na
na

Mean (SD) Hb level before treatment (T0) was 6.84 (1.22) g/dL. It increased to 7.36 g/L (1.31) and 10.56 g/L (1.62) at T1 and T2, respectively.

Mean (SD) ARC before treatment (T0) was 72799/mmc (35155). It increased to 168583/mmc (101196) at T1 and then decreased again to 76317/mmc (38924) at T2, respectively.

CHr could be fully monitored only for 28 patients. Mean CHr before treatment was 18.20 pg (2.32). It increased to 21.48 pg (3.04) and 25.43 pg (4.49) at T1 and T2, respectively.

Twenty-four/34 patients (70.5%) were classified as complete early responders (CERs), 4/34 (12%) as partial early responders (PERs), and the remaining 6 (17.5%) as not early responders (NERs).

Data about mean Hb, ARC, and CHr at T0, T1, and T2 in different groups of patients are set out in Tables 3(a) and 3(b).

Table 3: Descriptive characteristics of patients, divided into CERs = complete early responders (i.e., normal Hb value at day +30 for therapy onset), PERs = partial early responders (Hb value at day +30 at least 50% higher than the original one), and NERs = not early responders. values come from Wilcoxon sum rank test.

(a)

CERs ()
PERs + NERs ()

(%)

(%)
value

Male
14
(63.64%)
8
(36.36%)
0.430

Female
10
(83.33%)
2
(16.67%)

Mean
(SD)
Mean
(SD)
value

T0 Hb (g/dL)
7.00
(1.03)
6.46
(1.60)
0.134

T1 Hb (g/dL)
7.67
(1.02)
6.63
(1.68)
0.050

T2 Hb (g/dL)
11.33
(1.15)
8.70
(0.94)
<0.001

T0 ARC (/mmc)
63820
(29399)
94280
(39813)
0.040

T1 ARC (/mmc)
177077
(113504)
148200
(63023)
0.620

T2 ARC (/mmc)
63300
(33954)
107560
(32749)
0.002

(T1 ARC − T0 ARC)/T0 ARC
2.92
(4.87)
0.58
(0.29)
0.023

T0 CHr (pg)
19.04
(2.33)
16.73°
(1.44)
0.020

T1 CHr (pg)
22.95
(2.38)
18.41°
(1.69)
0.001

T2 CHr (pg)
27.66
(2.99)
20.73°
(3.38)
0.001

(T1 CHr−T0 CHr)/T0 CHr
0.21
(0.14)
0.11°
(0.14)
0.042

°

(b)

CERs + PERs ()
NERs ()

(%)

(%)
value

Male
18
(81.82%)
4
(18.18%)
1.000

Female
10
(83.33%)
2
(16.67%)

Mean
(SD)
Mean
(SD)
value

T0 Hb (g/dL)
6.78
(1.12)
7.13
(1.73)
0.790

T0 Hb (g/dL)
7.40
(1.20)
7.18
(1.90)
0.750

T0 Hb (g/dL)
11.00
(1.35)
8.47
(1.14)
0.001

T0 ARC (/mmc)
71143
(35210)
80417
(36866)
0.580

T0 ARC (/mmc)
178991
(105758)
120017
(61270)
0.120

T0 ARC (/mmc)
70354
(36863)
104150
(39149)
0.040

(T1 ARC−T0 ARC)/T0 ARC
2.60
(4.56)
0.49
(0.23)
0.005

T0 CHr (pg)
18.56
(2.49)
17.35°
(1.39)
0.300

T1 CHr (pg)
22.42
(2.73)
18.07°
(0.91)
0.001

T2 CHr (pg)
27.09
(3.30)
19.35°
(2.60)
<0.001

(T1 CHr−T0 CHr)/T0 CHr
0.22
(0.14)
0.04°
(0.06)
0.006

°

Trends of mean values of Hb, ARC, and CHr in the different groups of children are graphically represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Trends of mean Hb, ARC, and CHr values (-axis) in early responding patients (CERs + PERs) and not early responding patients (NERs) at T0: diagnosis, T1: within 7 days from the beginning of oral iron supplementation, and T2: at +30 from the onset of therapy (-axis).

3.3. Factors Predictive of Response at Day +30: Comparison between Complete Early Responders and Other Patients

No differences were detected regarding gender and hemoglobin values at diagnosis (T0).

CHr at T0 was significantly higher in CERs than in remaining patients (19.94 pg versus 16.73 pg; ).

Analysis of Hb values at T1 revealed no difference between the two different groups (7.67 g/dL versus 6.63 g/dL, ).

CHr at T1 was significantly different between CERs and other patients (22.95 versus 18.41; ).

Relative increase of CHr from T0 to T1, computed as , resulted significantly higher in CERs than in other patients (0.21 versus 0.11, ).

Results from multivariate logistic models revealed a higher probability of being a complete early responder due to relative increase of ARC from T0 to T1 [OR (95% CI) = 44.95 (1.54–1311.98); ] and to CHr at T1 [OR (95% CI) = 3.18 (1.24–8.17); ]. Both models were adjusted by age at diagnosis, sex, and level of Hb at T0.

Differences between CERs and other patients are reported in Table 3(a).

3.4. Factors Predictive of Response at Day +30: Comparison between Early Responders and Not Early Responders

When the distinction between early responders and not responders was taken into account, CHr at T1 was significantly different in the two groups (22.42 versus 18.07; ).

Relative increase of CHr from T0 to T1, computed as , resulted significantly higher, too (0.22 versus 0.004, ).

Differences between early responders and not responders are reported in Table 3(b).

3.5. Discussion

Our data confirm the efficacy of oral iron administration in promptly improving Hb values in patients with severe anemia, too.

More than 70% of patients retrospectively enrolled in the study reached mean hemoglobin (Hb) reference value for age and gender within one month from the initiation of treatment, independently from base Hb level. Only a negligible percentage of children did not reach an Hb concentration at least 50% higher than the original after one month of therapy and was therefore classified as unresponsive to therapy. As our patients have not been tested for alpha and beta thalassemia at diagnosis or during the first month of therapy, we cannot rule out the possibility that these children have not responded to iron because of a concomitant hemoglobinopathy.

Measurement of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) has been validated in literature as the strongest independent predictor of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, when compared to other laboratory markers (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, or mean corpuscular volume), both in children and in adults [1]. In pediatric patients, optimal CHr cut-off has been proven to be 27.5 pg for detecting iron deficiency (with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 72%) [3] and 26 pg for detecting iron deficiency anemia (with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 75%) [2]. In the totality of children described in our cohort (all displaying severe iron deficiency, defined by a transferrin saturation value of less than 10%), CHr levels were significantly lower than cut-off level of 26 pg ( for corresponding Wilcoxon test), and in 75% of children resulted even less than 20 pg.

The finding that CHr at T0 was significantly lower in patients who did not reach normal Hb levels at day +30 raises the intriguing possibility that CHr level at diagnosis might be a predictor of early response to oral iron. To our knowledge, no data about this issue are present in literature to date. Due to the limitations derived from the small sample size, our results need to be confirmed on larger cohorts of patients.

As reticulocyte indices allow a real-time evaluation of iron deficient erythropoiesis and of the effectiveness of iron replacement therapy [1], CHr has been validated in literature as an early predictor of response to parenteral iron therapy, in children receiving hemodialysis [10] and in adults [6].

Similar conclusion regarding response to exclusive oral iron therapy in a small cohort of children with severe iron deficiency anemia had been previously reported by our group [9]. Main outcome of our preliminary study [9] was to evaluate if oral iron supplementation should be proposed as first-line treatment in a small cohort of clinically asymptomatic patients with severe iron deficiency anemia. These patients, due to their Hb levels (median 6.3 g/dL, range 4.5–7), needed a tight follow-up; for that reason, the kinetic of response was assessed within 48 hours from the onset of iron administration (T1) and our data demonstrated the utility of ARC and CHr as accurate markers for the early detection of patients not responding to oral iron to be quickly switched to other therapies (parenteral iron supplementation or transfusion). These results prompted us to investigate the efficacy of reticulocyte parameters in monitoring the response to oral iron supplementation in a larger cohort of pediatric patients.

Despite the limitations derived from the retrospective nature of the study, analysis of reticulocyte parameters within one week from the beginning of therapy confirmed CHr to predict good early hematologic response to iron supplements after one week of therapy.

In particular, both CHr levels within 7 days from the beginning of therapy and the relative increase of CHr from T0 to T1 resulted significantly higher in patients who displayed normal hemoglobin levels or a hemoglobin concentration at least 50% higher than the original one at day +30.

4. Conclusions

Aim of the present study was to evaluate kinetic of response to oral iron in a cohort of pediatric patients with iron deficiency anemia and to investigate the usefulness of reticulocyte parameters CHr and ARC in monitoring early response to iron supplementation.

Despite the limitations derived from both the small number of patients and the retrospective nature of the study, according to data of literature, our data confirm that oral iron supplementation is an effective treatment for iron deficiency anemia, independently from base hemoglobin at diagnosis.

Moreover, our preliminary data suggest that reticulocyte parameters are early and accurate predictors of response to oral therapy and that pediatricians could take advantage of reticulocyte hemoglobin content both at diagnosis and during follow-up of iron deficiency anemia for assessing early erythropoietic response to iron replacement therapy.

A prospective multicentre study on a larger cohort of patients is ongoing in order to reinforce our conclusions.

Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

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