Active and Passive Electronic ComponentsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 921738, 7 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/921738

Research Article

Pentacene-Based Thin Film Transistor with Inkjet-Printed Nanocomposite High-K Dielectrics

Chao-Te Liu, Wen-Hsi Lee, and Jui-Feng Su

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan

Received 15 August 2011; Accepted 11 November 2011

Academic Editor: Hsiao W. Zan

Copyright © 2012 Chao-Te Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The nanocomposite gate insulating film of a pentacene-based thin film transistor was deposited by inkjet printing. In this study, utilizing the pearl miller to crumble the agglomerations and the dispersant to well stabilize the dispersion of nano-TiO₂ particles in the polymer matrix of the ink increases the dose concentration for pico-jetting, which could be as the gate dielectric film made by inkjet printing without the photography process. Finally, we realized top contact pentacene-TFTs and successfully accomplished the purpose of directly patternability and increase the performance of the device based on the nanocomposite by inkjet printing. These devices exhibited p-channel TFT characteristics with a high field-effect mobility (a saturation mobility of ̃0.58 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹), a large current ratio (>10³) and a low operation voltage (<6 V). Furthermore, we accorded the deposited mechanisms which caused the interface difference between of inkjet printing and spin coating. And we used XRD, SEM, Raman spectroscopy to help us analyze the transfer characteristics of pentacene films and the performance of OTFTs.

1. Introduction

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) for display recently have been studied widely because of potential application in low cost, large area, and suiting for flexible electronics. They can be fabricated by simple soluble processes. However, the field mobility of OTFTs is lower and the threshold voltage is higher than that of the amorphous Si (a-Si) TFTs. Gate dielectrics plays a significant role in modifying the ameliorating of a field effect OTFTs [1, 2]. Currently, high-k materials are other ideal candidates and most of them are based on inorganic ceramic, which require widely expensive deposition process and higher annealing temperature. One way is to combine the advantages of inorganic high-k nanoparticles with organic soluble polymers to form the nanocomposite dielectrics [2–7]. The nanocomposite (NC) film is incompetent for photography to pattern as insulators of active matrix arrays and was introduced consequently into some new direct printing technology such as inkjet printing.

Recently, inkjet printing (IJP) process has been developed for electrical devices and become a promising instrument for the display industry because of the possibility in mask-free process and patternablility for nanoscale. In this study, we investigated the correlation of characteristics of printed NC-films with various solid phases which affects the performance of O-TFTs application. We mixed cross-linked poly-4 vinyl phenol (PVP) solution and nanoparticles of TiO₂ by pearl milling to attaining to increase the dielectric constant of gate insulator. Furthermore, the nanocomposite film based on the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure by inkjet printing achieves a high dielectric constant and low leakage current comparable to that by spin coating [2].

2. Experiments

2.1. Preparation of Inorganic-Organic Composite

The cross-linked PVP (Mw~25,000, from Aldrich) (9 wt%) and cross-linking reagent poly-(melamine–co–formaldehyde) methylated (PMCF, , from Aldrich) (4 wt%) dissolved in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) were selected as the polymer matrix in which titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, a high-k material (Hombitan RM300, , 15 nm), were uniformly dispersed. Ceramic slurry was well dispersed with the surface modified nano-TiO₂ particles by using 2 wt% dispersant (polysester) in PGMEA after pearl milling for 15 min at 2800 rpm, and subsequently blending the slurry of TiO₂ nanoparticles into cross-linked PVP solution which adjusted the concentration of the blended TiO₂ nanoparticles.

2.2. Fabrication of Devices

Figure 1 presents two configurations of devices fabricated in this work. Nanocomposite dielectric layers were used to form a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure and also a bottom-contact TFT device. The thickness of indium–tin oxide (ITO) layer was thermally deposited for about 100 nm as a gate electrode on the glass substrate. After cleaning the glass with acetone in an ultrasonic bath, the nanocomposite film on ITO glass substrates was inkjet-printed with a thickness of 300–400 nm from the filtered (0.45-um PTFE filter) compound slurry and then baked at 190°C for 30 min. The printer was piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printer (DMC-2800, DIMATIX Corp.), and the spherical droplets were jetted to form a flat insulating layer. To obtain the leakage current density and dielectric constant, gold was thermally evaporated through the shadow mask and used as cover electrodes for the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure. For the top-contact OTFT structure, a 200 nm thick pentacene film was deposited as an organic semiconductor layer at deposition rate of 6 nm/s on the nanocomposite gate dielectric film under about  torr. Finally, gold was thermally evaporated through another shadow mask with channel as drain and source contacts.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) The MIM structure of TiO₂–PVP nanocomposite gate dielectric. (b) Configuration of “Bottom Gate” and “Top Contact” structure of an OTFT with the nanocomposite gate dielectric.

2.3. Measurements

The thickness and roughness of the films were measured by a DI 3100 series atomic force microscope (AFM). The current-voltage (-) characteristics of MIM were measured by an HP 4156A semiconductor parameter analyzer. The capacitance measurements were conducted with a HP 4284 A Precision LCR meter. The surface microstructures of the pentacene films on the dielectrics were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, XL-40FEG, Philips).

Raman spectrometer was used to characterize and compare the films quality, which can examine the relationship of the mobility and molecular vibrating.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characteristics of Nanocomposite Gate Dielectric

Due to excellent stabilities in atmosphere environment and promising leakage current property [8], PVP dielectric was chosen as the matrix polymer. After the doped particles were separated more effectively by pearl-milling and dispersant of 2 wt% to nanosized dimensions about 26 nm, the surface to volume ratio area of the particles would be substantially higher, and consequently the dispersive particles tend to agglomerate more easily by van der Waals forces as well as Brownian motion during the dispersive process [9]. The jetting stability dependence of the slurry properties including the boiling point of solvent, viscosity, and surface tension was taken into account.

The variation of dielectric properties with TiO₂ content in PVP is shown in Table 1. The dielectric constant of the NC gate dielectric is significantly enhanced with raising TiO₂ nanoparticles content in PVP. This result is associated with a greater dispersion and separation of high-k particles to enhance the equivalent parallel capacitance.

Table 1: The properties of MIM with PVP insulators with different TiO₂-blending concentration by IJP.

Slurry
Pure PVP
PVP + 1 wt% TiO₂
PVP + 3 wt% TiO₂
PVP + 5 wt% TiO₂

Thickness (nm)
500
450
460
490

Roughness (nm)
0.681
4.704
9.276
17.257

Leakage current density (A/cm²)
6.45 × 10⁻⁸ (at 63 V)
5.50 × 10⁻⁷ (at 57 V)
1.31 × 10⁻⁶ (at 58 V)
2.95 × 10⁻⁶ (at 62 V)

Dielectric constant
4.26
4.86
5.58
6.87

Figure 2 shows the leakage current and dielectric constant of the nanocomposite films based on PVP polymer matrices with different TiO₂ nanoparticles concentration. The leakage current density of the insulator layers was deteriorating with increasing the TiO₂ content in the MIM structure. The comparison between leakage current and leakage current density is based on the fact that electric field is 1.25 MV/cm (applied bias/thickness of insulation layer).   is defined as the electric field at which the gate dielectric leakage current density exceeds 10⁻⁶ A/cm². was around 2.12 MV/cm at 1 wt% of doping and down to 1.65 MV/cm at 3 wt%. This result is attributed to the enhancement of leakage conduction path related to the surface roughness and defect states in the interface between active and insulator layers [10] which was produced by higher inorganic content with lower energy gap in the wide-gap polymer matrix. The performance of leakage current of the gate dielectric would reflect the current-on/off ratio () of the OTFT device. The corresponding AFM images of the neat PVP, PVP + 1 wt% TiO₂, PVP + 3 wt% TiO₂, and PVP + 5 wt% TiO₂ nanocomposite films are shown in Figures 7(a), 7(b), 7(c), and 7(d). There is an obvious difference in morphology between the neat and nanocomposite films.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: The plots of (a) - characteristics and (b) relation of leakage current and surface roughness to TiO₂ ratio in the MIM structure using nanocomposite insulators with various TiO₂ concentration.

However, the increasing roughness of the NC-films due to raising TiO₂ solid content in NC-drops results in degenerating liquidity of the film formed by inkjet printing on glass substrate.

Because the film-forming mechanism of NC-film by inkjet printing is different from spin coating (SPC), the degree of inner high-k particle distribution in polymer matrix affects electrical characteristics and qualities of NC-films. Two mechanisms used to presume the dissimilarities between IJP and SPC methods are shown in Figure 3. The NC-inks prepared by pearl-milling has well dispersion, smaller nanoparticle size than ball-milling, and more solid content in polymer, which resulted in enhancing dielectric constant to () evidently. Figure 3(b) demonstrates that spin-coating the mixture of TiO₂ in polymer matrix makes the high-k particles affected by the outward net force from spinning to assemble on the edge of the film. The particle shift reduce the solid content in the middle with lower dielectric constant, but the surface would be more smooth.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Film-forming mechanisms of NC-film: (a) inkjet printing (IJP); (b) spin coating (SPC).

3.2. Electrical Properties of OTFTs with Nanocomposite Gate Dielectric

The transfer curve and square root versus gate voltage with 0 and 3 wt% TiO₂-blending of the NC-dielectric pentacene OTFT in the saturation region ( V) is shown in Figure 4. The threshold voltage () for a p-channel TFT device is related to the capacitance of the gate oxide, as given by (1) [11]

Figure 4: Transfer characteristics in saturation region for pentacene TFTs deposited on the PVP-TiO₂ nanocomposite gate dielectric insulator with 3 wt% of TiO₂ contents ( V).

Here, is the potential difference in the work function of the gate metal and the semiconductor. and is the fixed and interface trap charge density, respectively. is the work function difference between the Fermi level and the intrinsic Fermi level, is the magnitude of electronic charge, is the acceptor impurity concentration, is dielectric permittivity of semiconductor, and is the capacitance per unit area of the gate oxide. is proportional to the intrinsic dielectric constant of the material. For working under a lower operating voltage (), one solution is to increase the dielectric constant of the gate insulator of TFT by (1). On both increasing and , the electrical transport properties in the saturation regime can be calculated by (2) [12] In (2), is the saturation drain current, is the field-effect saturation carrier mobility of the semiconductor, is the capacitance per unit area of the insulator layer, is the channel width, and is the channel length. With 9 wt% of the polymer concentration, dielectric constant of the nanocomposite PVP+TiO₂-3 wt% films are raised from 4.26 to 5.58. Owing to the gate dielectric with higher dielectric constant, the polarization in the interface between active and insulator layers can be enhanced, causing a stronger accumulation of charged carriers in the active channel to increase the output current of OTFT device. When the concentration increases to 5 wt%, slightly reduces due to higher roughness which traps the carrier and the present of TiO₂ nanoparticles which probably induces the recombination in the channel [13]. Table 2 summarizes electrical properties of those devices, which indicate that high redounds significantly to higher mobility and lower operating voltage, whereas reduces current-on/off ratios slightly. Consequently, the pentacene-TFT based on the NC gate dielectric by inkjet printing has demonstrated a higher field-effect saturation mobility of 0.58 cm²/Vs, an on/off, ratio of about , and a lower threshold voltage under  V. Obviously, a positive effect of NC-dielectric ink on the saturation mobility enhancement was observed with the addition of TiO₂ in Figure 5. Nevertheless, a higher leakage current would cause a higher output current of the device in the off-state.

Table 2: Electrical characteristics of thermally pentacene TFTs prepared with various doping concentration whose nanocomposite insulators were fabricated by IJP and SPC.

(V)
On/Off ratio
Mobility (cm²/Vs)
  (pF/mm²)
S.S. (V/decade)

PVP+TiO₂ 3 wt% (spin-coating)
−7.5
10⁷
0.53
90
1.9

neat PVP9 wt% (cross-linked)
−9.1
7 × 10³
0.23
75
5.6

PVP+TiO₂ 1 wt%
−7.3
4.5 × 10³
0.42
94
5.3

PVP+TiO₂ 3 wt%
−5.4
3.8 × 10³
0.58
107
5.6

PVP+TiO₂ 5 wt%
−6.6
3.5 × 10³
0.49
124
5.7

Figure 5: Characteristics of - for pentacene-based TFTs deposited on the PVP-TiO₂ nanocomposite gate dielectric insulator with TiO₂ contents: 3 wt% (color line). For the device, the drain voltage () was swept from 0 to −50 V, and the gate voltage () was fixed at 0, −10, −20, −30, −40, and −50 V for each sweep.

3.3. The Structure Characterization of Pentacene Film on the NC-Dielectric Films

Figure 6 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the pentacene films on NC-films with various doping contents. We observed a (002) phase in the XRD pattern of the films, which indicated that those sample remained thin-film phase. Furthermore, no evident peak of (001) phase in NC-film patterns was found, which suggested that great crystalline quality is one of the key factor for OTFT device performance [14].

Figure 6: X-ray diffraction patterns of pentacene films were deposited on NC-films with various doped content: (a) neat PVP 9 wt%(cross-linked); (b) PVP+TiO₂ 1 wt%; (c) PVP+TiO₂ 3 wt%; (d) PVP+TiO₂ 5 wt%.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7: SEM photograph of pentacene films on NC-films with various doped content: (a) neat PVP 9 wt%(cross-linked), (b) PVP+TiO₂ 1 wt%, (c) PVP+TiO₂ 3 wt%, and (d) PVP+TiO₂ 5 wt%.

From Figure 7(a), one can found that the grain size of the pentacene deposited on the printed neat-PVP film is relatively larger than pentacene films on NC-films, and the surface (Figure 7(a)) is closed to lamella morphology. Some factors reported in literatures for improving carrier transport are in connection with the film growth and quality, including lower degree of crystallinity, smaller crystalline domains, lower degree of order, and lower angle grain boundaries [15–17].

In this work, Raman spectra were carried out to measure the coupling degree of intermolecular in pentacene thin films and investigate the carrier transport. Figure 8 shows Raman spectra of pentacene films on the NC-films with different doping concentrations and the relationship between intensity ratio and carrier nobilities. The Raman bands were clearly obtained in Figure 8(a). The two peaks of 1179, 1158, and the band in the vicinity of 1155–1158 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the in-plane vibrations of the pentacene molecular and Davydov splitting, respectively [18]. The cause of the splitting is the energy difference by the symmetry of the intermolecular vibration coupling, which is in connection with the intermolecular interaction energy [19]. In Figure 8(a), larger intensity ratio of 1155 and 1158 cm⁻¹ from the pentacene thin film deposited onto the NC-film (3 wt%) suggested that the direction of pentacene molecules arrangement in a lattice is better, which is beneficial to the device characteristics of OTFTs [19]. The stretching of C–C in the spectrum signal is at 1179 cm⁻¹, which have smaller full width at half maximum (FWHM) from the pentacene film on printed NC-film with 3 wt% doped. It suggested that the pentacene thin film was deposited uniformly to exhibit lower relaxation energy [20–22]. Figure 8(b) demonstrates that raising the intermolecular coupling would enhance the overlap of -conjugated electron cloud, which improves the carrier transport in the pentacene thin film.

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: (a) Raman spectrum for pentacene films on printed NC-films; (b) Intensity ratio of 1155 and 1158 cm⁻¹ with various doped content.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have made good use of pearl milling to prepare high-k nanocomposite inks and fabricated directly-printable gate dielectric film for OTFT using inkjet printing. The nano-TiO₂ particles were well dispersed, more effectively milled to nanoscale in the polymeric matrix, and then micronozzle-jetted successfully. In our work, the summary of film-forming mechanisms and the relationship between pentacene molecular vibration energy on NC-films and carrier transport are presented below. (1)High capacitance of gate oxide can induce more carriers to accumulate in the channel between the electrodes of source and drain by improving the polarization, and then reduce the threshold voltage. The inkjet printing mechanism leads to the good distribution of high-k TiO₂ in polymer matrix, which is beneficial to maintain higher solid concentration in the dielectric and enhance the dielectric constant effectively. (2)By inkjet printing the NC-gate dielectric, the NC-gate pentacene-TFT demonstrated a higher field-effect saturation mobility of 0.58 cm²/Vs with an on/off ratio of and a lower threshold voltage under V. From Raman spectroscopy, larger intensity ratio of 1155 and 1158 cm⁻¹ from the pentacene thin film corresponding to an excellent characteristic of OTFTs. Therefore, nanocomposite inks are expected to implement low-cost, heavy blending functional materials such as high-k dielectrics by using a simple solution-based fabrication process, which would extend the applications to active layers and conducting films to achieve all printed electronic devices in the future.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support by R.O.C. of the National Science Council under Grant no. NSC 98-3114-E-110-003.

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