Organosilicon-Containing Thiazole Derivatives as Potential Lipoxygenase Inhibitors and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

A number of trimethylsiloxyalkyl and trialkylsilylalkyl thiazole derivatives have been evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity, lipoxygenase inhibiting properties, and cytotoxicity. The investigated compounds have been found to protect in vivo against carrageenin-induced edema, especially 3-(4-trimethylsiloxypiperidin-1-yl)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)-propionamide (21) and 2-amino-3-(γ-trimethylsilylpropyl)thiazolium iodide (22), which exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity: 57.2% CPE inhibition in dose of 0.2 mmol/kg for compound 21 and 55.0% in dose of 0.01 mmol/kg for compound 22. All the compounds tested inhibited soybean lipoxygenase activity. 2-(4-Trimethylsilyloxypiperidin-1-yl)-N-[4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-acetamide (19) was the most potent displaying inhibition against lipoxygenase (ID50 = 0.01 mmol). It also possessed moderate cytotoxic effect (LC50 = 13 μ g/mL, 3 × 10−8 mmol/mL) concerning MG-22A cell lines.


INTRODUCTION
The aim of this investigation was to study anti-inflammatory as well as lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and cytotoxicity of a series of organosilicon-containing thiazole derivatives.
It is well known that thiazolyl derivatives possess antiinflammatory activity [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Today requirements demand novel medicinal remedies possessing different degrees of selectivity and specificity depending on their purpose. Process of inflammation often becomes chronic, and the human organism needs drugs therapy support in periods of acute attacks. Therefore, increase of the variety of specific and selective anti-inflammatory remedies is an important task, especially due to its positive influence on the chronic sick rate decrease. Some anticancer drugs as blenoxane, bleomycine, and tiazofurin, containing thiazolyl moiety in their structure, are known as antineoplastics [7]. Besides, several thiazolyl derivatives were found to be potent antitumour agents [7][8][9]. Since arachidic acid (AA) metabolism results in the generation of mutagens that damage DNA and induce mutations, members of arachidic acid enzymes, especially the lipoxygenase pathway, have been reported to play a significant role in carcinogenesis. Inhibitors of AA metabolism can reverse the production of these metabolites resulting in recruitment of apoptotic cells clearance [10].
Organosilicon compounds attract scientific attention due to some different reasons, especially due to a number of interesting results in the field of their biological action. Modern organosilicon chemistry coincided with the emergence of biomaterials and bioengineering fields fifty years ago. It has been reported that some organosilicon compounds affect the collagen biosynthesis in cartilagenous tissue [11]. New approaches based on the organosilicon modification of the biologically active compounds, especially of compounds containing hydrophilic functional groups, offer the real possibility to improve their pharmacological properties because of easier penetration of modified compounds through lipophilic barriers inside the body [12,13]. In this paper, we report the biological activity of trimethylsilyl ethers of thiazole derivatives, but the wide possibility for variation of substituents around the silicon atom can lead to more fine selection of perspective compound for the investigations in vivo.

2-(4-trimethylsiloxypiperidin-1-yl)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (17)
A mixture of 0.25 mmol (60 mg) of compound 6 and 2.5 mL of hexamethyldisilazane in 5 mL of ether was heated for 25 hours until the precipitate was dissolved. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. When the reaction was complete, the solvent and excess of hexamethyldisilazane were removed in vacuum on a rotary evaporator.

2-(4-trimethylsilyloxypiperidin-1-yl)-N-[4-(pmethoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-acetamide (19)
A mixture of 120 mg (0.34 mmol) of compound 8 and 3 mL of hexamethyldisilazane in 5 mL of ether was heated with stirring for 100 hours until the precipitate was dissolved and the new one was formed. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. When the reaction was complete, the solvent and excess of hexamethyldisilazane were removed in vacuum in a rotary evaporator.

Carrageenin-induced mice paw edema
inhibition [20] AKR or A mice (20-30 g, groups of ten) of both sexes were used. Females pregnant were excluded. A single dose of 0.2 mmol/kg body weight of compounds 12, 16, 20, 21 and 0.01 mmol/kg of compound 22 or 0.013 mmol/kg of compound 14 suspended in water with few drops of Tween 80 was administered intraperitoneally simultaneously to the intradermally injection of 0.05 mL carrageenin in the right hind paw. Indomethacin was used as a standard diluted agent. Inhibition caused by indomethacin was 57.4% in dose 0.1 mmol/kgbw.

Soybean lipoxygenase inhibition [21]
The tested compounds dissolved in DMSO or ethanol (concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1 mM) were incubated at room temperature with sodium linoleate (0.1 mmol) and 0.2 mL of enzyme solution (250 U/mL in saline). The conversion of sodium linoleate to 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid at 234 nm was recorded and compared with nordihydroguaretic acid (0.1 mmol -84%), an appropriate standard inhibitor.

Cytotoxicity
Monolayer tumour cell lines MG-22A (mouse hepatoma), HT-1080 (human fibrosarcoma), and normal mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) were cultivated for 72 hours in DMEM standard medium (Sigma) without an indicator and antibiotics. After the ampoule had thawed, cells from one to four Athina Geronikaki et al.

3
passages were used in three concentrations of test compound: 1, 10 and 100 μg mL −1 . The control cells and cells with tested compounds in the range of 2-5 * 10 4 cell mL −1 concentration (depending on line nature) were placed on separate 96 wells plates. Solutions containing test compounds were diluted and added in wells to give the final concentrations. Control cells were treated in the same manner only in the absence of test compounds. Plates were cultivated for 72 hours. The number of survived cells was determined using crystal violet (CV), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolinium bromide (MTT), or neutral red (NR) coloration which was assayed by multiscan spectrophotometer. The quantity of alive cells on control plate was taken in calculations for 100% [22,23]. The LC 50 was calculated using Graph Pad Prism 3.0 program, r < .05. Concentration of NO was determined according to [23].
Structures of the compounds prepared were confirmed by 1 H-NMR, GC-MS spectroscopy, and by elemental analysis. Theoretical calculations of lipophilicity as clog P for compounds synthesized, using the method of additivity, were performed [24] (Table 1). We investigated antiinflammatory and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and cytotoxicity of organosilicon-containing thiazole derivatives.
Organosilicon-containing compounds 12, 14, 16, 20-22 were examined in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenin mice paw edema (CPE) as a model of inflammation. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the tested thiazole derivatives were assessed by using the functional model of carrageenin-induced rat paw edema and are presented in Table 1 as percentage of weight increase at the right hind paw in comparison to the uninjected left hind paw.
Carrageenin-induced edema is a nonspecific inflammation resulting from a complex of diverse mediators [2]. Since edemas of this type are highly sensitive to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), carrageenin has been accepted as a useful agent for studying new anti-inflammatory drugs [25]. This model reliably predicts anti-inflammatory efficacy of the NSAIDs, and during the second phase it detects compounds which are anti-inflammatory agents as a result of inhibition of prostaglandin amplification. The studied compounds 12, 14, 16, 20-22 were found to protect in vivo against edema formation. Analyzing the data obtained, it is revealed that 21 and 22 were more potent among all the compounds tested. Compound 21 exhibited similar to indomethacin inhibition-57.2%, but in double dose (0.2 mmol/kgbw). Organosilicon salt 22 was found to be the most potent inhibitor, possessing about the same as indomethacin inhibition (55.0%), but in lower dose (0.01 mmol/kgbw). 4,5-disubstitued thiazole without 2substituent (12) was found to be the least active compound.
The compounds 12, 14, 16-20, and 22 were evaluated for inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) by the UVabsorbance-based enzyme assay [26]. While one may not extrapolate the quantitative results of this assay to the inhibition of mammalian 5-LOX, it has been shown that inhibition of plant lipoxygenase activity by NSAIDs is qualitatively similar to their inhibition of the rat mast cell lipoxygenase and may be used as a simple qualitative screen for such activity. The results are presented in Table 1. All the tested compounds were found to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase. The  IC 50 values for compounds 14, 16, 17, 19, and 22 were determined. They ranged within 0.01-0.47 mmol. For other compounds (12, 18, and 20) persentage of inhibition at concentration 0.1 mmol was determined.
It has been revealed that among trimethylsiloxyalkyl/trimethylsilylalkyl thiazole derivatives (12, 14, 16  but 12 without substituent at C 2 -position of thiazole cycle was found to be the least active compound in this respect. It inhibits lipoxygenaze action only by 9.1% in dose of 0.1 mmol. It was found that among organosilicon-containing 2thiazolyl-amides 17-20, the presence of substituent in C 4position of thiazole ring is essential for lipoxygenase inhibition display . Compounds 19 and 18   lipoxygenase inhibitors (IC 50 = 0.01 mmol, and 66.7% inhibition in dose of 0.1 mmol, correspondingly). Compound 19 was the most active lipoxygenaze inhibitor also among all compounds tested. It was also revealed that the nature of C 4 -substituent influences the degree of inhibition: 4methoxyphenyl derivative (19) was a better inhibitor in comparison with its 4-phenyl analog (18). Introduction of additional bulky substituent in C 5 -position of the molecule was telling on the level of inhibition. Thus, compound 20 possessed lower inhibiting properties (by 26%) in comparison with C 5 -unsubstituted compound 18. Compound 17 without substituent at C 4 -position of thiazole ring was the least potent inhibitor (IC 50 = 0.35 mmol). Concerning the correlation of lipophilicity-CPE and lipoxygenase inhibition-it was revealed that these parameters do not proceed in parallel along the compounds investigated.
The experimental evaluation of cytotoxicity of compounds 6, 8, 17, and 19 is presented in Table 2.
Compound 8 and its trimethylsilyl ether 19 possess low cytotoxic effect on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 (LC 50 > 100 μg/mL) and moderate effect on mouse hepatoma MG-22A (LC 50 = 17 and 21 μg/mL, correspondingly, CV, and LC 50 = 16 and 13 μg/mL, correspondingly, MTT coloration). Compound 6 and its trimethilsilyl ether 17 without substituents at C 4 -and C 5 -positions of thiazole do not exhibit cytotoxic properties. Both compounds decrease MG-22A cell growing by up to 40% (MTT coloration), but at the same time, stimulated HT-1080 cell growing at all studied concentrations by up to 55% (CV). No significant difference among compounds was determined comparing their NO-generation ability in HT-1080 cell lines. Compound 19 possessed the highest NO-generation activity concerning MG-22A tumour cells. All studied compounds were nontoxic compounds concerning normal cells NIH 3T3.
The introduction of trimethylsilyl group into compound 7 caused the cytotoxic effect increase concerning mouse hepatoma, which was revealed as the highest for 18 (LC 50 = 5.3 μg/mL), among all the compounds studied.

CONCLUSIONS
The organosilicon thiazoles studied were found to a certain extent to protect in vivo against edema formation and to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase. Organosilicon salt 22 was the most potent as anti-inflammatory agent among all compounds tested and indomethacin.
The distance elongation between thiazolyl and piperidyl heterocycles either in parent compounds (6, 10) or their silyl ethers (17,21) leads to cytotoxic effect noticeable increase for propionamides 10 and 21 in comparison with the corresponding acetamides 6 and 17. Trimethylsilyl ether 18 was the most active against mouse hepatoma among all the compounds studied and in comparison with its unsilylated precursor 7.
It can be noted that the data obtained do not allow to conclude definitely the existence of relationship among antiinflammatory activity, lipoxygenase inhibition, and cytotoxicity. But in some cases, cytotoxic properties were accompanied by anti-inflammatory activity (organosilicon salt 22) or lipoxygenase inhibition activity display (thiazolyl acetamides  18 and 19). At the same time, compound 4-methyl-5-(βtrimethylsiloxyethyl)-thiazole (12) was the least active concerning all the biological properties studied.
The wide possibility for variation of substituents around the silicon atom can promote finer selection of perspective compound for further investigations.