Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 780631, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/780631

Research Article

Syntheses, Characterization, Thermal, and Antimicrobial Studies of Lanthanum(III) Tolyl/Benzyldithiocarbonates

Savit Andotra, Nidhi Kalgotra, and Sushil K. Pandey

Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road, Jammu 180 006, India

Received 29 October 2013; Accepted 3 January 2014; Published 9 April 2014

Academic Editor: Viktor Brabec

Copyright © 2014 Savit Andotra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Lanthanum(III) tris(O-tolyl/benzyldithiocarbonates), [La(ROCS₂)] (R = o-, m-, p-CH₃C₆H₄ and C₆H₅CH₂), were isolated as yellow solid by the reaction of LaCl₃·7H₂O with sodium salt of tolyl/benzyldithiocarbonates, ROCS₂Na (R = o-, m-, p-CH₃C₆H₄ and C₆H₅CH₂), in methanol under anhydrous conditions in 1 : 3 molar ratio. These complexes have formed adducts with nitrogen and phosphorus donor molecules by straightforward reaction of these complexes with donor ligands, which have the composition of the type [La(ROCS₂)₃·nL] (where n = 2, L = NC₅H₅ or P(C₆H₅)₃ and n = 1, L = N₂C₁₂H₈ or N₂C₁₀H₈). Elemental analyses, mass, IR, TGA, and heteronuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P) spectroscopic studies indicated bidentate mode of bonding by dithiocarbonate ligands leading to hexacoordinated and octacoordinated geometry around the lanthanum atom. Antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) activity of the free ligands and some of the complexes have also been investigated which exhibited significantly more activity for the complexes than the free ligands.

1. Introduction

Alkyldithiocarbonates, more commonly referred to as xanthates, were first prepared by Semeniuc et al. [1]. Their applications as vulcanizers [2], fungicides [3], and flotation agents [4, 5] in metallurgy have been described in the literature. The synthetic and structural chemistry of xanthates witnessed increased attention through the pioneering work of Winter [6], Tiekink and Winter [7], Hoskins and Pannan [8], and Dakternieks et al. [9]. Subsequently, extensive structural analyses were performed by Tiekink and Haiduc [10], which showed that these ligands can coordinate to metal atoms in a monodentate, isobidentate, or anisobidentate fashion. More recent applications of xanthates and other thio compounds are in the production of nanoparticles of metal sulphides [11, 12] and NLO properties [13, 14]. Metal xanthates are extensively used as pesticides [15], corrosion inhibitors [16], agricultural reagents [17], and quite recently in therapy for HIV infections [18]. Moreover, xanthates are also known to show antitumor properties [19, 20] and their antioxidant properties could be of importance for treating Alzheimer’s disease [21]. These have extensively been used as intermediates in organic synthesis, in free radical polymerization, for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, and so forth [22, 23]. Sodium and potassium ethyl xanthate have antidotal effects on acute mercurial poisoning [24]. Much progress has recently been achieved in the coordination chemistry of lanthanides [25]. The design and synthesis of lanthanide(III) complexes with chelating ligands have many potential applications such as light-emitting devices, sensors, liquid crystalline materials, and chelate lasers [26]. Both lanthanum and xanthate find their applications in the field of medicinal chemistry [27, 28]. In spite of years of chemistry of the extensive and long term use of alkyl xanthates as ligands [29–35], structural and spectroscopic characterization have been rather limited with regard to the aryl xanthates [36, 37]. Fackler et al., however, reported the synthesis of thallium aryl xanthates which are in turn used for the metathetical synthesis of other metal derivatives [36]. We report herein for the first time the synthesis and characterization of O-tolyl/benzyl xanthates of lanthanum(III) and their adducts with nitrogen and phosphorus donor ligands like pyridine (NC₅H₅), triphenylphosphine [P(C₆H₅)₃], 1,10-phenanthroline (N₂C₁₂H₈), and 2,2′-bipyridyl (N₂C₁₀H₈).

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Methods

Stringent precautions were taken to exclude moisture during the preparation of ligands. Moisture was carefully excluded throughout the experimental manipulations by using standard Schlenk techniques. Sodium salts of dithiocarbonates were obtained using literature procedures [2]. Toluene (Thomas Baker, B.P. 110°C) and n-hexane (Thomas Baker, B.P. 68-69°C) were freshly dried over sodium wire. Methanol (Thomas Baker, B.P. 64°C) was dried over P₂O₅ and CaCO₃, respectively. Cresols (ortho-, meta-, and para-) and benzyl alcohol (Thomas Baker, B.P. 191°C, 203°C, 202°C, and 205°C) were purified by distillation prior to use.

2.2. Physical Measurements

Lanthanum was estimated gravimetrically as lanthanum oxide [38]. Elemental analyses (C, H, N, and S) were carried out on CHNS-932 Leco Elemental analyzer and ESI mass spectra of the compounds were recorded on ESQUIRE 3000–00037 spectrophotometer from Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu. The IR spectra were recorded in KBr pallets in the range of 4000–200 cm⁻¹ on a Perkin Elmer spectrum RX1-FT IR spectrophotometer and multinuclear (¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P) NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃ on a Brucker Avance II 400 MHz spectrometer using TMS as internal reference for ¹H and ¹³C and 85% H₃PO₄ as external reference for ³¹P NMR at Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Punjab University, Chandigarh. The thermogram was analyzed by using Perkin Elmer, diamond TG/DTA instrument. The thermogram was recorded in the temperature range from 30°C to 1000°C under nitrogen atmosphere from National Chemical Lab (NCL), Pune. Also the antifungal and antibacterial activity were tested under laboratory condition in the Bioassay Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu, using classical poison food technique and agar well diffusion method.

2.3. Synthetic Procedures

2.3.1. Synthesis of [La(o-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (5)

A methanolic solution (~35 mL) of sodium O-(o-tolyl) dithiocarbonate (1.00 g, 4.84 mmol) was added to methanolic solution of lanthanum chloride (0.60 g, 1.61 mmol) with constant stiring at room temperature. Subsequently, the contents were refluxed for eight hours. The turbidity created by the byproduct (sodium chloride) was filtered off using alkoxy funnel fitted with G-4 sintered disc and volatiles were removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was extracted with chloroform (~20 cm³) by stirring overnight. Again the insoluble’s were filtered off and the desired product [La(o-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (5) was obtained from the filtrate as yellow solid.

The compounds 6 –8 reported herein were synthesized by using similar methodology and required stoichiometric weights. The relevant synthetic and analytical data are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Synthetic and analytical data of tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates of La(III) and their adducts.

S. number
Reactants (mmol)
Molar ratio
Reflux time (hrs.)
Product (Physical state)
M.P (°C) (dec.)
Yield %
Analysis % found (Calcd.)

ROCS₂Na/(ROCS₂)₃La
LaCl₃/L*
La
C
H
N
S

5.
1.00 (4.84)
0.60 (1.61)
3 : 1
8
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La (yellow solid)
120
85
20.15 (20.17)
41.81 (41.85)
3.05 (3.07)
—
27.90 (27.93)

6.
1.00 (4.84)
0.60 (1.61)
3 : 1
8
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La (yellow solid)
117
89
20.14 (20.17)
41.80 (41.85)
3.04 (3.07)
—
27.90 (27.93)

7.
1.00 (4.84)
0.60 (1.61)
3 : 1
8
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La (yellow solid)
118
87
20.15 (20.17)
41.82 (41.85)
3.05 (3.07)
—
27.89 (27.93)

8.
1.00 (4.84)
0.60 (1.61)
3 : 1
8
(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃La (yellow solid)
121
86
20.13 (20.17)
41.81 (41.85)
3.03 (3.07)
—
27.88 (27.93)

9.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (1.39)
1 : 2
2
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·2(NC₅H₅) (Yellow solid)
130
89
16.36 (16.40)
48.20 (48.22)
3.66 (3.69)
3.29 (3.31)
22.70 (22.72)

10.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (1.39)
1 : 2
2
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·2(NC₅H₅) (Yellow solid)
137
86
16.35 (16.40)
48.20 (48.22)
3.58 (3.69)
3.30 (3.31)
22.69 (22.72)

11.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (1.39)
1 : 2
2
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·2(NC₅H₅) (Yellow solid)
134
88
16.37 (16.40)
48.19 (48.22)
3.67 (3.69)
3.29 (3.31)
22.71 (22.72)

12.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (1.39)
1 : 2
2
(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃La·2(NC₅H₅) (Yellow solid)
138
87
16.37 (16.40)
48.18 (48.22)
3.66 (3.69)
3.28 (3.31)
22.71 (22.72)

13.
0.50 (0.72)
0.38 (1.42)
1 : 2
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·2P(C₆H₅)₃ (Pale yellow solid)
145
88
11.43 (11.45)
59.38 (59.40)
4.20 (4.24)
—
15.85 (15.86)

14.
0.50 (0.72)
0.38 (1.42)
1 : 2
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·2P(C₆H₅)₃ (Pale yellow solid)
148
85
11.42 (11.45)
59.36 (59.40)
4.20 (4.24)
—
15.87 (15.86)

15.
0.50 (0.72)
0.38 (1.42)
1 : 2
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄CH₂OCS₂)₃ La·2P(C₆H₅)₃ (Pale yellow solid)
146
86
11.43 (11.45)
59.36 (59.40)
4.23 (4.24)
—
15.84 (15.86)

16.
0.50 (0.72)
0.38 (1.42)
1 : 2
5
(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃La·2P(C₆H₅)₃ (Pale yellow solid)
150
88
11.42 (11.45)
59.37 (59.40)
4.20 (4.24)
—
15.84 (15.86)

17.
0.50 (0.72)
0.13 (0.72)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₂H₈ (Yellowish brown solid)
160
89
15.95 (15.99)
49.72 (49.76)
3.32 (3.36)
3.19 (3.22)
22.10 (22.14)

18.
0.50 (0.72)
0.13 (0.72)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₂H₈ (Yellowish brown solid)
155
87
15.96 (15.99)
49.73 (49.76)
3.33 (3.36)
3.18 (3.22)
22.11 (22.14)

19.
0.50 (0.72)
0.13 (0.72)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₂H₈ (Yellowish brown solid)
158
88
15.95 (15.99)
49.73 (49.76)
3.33 (3.36)
3.18 (3.22)
22.11 (22.14)

20.
0.50 (0.72)
0.13 (0.72)
1 : 1
5
(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₂H₈ (Yellowish brown solid)
157
88
15.97 (15.99)
49.74 (49.76)
3.32 (3.36)
3.19 (3.22)
22.11 (22.14)

21.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (0.70)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₀H₈ (Orange solid)
162
85
16.40 (16.44)
48.32 (48.33)
3.43 (3.46)
3.28 (3.32)
22.75 (22.77)

22.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (0.70)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₀H₈ (Orange-yellow solid)
165
88
16.40 (16.44)
48.29 (48.33)
3.44 (3.46)
3.29 (3.32)
2.75 (22.77)

23.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (0.70)
1 : 1
5
(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₀H₈ (Orange yellow solid)
164
87
16.41 (16.44)
48.30 (48.33)
3.43 (3.46)
3.30 (3.32)
22.74 (22.77)

24.
0.50 (0.72)
0.11 (0.70)
1 : 1
5
(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃La·N₂C₁₀H₈ (Orange solid)
162
89
16.42 (16.44)
48.30 (48.33)
3.42 (3.46)
3.29 (3.32)
22.74 (22.77)

CH₃C₆H₄ and C₆H₅CH₂ (9–12) or P(C₆H₅)3 (13–16) and for , (17–20) or N₂C₁₀H₈ (21–24).

2.3.2. Synthesis of [La(o-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·2NC₅H₅] (9)

Pyridine (0.11 g, 1.39 mmol) was added with constant stirring to a methanolic (~15 mL) solution of [La(o-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (0.50 g, 0.72 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for two hours. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the product was washed with dry n-hexane for the sake of purity and finally dried under reduced pressure that resulted in the formation of the compound [La(o-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·2NC₅H₅] (9) in 89% yield.

The compounds 10 –24 reported herein were synthesized by using similar methodology and required stoichiometric weights. The relevant synthetic and analytical data are given in Table 1.

2.4. Antimicrobial Activity

2.4.1. Antifungal Activity

Potato dextrose medium (PDA) was prepared in a flask and sterilized. Now, 100μL of each sample was added to the PDA medium and poured into each sterilized petri plate. Mycelial discs taken from the standard culture (Fusarium oxysporum) of fungi were grown on PDA medium for 7 days. These cultures were used for aseptic inoculation in the sterilized petri dish. Standard cultures, inoculated at °C, were used as the control. The efficiency of each sample was determined by measuring the radial fungal growth. The radial growth of the colony was measured in two directions at right angles to each other and the average of two replicates was recorded in each case. Data were expressed as percent inhibition over the control from the size of the colonies. The percent inhibition was calculated using the formula % Inhibition = 100, where is the diameter of the fungus colony in the control plate after 96-hour incubation and is the diameter of the fungus colony in the tested plate after the same incubation period.

2.4.2. Antibacterial Activity

Test samples were prepared in different concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 ppm) in DMSO. Agar medium (20 mL) was poured into each petri plate. The plates were swabbed with broth cultures of the respective microorganisms Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus cereus and kept for 15 minutes for adsorption to take place. About 6 mm diameter holes were created in the seeded agar plates using a punch and 100 μL of the DMSO solution of each test compound was poured into the wells. DMSO was used as the control for all the test compounds. After holding the plates at room temperature for 2 hrs to allow diffusion of the compounds into the agar then the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. The antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The entire tests were made in triplicates and the mean of the diameter of inhibition was calculated.

3. Results and Discussion

Reactions of lanthanum trichloride, LaCl₃·7H₂O, with sodium salt of (o-, m-, and p-tolyl/benzyl)dithiocarbonates, (o-, m-, and p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)Na/(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)Na (1–4), in 1 : 3 molar ratio were carried out in methanol which resulted in the formation of complexes [La(ROCS₂)₃] (R = o-, m-, p-CH₃C₆H₄ and C₆H₅CH₂) (5–8) as yellow solid in 85–89% yield (1). Reactions of [(ROCS₂)Na] with LaCl₃·7H₂O:

The compounds of the type [La(ROCS₂)₃·nL] (8–24) (where n = 2, L = NC₅H₅ (9–12) or P(C₆H₅)₃ (13–16) and n = 1, L = N₂C₁₂H₈ (17–20) or N₂C₁₀H₈ (21–24)) were synthesized by the addition reactions of lanthanum(III) tris(O-tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates) with nitrogen and phosphorus donor ligands in 1 : 2 or 1 : 1 molar ratio in methanol (2). The formation of these donor stabilized compounds indicates that tris-lanthanum complexes are lewis acids. These reactions were quite facile. Reactions of [La(ROCS₂)₃] with N and P donor ligands (n = 2, L = NC₅H₅ (9 –12) or P(C₆H₅)₃ (13 –16) and n = 1, L = N₂C₁₂H₈ (17 –20) or N₂C₁₀H₈ (21 –24)):

These compounds are soluble in ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and dichloromethane and insoluble in most hydrocarbon solvents. These compounds appear to be bit moisture sensitive; however, these can be kept unchanged under anhydrous atmosphere. These compounds are nonvolatile even under the reduced pressure and tend to decompose on heating. However, decomposition products could not be identified. The synthetic and analytical data are given in Table 1.

3.1. Spectroscopic Studies

3.1.1. Mass Spectra

The mass spectra of a few representative lanthanum(III) complexes and their adducts (5, 9, 14, 19, 22, and 24) have shown their molecular ion peak [M⁺] at m/z = 688, 846, 1213, 868, 844, and 844, respectively. The value of molecular ion peak [M]⁺ in these complexes is an indicative of monomeric nature. Some other peaks were also observed which corresponds to the fragmented species after the successive removal of different groups. Based on the presence of the peaks in the mass spectra of some of the representative complexes, the various fragments have been given in Table 2.

Table 2: Mass spectral data of tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates of La(III) and their adducts.

S. No.*
M.W.
, Relative intensities of the ions and assignment

5.
688
M⁺ 688 (11) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃; M⁺ 183 (30) -CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂; M⁺ 107 (18) -CH₃C₆H₄O;

M⁺ 504 (15) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂; M⁺ 321 (7) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂); M⁺ 503 (15) (C₆H₄OCS₂)₃;

M⁺ 474 (9) La(C₆H₄OCS₂)₂; M⁺ 306 (10) La(C₆H₄OCS₂); M⁺ 168 (8) (C₆H₄OCS₂).

9.
846
M⁻ 846 (7) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃La.2NC₅H₅; M⁺ 687 (15) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃; M⁻ 183 (15)

(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂); M⁻ 107 (16) -CH₃C₆H₄O; M⁺ 662 (15) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂·2NC₅H₅;

M⁺ 296 (12) La.2NC₅H₅.

14.
1213
M⁺ 1213 (5) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·2P(C₆H₅)₃; M⁺ 949 (6) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·P(C₆H₅)₃;

M⁺ 687 (4) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃; M⁺ 1029 (9) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂·2P(C₆H₅)₃;

M⁺ 504 (6) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂; M⁺ 183 (7) -CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂; M⁻ 107 (7) [-CH₃C₆H₄O].

19.
868
M⁺ 868 (6) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₂H₈; M⁺ 687 (8) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃;

M⁺ 684 (7) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂·N₂C₁₂H₈; M⁺ 321 (4) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂);

M⁻ 107 (6) -CH₃C₆H₄O; M⁺ 318 (5) La·N₂C₁₂H₈; M⁺ 180 (5) N₂C₁₂H₈;

22.
844
M⁺ 844 (6) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₀H₈; M⁺ 687 (8) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃;

M⁺ 687 (8) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂; M⁺ 183 (5) -CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂;

M⁻ 477 (6) La(-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)·N₂C₁₀H₈; M⁺ 294 (4) La·N₂C₁₀H₈; M⁺ 156 (20) N₂C₁₀H₈.

24.
844
M⁺ 844 (10) La(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₀H₈; M⁺ 687 (6) La(C₆H₅CH₂OCS₂)₃;

M⁺ 613 (4) La(CH₂OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₀H₈) M⁺ 456 (13) La(CH₂OCS₂)₃; M⁺ 294 (6) La·N₂C₁₀H₈;

M⁺ 156 (14) N₂C₁₀H₈.

Bracket ; parentheses intensities in %; S. number of the complexes is according to Table 1.

3.1.2. IR Spectra

The characteristic stretching bands in the IR spectra (4000–200) cm−1 were assigned by comparison with literature data [2, 14, 39, 40]. The IR spectra of these complexes exhibited band in the region 1260–1238 cm−1 for (C–O–C). The bands observed in the region 3059–3012 and 1601–1560 cm⁻¹ were ascribed to ring vibrations in the cyclic dithiocarbonates. The presence of one strong band for (C–S) in the region 1044–1034 cm⁻¹ without a shoulder favors the bidentate linkage of the dithiocarbonate ligands with lanthanum atom. The presence of a new band ascribed to (La–S) was present in the region 331–310 cm⁻¹, which is indicative of formation of La–S bond in these complexes. The IR spectra of the adducts (9 –24) have showed all the bands observed in the parent lanthanum-dithiocarbonates and bands characteristic of donor ligands (NC₅H₅, P(C₆H₅)₃, N₂C₁₂H₈ and N₂C₁₀H₈) in the regions 455–442 and 402–399 cm⁻¹, which may be assigned to (La–N) and (La–P) bonding modes, respectively. The IR spectral values of the complexes are given in Table 3.

Table 3: IR spectral data of tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates of La(III) and their adducts (cm⁻¹).

S. number*
C–O–C
C–S
Aromatic stretching
La–S
La–N/La–P**

C–H
C–C

5.
1248, s
1039, m
3018, b
1599, s
312, w
—

6.
1249, s
1036, m
3012, b
1595, s
320, w
—

7.
1248, s
1038, m
3028, b
1596, s
325, w
—

8.
1238, s
1037, m
3029, b
1594, s
310, w
—

9.
1239, s
1039, m
3030, b
1595, s
330, w
450, w

10.
1245, s
1035, m
3055, b
1598, s
324, w
455, w

11.
1239, s
1040, m
3047, b
1597, s
320, w
445, w

12.
1247, s
1034, m
3057, b
1590, s
325, w
448, w

13.
1241, s
1039, m
3044, b
1596, s
320, w
400, w

14.
1248,s
1037, m
3041, b
1598, s
328, w
402, w

15.
1255, s
1034, m
3012, b
1560, s
328, w
399, w

16.
1260, s
1040, m
3045, b
1601, s
325, w
401, w

17.
1254, s
1044, m
3052, b
1593, s
330, w
450, w

18.
1248, s
1042, m
3024, b
1594, s
331, w
452, w

19.
1249, s
1042, m
3049, b
1598, s
326, w
442, w

20.
1238, s
1038, m
3059, b
1597, s
328, w
447, w

21.
1244, s
1040, m
3044, b
1599, s
325, w
445, w

22.
1239, s
1041, m
3028, b
1598, s
320, w
446, w

23.
1240, s
1038, m
3044, b
1595, s
315, w
451, w

24.
1248, s
1039, m
3045, b
1598, s
312, w
450, w

s: sharp, b: broad, m: medium, and w: weak; vLa-N for complexes 9 –12 and 17 –24 and vLa-P for complexes 13 –16.

S. number of the complexes is according to Table 1.

3.1.3. ¹HNMR Spectra

In ¹H NMR spectra, the signals for the –CH₃ (tolyl ring) and –CH₂ (benzyl ring) protons were observed at 2.22–2.33 and 4.50–4.61 ppm as singlet. The protons of the C₆H₄ (tolyl) and C₆H₅ (benzyl ring) gave signals in the range 6.22–7.23 and 7.10–7.64 ppm as multiplets. This chemical shift has no deviation either to lower or higher field side compared to the parent ligands. There were two resonances for the ring protons of para complexes whereas four resonances were observed for ortho- and metaderivatives. 1H NMR spectra of the addition complexes exhibited the characteristic proton signals of the tris(o-, m-, and p-tolyl/benzyldithicarbonate)lanthanum(III) complexes along with the chemical shifts for aromatic protons for the donor ligands. The chemical shifts for aromatic protons of triphenylphosphine moiety in the complexes 13 –16 were observed in the region 7.22–7.61 ppm as multiplet. In case of adducts with nitrogen donor ligand, the chemical shift for aromatic protons of pyridine in the complexes 9 –12 was observedin the region 7.60–8.41 ppm as multiplet. The complexes 17 –20 have shown the characteristic resonances for phenyl protons of 1,10-phenanthroline at 7.23–8.91 ppm. The chemical shift for aryl protons of the bipyridine appeared in the region 7.10–8.59 ppm for complexes 21 –24. The presence of all characteristic chemical shifts in the ¹H NMR spectra favors the formation of these complexes. The ¹H NMR spectral data of these complexes are given in Table 4.

Table 4: 1H and ³¹P NMR spectral data of tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates of La(III) and their adducts in CDCl₃ (in ppm).

S. number*
−CH₃/CH₂
1H NMR Tolyl/benzyl moiety
Donor moiety
31P NMR

5.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.81, d, 3H, ; 6.72, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.90, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.63, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
—
—

6.
2.30, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.50, s, 3H, ; 6.62, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.91, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.50, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
—
—

7.
2.33, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.92, d, 6H, ; 6.80, d, 6H,
—
—

8.
4.50, s, 6H (CH₂)
7.12–7.23, m, 15H (C₆H₅)
—
—

9.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.74, d, 3H, ; 6.73, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.91, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.53, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.61–8.41, m, 10H, (NC₅H₅)

10.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.32, s, 3H, ; 6.61, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.90, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.22, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.62–8.40, m, 10H, (NC₅H₅)
—

11.
2.24, s, 9H (CH₃)
7.11, d, 6H, ; 6.82, d, 6H,
7.60–8.39, m, 10H, (NC₅H₅)
—

12.
4.51, s, 6H (CH₂)
7.12–7.42, m, 15H (C₆H₅)
7.64–8.02, m, 10H, (NC₅H₅)
—

13.
2.23, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.80, d, 3H, ; 6.70, t, 3H, ; 6.92, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.61, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.24–7.61, m, 30H, (PPh₃)
−5.01, s

14.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.42, s, 3H, ; 6.70, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 7.13, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.44, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.23–7.59, m, 30H, (PPh₃)
−5.32, s

15.
2.33, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.92, d, 6H, ; 6.83, d, 6H,
7.22–7.61, m, 30H, (PPh₃)
−4.52, s

16.
4.61, s, 6H (CH₂)
7.12–7.51, m, 15H (C₆H₅)
7.23–7.60, m, 30H, (PPh₃)
−4.90, s

17.
2.30, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.80, d, 3H, ; 6.74, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.95, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.62, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.31–8.90, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₂H₈)
—

18.
2.31, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.52, s, 3H, ; 6.63, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.94, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.52, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.32–8.91, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₂H₈)
—

19.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.90, d, 6H, ; 6.72, d, 6H,
7.32–8.89, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₂H₈)
—

20.
4.50, s, 6H (CH₂)
7.10–7.22, m, 15H (C₆H₅)
7.23–8.91, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₂H₈)
—

21.
2.31, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.81, d, 3H, ; 6.72, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 6.92, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.62, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.12–8.52, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₀H₈)
—

22.
2.22, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.42, s, 3H, ; 6.71, t, 3H, H₍₃₎; 7.23, t, 3H, H₍₄₎; 6.52, d, 3H, H₍₅₎
7.10–8.55, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₀H₈)

23.
2.32, s, 9H (CH₃)
6.92, d, 6H, H(1,5); 6.80, d, 6H,
7.13–8.58, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₀H₈)
—

24.
4.60, s, 6H (CH₂)
7.12–7.64, m, 15H (C₆H₅)
7.12–8.59, m, 8H, (N₂C₁₀H₈)
—

s: singlet, d: doublet, t: triplet, and m: multiplet; S. number of the complexes is according to Table 1.

3.1.4. ³¹P NMR Spectra

³¹P NMR spectra of the addition complexes (13–16) exhibited the signal for the phosphorus atom of the triphenylphosphine moiety as a singlet at −4.52 to −5.32 ppm. The ³¹P NMR resonances of bound ligand are shifted to downfield compared with those of the free triphenylphosphine. The relevant ³¹P NMR spectral data of these complexes are given in the Table 4.

3.1.5. ¹³C NMR Spectra

¹³C NMR spectra of few representative complexes (6-7, 11-12, 14-15, 17-18, 21, and 24) have shown the appearance of the chemical shift for all the carbon nuclei in their characteristic region. The chemical shift for methyl (–CH₃) and methylene (–CH₂) carbon occurred in the range 19.63–21.10 and 71.02–71.23 ppm, respectively. The carbon nuclei of phenyl groups (–C₆H₅ and –C₆H₄) have displayed their resonance in the region 112.21–130.02 ppm. The carbon attached to the methyl and methylene substituted carbon of the phenyl ring in the respective compounds appeared at 123.51–139.50 and 137.41–138.03 ppm, respectively. The peak in the region 152.10–158.90 ppm was due to the carbon attached to the oxygen in the tolyl derivatives. The chemical shift for the dithiocarbonate carbon (–(O)CS₂) appeared at 164.00–169.16 ppm. The ¹³C NMR spectra of the addition complexes exhibited the signals of the carbon nucleus of the donor moieties in addition to the characteristic chemical shifts indicated above. The aryl carbon nuclei of the pyridine (11-12) and triphenylphosphine (14-15) resonated at 118.71–148.02 ppm and 127.02–138.01 ppm, respectively. The aryl carbon nuclei of the phenanthroline (17-18) and bipyridine (21 –24) gave their resonance at 120.02–150.00 ppm and 120.12–153.80 ppm, respectively. The ¹³C NMR spectral data of the complexes are given in the Table 5.

Table 5: 13C NMR spectral data of tolyl/benzyl dithiocarbonates of La(III) and their adducts in CDCl₃ (in ppm).

S. number*
−CH₃/CH₂
Tolyl/benzyl moiety

Donor moiety

−C(CH₃)
−O(CS₂)

6.
20.12
155.81
115.02
—
120.02
128.91
112.22
139.50
168.40
—

7.
19.63
152.11
114.49
129.25
—
129.25
114.49
129.33
164.44
—

11.
19.71
152.1
114.16
128.18
—
128.18
114.16
129.24
169.16
118.71–147.26

12.
71.23
138.03
126.01
127.43
127.90
127.50
126.13
—
168.02
119.94–148.02

14.
20.12
155.91
115.02
—
119.32
128.9
112.21
138.50
166.84
127.02–138.01

15.
20.53
153.72
115.26
128.54
—
128.54
115.26
130.00
164.00
128.61–136.86

17.
21.10
158.90
—
130.02
121.82
127.80
114.90
123.51
168.91
120.02–150.00

18.
20.22
157.32
115.02
—
122.43
128.01
112.32
138.16
167.88
122.01–149.05

21.
20.24
155.02
—
129.88
117.64
127.01
117.64
124.70
164.00
120.61–150.81

24.
71.02
137.4
126.11
127.51
128.01
127.60
126.21
—
166.91
120.12–153.80

3.1.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis

The thermal properties of the complexes were studied by TGA in the temperature ranging from 30–1000°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The content of a particular component in a complex changes with its composition and structure. These can be determined based on mass losses of these components in the thermogravimetric plots of the complexes. The thermogravimetric analysis of the complex, [La(p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (5) displayed a thermolysis step that covers a temperature range from 150 to 900°C. The thermogram (Figure 1) exhibited the decline curve characteristic for dithiocarbonate complexes. The diagnostic weight loss of initial weight occurs in the steeply descending segment of the TGA curve. This weight loss, that is, 27.5% at 243.4°C, is due to the decomposition of the dithiocarbonate corresponding to [La(p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₂], (the calculated weight loss is 26.7%) as an intermediate product, which agrees with thermogravimetric data for dithiocarbonates. Another important weight loss 47.3% (obs.) occurs at 558.5°C temperature corresponding to the formation of [La(OCS₂)₂] (weight loss calculated 47.0%). The decomposition continues to about 800°C at which most of the organic part of the compound has been lost. This sharp decomposition period brings about 68–71% weight loss in the lanthanum complex and led to the complete formation of metal sulfide, that is, LaS₂ (weight loss calculated 70.5%, observed 70.6%), at 813°C. The calculated mass change agrees favorably with experimental values.

Figure 1: TGA curve of the complex [La(p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (5).

3.1.7. Antimicrobial Activity

(1)   Antibacterial to Antifungal. The in vitro biological screening effects of all the ligands and some of the complexes (5, 10, 15, 20, and 23) were tested against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Capsici causing vascular wilt of chilli. The antifungal screening data are given in Table 6, which shows that complexes have higher activity than free ligands. The colony diameter of the fungus decreases on enhancing the concentration of the complex; that is, all the complexes inhibited the growth of fungus significantly. This shows a linear relationship between concentration and percent inhibition. The increase in antifungal activity may be attributed to faster diffusion of metal complexes as a whole through the cell membrane or due to combined activity effect of the metal and the ligand. It is also evident from the antifungal screening data that adducts of nitrogen and phosphorous donor ligands are more potent than the parent complex. The chelation theory accounts for the increased activity of the metal complexes [41]. On chelating, the polarity of the metal ion will be reduced to a greater extent due to overlap of the ligand orbital and the partial sharing of the positive charge of the metal ion with donor group. The comparison of antifungal activity of all the ligands and some of the complexes is described diagrammatically in Figure 2.

Table 6: In vitro evaluation of the ligands and their lanthanum(III) complexes against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp..

S. number*
Concentration. (ppm)
Colony diameter (cm)
Inhibition over control (%)
Concentration. (ppm)
Colony diameter (cm)
Inhibition over control (%)
Concentration. (ppm)
Colony diameter (cm)
Inhibition over control (%)
Concentration. (ppm)
Colony diameter (cm)
Inhibition over control (%)
Concentration. (ppm)
Colony diameter (cm)
Inhibition over control (%)

1.
50
5.3
1.8
100
4.5
16.6
150
3.2
40.7
200
2.8
48.1
250
2.4
55.5

2.
50
5.4
0
100
4.5
16.6
150
3.1
42.5
200
2.8
48.1
250
2.6
51.8

3.
50
5
7.4
100
4.4
18.5
150
3.2
40.7
200
2.8
48.1
250
2.3
57.4

4.
50
4.3
20.3
100
3.6
33.3
150
3.3
38.8
200
3.2
40.7
250
2.5
53.7

5.
50
2
62.9
100
1.6
70.3
150
0.2
96.2
200
0
100
250
0
100

10.
50
1.5
77.7
100
0.2
96.2
150
0
100
200
0
100
250
0
100

15.
50
1.5
72.2
100
0
100
150
0
100
200
0
100
250
0
100

20.
50
1.6
70.3
100
0.2
96.2
150
0
100
200
0
100
250
0
100

23.
50
1.5
72.2
100
1.3
75.9
150
0.2
96.2
200
0.1
98.1
250
0
100

Control
50
5.4
0
100
5.4
0
150
5.4
0
200
5.4
0
250
5.4
0

Inhibition over control (%) (C−T)/C, where C is the mean control (colony diameter) and T is the treatment (colony diameter).

S. number of the complexes is according to Table 1.

Figure 2: Comparison of antifungal activity of the ligands and their lanthanum(III) complexes.

(2)   Antibacterial Activity. Antibacterial in vitro studies against two bacterial strains involve Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus using penicillin as standard antibacterial drug. Antibacterial screening data are given in Table 7. These studies revealed that free ligands are inactive against the bacterial strains but metal complexes shows higher activity than free ligands but lower activity than reference drug that is, penicillin. However, the complex [La(C₆H₄CH₂OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₂H₈] (20) shows pronounced activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus cereus even more than reference drug.

Table 7: Antibacterial screening of the ligands and their lanthanum(III) complexes.

S. number*
Diameter of inhibition zone (cm) (conc. in ppm)

Klebsiella pneumonia (−)
Bacillus cereus (+)

250 ppm
500 ppm
1000 ppm
250 ppm
500 ppm
1000 ppm

1.
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I

2.
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I

3.
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I

4.
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I
N.I

5.
1.3
1.9
2.2
0.9
1.3
1.4

10.
1.6
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.7
3.2

15.
2.2
2.8
3.2
0.8
1.7
2.2

20.
2.4
3.5
3.6
2.8
3.4
3.6

23.
0.6
2.1
2.3
1.6
2.6
2.9

Penicillin.
2.2
2.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.9

N.I: no inhibition; S. number of the complexes is according to Table 1.

4. Conclusions

On the basis of elemental analysis, mass, IR, and NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR) spectral studies and in conjunction with the literature reports [39, 42–45], a hexacoordinate structure may be proposed for lanthanum(III)tris(O-tolyl/benzyldithiocarbonates) (5 –8) in Figure 3(a) and octacoordinate structure may be proposed for adducts of lanthanum(III)tris(O-tolyl/benyldithiocarbonates) (9 –24) in which tolyldithiocarbonate ligands behaved in bidentate manner. Hence, the lanthanum atom is coordinated by six sulfur atoms of the dithiocarbonate and two nitrogen atoms of the two pyridine molecules in the compounds 9 –12 as shown in Figure 3(b). In the compounds 13 –16 lanthanum atom is coordinated with the two phosphorus atoms of the two triphenylphosphine molecules and six sulfur atoms of the dithiocarbonate Figure 3(b). The octacoordination by lanthanum in the compounds 17 –24 is achieved by coordination with six sulfur atoms of dithiocarbonate ligand and two nitrogen atoms of phenanthroline and bipyridyl molecule as described in Figure 3(c). The benzyl analogues (8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) have similar structures.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: (a) Proposed hexacoordinate structure for [La(o-, m- and p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃] (5 –7). (b) Proposed octacoordinate structure for [La(o-, m- and p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃.2N/P] (9 –11, 13 –15) [N = NC₅H₅ (9 –12) and P = P(C₆H₅)₃ (13 –15)]. (c) Proposed octacoordinate structure for [La(o-, m- and p-CH₃C₆H₄OCS₂)₃·N₂C₁₂H₈/N₂C₁₀H₈] [(17 –19, 21 –23)].

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Sushil K. Pandey gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The authors are grateful to SAIF (Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility), University of Panjab, Chandigarh, and the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, for providing spectral facilities.

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