In 2013, the number of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was estimated to be 35 million (31.8 million adults and 3.2 million children < 15 years) globally [
Globally, skin conditions are the fourth leading cause of nonfatal disease burden in terms of years lost due to disability, ahead of conditions such as diabetes and COPD [
Particular challenges in the effective management of HIV-related skin conditions include the fact that they are difficult to treat and may recur more frequently compared to immunocompetent individuals in the absence of immune reconstitution with cART [
There is a need for clear practical but evidence-based guidance on the management of skin conditions in HIV-infected individuals. In this paper we review availability of national and professional society guidelines on HIV-related skin conditions and assess their accessibility, comprehensiveness, and the quality of evidence employed.
We formulated a structured and comprehensive search strategy, using both peer-reviewed and gray literature as described in more detail below, to identify treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions. Gray literature encompasses publications from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and societies that usually do not fulfil strict bibliographical requirements that are apparent in peer-reviewed literature [
The gray literature search was performed in June 2014 and was divided into two categories: national guidelines and society guidelines. National guidelines were defined as guidelines developed by federal governments. From the UNAIDS database, 30 countries with highest HIV prevalence and 30 countries with the highest estimated number of people living with HIV were included [
Society guidelines were defined as guidelines developed by nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations such as the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) or international agencies such as the WHO (see the Appendix). Guidelines were also included from societies in dermatology, infectious diseases, and HIV/AIDS. These were obtained from the organizations’ webpages.
The peer-reviewed literature search was carried out on PubMed using the Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group’s existing validated strategies to identify articles relevant to HIV infection and AIDS along with MeSH terms and relevant keywords to identify treatment guidelines for associated skin conditions [
For both gray and peer-reviewed literature, duplicate guidelines and older versions of the same guideline were excluded. Guidelines were included if they mentioned the treatment of one or more of ten selected HIV-related skin conditions: Kaposi’s sarcoma, scabies, seborrheic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum, eosinophilic folliculitis, papular pruritic eruption, varicella/herpes zoster, tinea, oropharyngeal candidiasis, and drug reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis). Our search was restricted to ten skin conditions to allow us to perform an extensive gray literature search. These ten conditions are representative of other HIV-related skin conditions in terms of high disease burden, available evidence, effective interventions, and applicability in resource-limited settings.
After screening and selection, we analyzed eligible guidelines with regard to the publication date, the frequency of specific skin conditions represented, the category of source document where the treatment for HIV-related skin conditions was mentioned, and the methodology that was used to develop guidelines. The type of guideline under which treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions are found is an important factor to assess how quickly and easily a busy health care professional can access such treatment information. To address this issue of accessibility, we defined different types of guidelines as follows: HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines (guidelines that address treatment of HIV/AIDS using antiretroviral therapies), disease-specific treatment guidelines (treatment for one of the ten skin conditions associated with HIV such as scabies or tinea), STD/STI treatment guidelines (treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STDs)), skin disease treatment guidelines (treatment for skin diseases in general), opportunistic infections treatment guidelines (treatment for HIV-associated opportunistic infections), and standard clinical treatment guidelines (treatment for general medical conditions such as cardiovascular disorders and dermatological disorders).
We also assessed the methodology that was used to develop the treatment guidelines. We searched each document to determine which of the following methods were employed: expert opinion (based on experts’ experience), scientific literature (based on results from clinical studies), graded evidence and strength of recommendations (based on rating systems such as Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) [
The countries were categorized by gross national income as defined by the World Bank: high income, middle income (upper middle and lower middle), and low income [
As of June 2014, the gray and peer-reviewed literature search yielded a total of 430 potential guidelines once duplicates were removed, of which 86 guidelines (56 national and 30 society guidelines) met our selection criteria related to treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions (Figure
Prisma diagram showing selection process of treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions.
Guidelines identified ranged from the years 1997 to 2014, with almost half (45%) more than five years old. Not all HIV-related skin conditions were included in each guideline. Among 86 total guidelines, oropharyngeal candidiasis, varicella/zoster, and Kaposi’s sarcoma were most frequently addressed (62%, 60%, and 50%, resp.), whereas eosinophilic folliculitis, tinea, and papular pruritic eruption were the least represented (9%, 21%, and 26%, resp.).
Accessibility of the guidelines, defined as how easily treatment for HIV-related skin conditions are found, was poor. When searches of the gray literature were limited to guidelines that were specifically for HIV-related skin conditions, only two guidelines were identified, from AAD (1997) and the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (2004) [
Summary of national and society guidelines for the treatment of HIV-related skin conditions.
National guidelines ( |
Type of guidelines | Methodology | |||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
Country income category | List of countries | HIV/AIDS | STD | Opportunistic | Gen. clinical | Single disease | Skin disease | Gradation of quality | Scientific lit. (SL) | Expert opin. (EO) | SL + EO | Adapted + EO | |
|
|||||||||||||
Low income (17 countries) | Chad, Comoros, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe | 13 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 13 | |
Middle income (24 countries) | Angola, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Ukraine, Vietnam, Zambia | 18 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 9 | |
High income (9 countries) | Australia, Bahamas, Canada, Equatorial Guinea, France, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, USA | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Society guidelines ( |
7 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines
STD: STD/STI treatment guidelines
Opportunistic: opportunistic infections treatment guidelines
Gen. clinical: standard clinical treatment guidelines
Single disease: disease-specific treatment guidelines
Skin disease: skin disease treatment guidelines
Gradation of quality: gradation of evidence quality
SL: scientific literature
EO: expert opinion
Adapted: adapted from other guidelines.
Categories of source documents where treatment of HIV-related skin conditions was mentioned.
National guidelines
Society guidelines
With respect to the ease of finding treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions only 19 out of the 56 national guidelines had a dedicated dermatology section. For the remaining 37 national guidelines, treatment information for different HIV-related skin conditions was dispersed throughout the guideline.
There was a wide variability in the methods used to develop the treatment guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions, with most relying on expert opinion either partially or completely (
(a) Methodologies used to develop guidelines for HIV-related skin conditions (
Gross national income was correlated with the guideline methodology employed by national governments (Figure
Our study suggests that there is a paucity of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines that is specific for treatment of HIV-related skin conditions. Currently, either HIV-related skin condition treatment information is difficult to find within the different types of guidelines or the methodology used to prepare the guidelines is not based on clinical evidence. Additionally, many guidelines are outdated and information across the prominent HIV-related skin conditions is fragmented across several guidelines. Together, these gaps highlight the need for an evidence-based, easily accessible summary guideline document for HIV-related skin conditions.
For a lay searcher or busy health professional, accessibility of current guidelines is poor. Firstly, to find treatment regimens for HIV-related skin conditions, entire guidelines written for other purposes such as HIV/AIDS treatment or opportunistic infections must be hand-searched. This process is time-consuming and represents a barrier to access by busy health care professionals. Furthermore, information for the major HIV-related skin conditions is scattered across several guidelines, requiring reference to multiple guidelines when trying to develop a treatment plan.
The guidelines identified rarely used evidence-based medicine. Methodology for guideline development varied widely, including a large subset based completely or partially on expert opinion (62%). Treatment decisions based on unvalidated information may be more harmful than helpful and may lead to increased morbidity and even mortality [
Finally, almost half of the guidelines analyzed are more than five years old, which limits healthcare professionals to using dated information to address HIV-related skin conditions. Guidelines should be reassessed for validity and updated every 3 years for it to be useful to clinicians [
Our study has several limitations. With gray literature research, it is possible to miss guidelines due to the nature of gray literature records that might not be accessible through conventional searches. Our search was performed in June 2014 and guidelines that became available online since then could have been missed. Additionally, only documents which specified “HIV” or “AIDS” were included, whereas general immune deficiency or impairment was not considered. Guidelines written in local languages might also have been overlooked because they were not searchable in English. Finally, we restricted the review to the 10 highest burden HIV-related skin conditions and the selected 50 countries. We make the assumption that these parameters are representative of HIV-related skin condition treatment guidelines globally.
This review highlights the need for an effective guideline document for busy healthcare professionals to treat HIV-related skin conditions and identifies a gap in guidelines development within the field of dermatology. A comprehensive treatment guideline for HIV-related skin conditions should be a compilation of the most up-to-date treatment recommendations that are strictly vetted through a rating system for the evidence quality and strength of recommendations (such as GRADE) [
See Tables
National guidelines.
Country | Type of guideline | Year | Publishing body | Title | Disease treatment included | Methodology | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angola | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health | Normas de Tratamento Anti-Retroviral | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines |
|
|
|||||||
Australia | No national guidelines identified; however, guidelines exist from societies (see society guidelines) | ||||||
|
|||||||
Bahamas | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2005 | Caribbean Epidemiology Centre | Caribbean Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Persons with HIV Infection | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Botswana | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | Ministry of Health | Acute Care: Botswana Integrated Management for HIV/AIDS and Other Illness | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2012 | Ministry of Health | Botswana National HIV & AIDS Treatment Guidelines | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Brazil | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2008 | Ministry of Health | Recomendacoes para Terapia Antirretroviral em Adultos Infectados pelo HIV 2008 | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | CEBM |
|
|
|||||||
Cameroon | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2004 | Ministry of Public Health | Guide National de Prise en Charge des Personnes Vivant avec le VIH/SIDA-Cameroun | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Canada | STD/STI treatment guidelines | 2008 | Public Health Agency of Canada | Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Diseases | (i) Scabies | USPSTF |
|
|
|||||||
Chad | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
China | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Colombia | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health and Social Protection | Guia para el Manejo de VIH/SIDA Basada en la Evidencia | (i) Drug reactions | IDSA-USPHS |
|
|
|||||||
Comoros | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | Ministry of Health | Guide de Prise en Charge de L’Infection a VIH aux Comoros | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Congo | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2005 | Ministry of Health and Population | Guide de Prise en Charge de L’Infection a VIH/SIDA de L’Adulte et de L'Enfante | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Egypt | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Equatorial Guinea | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Ethiopia | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2008 | Federal Ministry of Health | Guidelines for Management of Opportunistic Infections and Antiretroviral Treatment in Adolescents and Adults in Ethiopia | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
Standard treatment guidelines | 2010 | Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia | Standard Treatment Guideline for Primary Hospitals | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster | Expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
France | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health and Sports | Prise en Charge Médicale des Personnes Infectées par le VIH | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma |
CEBM |
|
|
|||||||
Gabon | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Ghana | Standard treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health | Standard Treatment Guidelines | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Guinea | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health and Hygiene | Normes et Protocoles de Prise en Charge de L'Infection par le VIH chez L'Adulte et L'Enfant en Guinee | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Guinea-Bissau | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Haiti | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Public Health and Population | Manuel de Normes de Prise en Charge Clinique et Therapeutique des Adolescents et Adultes Vivant avec le VIH/SIDA | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
India | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2007 | National AIDS Control Organisation | Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Common Opportunistic Infections/Malignancies among HIV-Infected Adult and Adolescent | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Indonesia | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health | Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi HIV dan Terapi Antiretroviral | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Jamaica | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2005 | Caribbean Epidemiology Centre | Caribbean Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Persons with HIV Infection | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Kenya | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2005 | Ministry of Health | Guidelines for Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in Kenya | (i) Drug reactions | Expert opinion |
|
Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2008 | Ministry of Health | National Manual for the Management of HIV-Related Opportunistic Infections and Conditions | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
Standard treatment guidelines | 2009 | Ministry of Medical Services | Clinical Guidelines for the Management and Referral of Common Conditions at Levels 2-3: Primary Care | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Lesotho | Standard treatment guidelines | 2005 | Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for Lesotho 2005 | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | Working Draft-Lesotho National ART Guidelines | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Malawi | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2006 | Ministry of Health | Treatment of AIDS: Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | Expert opinion |
|
Standard treatment guidelines | 2009 | Ministry of Health | Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines 4th Edition 2009 | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma |
Adapted from other guidelines + Expert opinion |
|
|
Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health | Guidelines for the Management of HIV-Related Illnesses in Paediatrics | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health | Clinical Management of HIV in Children and Adults | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines |
|
|
|
|||||||
Mexico | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Mozambique | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health | Guia de Tratamento Antiretroviral e Infeccoes Oportunistas no Adulto, Adolescente e Gravidas | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Myanmar | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health | Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents in Myanmar | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Namibia | Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health and Social Services | Namibia Standard Treatment Guidelines | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma |
Expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2014 | Ministry of Health and Social Services | National Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Nigeria | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | Federal Ministry of Health | National Guidelines for HIV and AIDS Treatment and Care in Adolescents and Adults | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Peru | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Russia | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Rwanda | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | Ministry of Health | Guide de Prise en Charge des Personnes Infectées par le VIH au Rwanda | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2013 | Ministry of Health | National Guidelines for Prevention and Management of HIV, STIs & Other Blood Borne Infections | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
South Africa | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | National Department of Health | The South African Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2010 | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Expert opinion |
|
Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2012 | National Department of Health | Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Drugs List for South Africa | (i) Drug reactions |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
South Sudan | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Swaziland | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | Swaziland Paediatric HIV/AIDS Treatment Guidelines | (i) Papular pruritic eruptions |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | National Comprehensive HIV Package of Care | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Tanzania | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2012 | Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Thailand | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Togo | None identified | ||||||
|
|||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2005 | Caribbean Epidemiology Centre | Caribbean Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Persons with HIV Infection | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Uganda | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2009 | Ministry of Health | National Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines for Adults, Adolescents, and Children | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
Uganda | Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2012 | Ministry of Health | Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2012 | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
UK | No national guidelines identified; however, guidelines exist from societies (see society guidelines) | ||||||
|
|||||||
Ukraine | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2007 | Ministry of Health | Clinical Protocol for the Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Patients with HIV and AIDS | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|||||||
USA | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2004 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents | (i) Oral candidiasis |
IDSA-USPHS |
|
STD/STI treatment guidelines | 2010 | Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010 | (i) Scabies | Scientific literature |
|
||
Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2013 | Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children | (i) Oral candidiasis |
IDSA-USPHS |
|
||
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | US Department of Veteran Affairs | Dermatologic Conditions-Primary Care of Veterans with HIV | (i) Seborrheic dermatitis |
Scientific literature |
|
|
Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2011 | Department of Health and Human Services | Clinical Information: Molluscum Contagiosum | (i) Molluscum contagiosum | Scientific literature |
|
|
Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2013 | National Cancer Institute | Kaposi’s Sarcoma Treatment | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | Scientific literature |
|
|
Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2013 | Department of Health and Human Services | Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
IDSA-USPHS |
|
|
|
|||||||
Vietnam | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2009 | Ministry of Health | Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Adapted from other guidelines |
|
|
|||||||
Zambia | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2002 | Central Board of Health | Integrated Technical Guidelines for Frontline Healthworkers | (i) Seborrheic dermatitis |
Expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2008 | Zambia HIV National Guidelines | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature |
|
||
Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2008 | Ministry of Health | Standard Treatment Guidelines, Essential Medicines List & Essential Laboratory Supplies List for Zambia | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | Expert opinion |
|
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2010 | Ministry of Health | Adult and Adolescent Antiretroviral Therapy Protocols 2010 | (i) Drug reactions | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
|
|||||||
Zimbabwe | Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2011 | Ministry of Health and Child Welfare | 6th Essential Drugs List and Standard Treatment Guidelines for Zimbabwe | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2013 | Ministry of Health and Child Care | Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe | (i) Drug reactions |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
Society guidelines.
Society | Type of guideline | Year | Title | Disease treatment included | Methodology | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIDS MEDS | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Opportunistic Infections | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma |
Expert opinion |
|
|
||||||
American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) | Skin disease treatment guidelines | 1997 | Guidelines of Care for Dermatologic Conditions in Patients Infected with HIV | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
American Cancer Society | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2013 | Kaposi Sarcoma | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
Australasian Society for HIV Medicine | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2009 | HIV Management in Australasia | (i) Scabies |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
||||||
British Association of Sexual Health and HIV | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2008 | United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of Scabies Infestation | (i) Scabies | Gradation of evidence quality |
|
Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2008 | United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of Molluscum contagiosum | (i) Molluscum contagiosum | Gradation of evidence quality |
|
|
|
||||||
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2009 | Therapeutic Guidelines for Opportunistic Infections | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
British HIV Association (BHIVA) | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2011 | British HIV Association and British Infection Association Guidelines for the Treatment of Opportunistic Infection in HIV-Seropositive Individuals 2011 | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
CEBM |
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2014 | British HIV Association Guidelines for HIV-Associated malignancies 2014 | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | GRADE |
|
|
|
||||||
British Society for Sexual Health and HIV | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2014 | DRAFT-UK National Guideline for the Management of Genital Molluscum in Adults, 2014 | (i) Molluscum contagiosum | CEBM |
|
|
||||||
Cancer Care Ontario | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2013 | Liposomal Anthracyclines in the Management of Patients with HIV-Positive Kaposi's Sarcoma: Guideline Recommendations | (i) Kaposi’s sarcoma | Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
EACS European AIDS Clinical Society | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2013 | EACS European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2012 | ESCMID Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Candida Diseases 2012: Patients with HIV Infection or AIDS | (i) Oral candidiasis | GRADE |
|
|
||||||
Family Health International 360 | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2004 | HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment | (i) Scabies |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
German and Austrian AIDS Society | Opportunistic infections treatment guidelines | 2013 | Therapy and Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients: A Guideline by the German and Austrian AIDS Societies | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
|
||||||
HIV Clinical Resource | Skin disease treatment guidelines | 2004 | Dermatologic Manifestations | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
Infectious Diseases Society of America | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2000 | Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America | (i) Oral candidiasis | Scientific literature |
|
Skin disease treatment guidelines | 2011 | Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster | IDSA-USPHS |
|
|
|
||||||
International Antiviral Society USA | Skin disease treatment guidelines | 2006 | Dermatologic Manifestations of HIV Infection | (i) Papular pruritic eruptions |
Expert opinion |
|
|
||||||
International Foundation for Dermatology (IFD) | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | ? | Protocols/Management of Tinea Capitis | (i) Tinea | Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
International Foundation for Dermatology (IFD) | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | ? | Reports & Management Protocols: Management of Scabies | (i) Scabies | Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
International Union against STIs (IUSTI) | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2010 | European Guideline for the Management of Scabies | (i) Scabies | Adapted from other guidelines |
|
|
||||||
Médecins Sans Frontiéres | Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2013 | Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Treatment Manual for Curative Programmes in Hospitals and Dispensaries | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
||||||
Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2007 | HIV Manual 2007 | (i) Varicella/herpes zoster |
Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
The Cochrane Library | Disease-specific treatment guidelines | 2010 | Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Associated with HIV Infection in Adults and Children | (i) Oral candidiasis | Scientific literature |
|
|
||||||
WHO | HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2008 | Integrated Management of Childhood Illness for High HIV Settings | (i) Oral candidiasis |
Scientific literature + expert opinion |
|
Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2011 | IMAI District Clinician Manual: Hospital Care for Adolescents and Adults | (i) Eosinophilic folliculitis |
Adapted from other guidelines |
|
|
HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines | 2011 | Manual on Paediatric HIV Care and Treatment for District Hospitals | (i) Oral candidiasis | Adapted from other guidelines + expert opinion |
|
|
Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2014 | Integrated Management of Childhood Illness | (i) Papular pruritic eruptions |
Scientific literature |
|
|
Standard clinical treatment guidelines | 2013 | Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children | (i) Oral candidiasis | Scientific literature |
|
American Academy of Dermatology
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Combination antiretroviral therapy
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infectious Disease Society of America
Sexually transmitted infections
Tuberculosis
US Public Health Service
US Preventative Services Task Force
World Health Organization.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
The authors would like to thank Philippa J. Easterbrook and Amanda Costa for their valuable discussions and suggestions. Dr. Esther E. Freeman is supported by T32 AR007098.