Bone Marrow ResearchVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 658371, 8 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/658371

Clinical Study

Day 100 Peripheral Blood Absolute Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio and Survival in Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma Postautologous Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Luis F. Porrata, David J. Inwards, Stephen M. Ansell, Ivana N. Micallef, Patrick B. Johnston, William J. Hogan, and Svetomir N. Markovic

Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

Received 21 February 2013; Accepted 27 March 2013

Academic Editor: Ignazio Majolino

Copyright © 2013 Luis F. Porrata et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Day 100 prognostic factors of postautologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APBHSCT) to predict clinical outcome in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients have not been evaluated. Thus, we studied if the day 100 peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (Day 100 ALC/AMC) affects clinical outcomes by landmark analysis from day 100 post-APBHSCT. Only cHL patients achieving a complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT were studied. From 2000 to 2010, 131 cHL consecutive patients qualified for the study. The median followup from day 100 was 4.1 years (range: 0.2–12.3 years). Patients with a Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 experienced superior overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) compared with Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3 (from day 100: OS, median not reached versus 2.8 years; 5 years OS rates of 93% (95% CI, 83%–97%) versus 35% (95% CI, 19%–51%), resp., ; from day 100: PFS, median not reached versus 1.2 years; 5 years PFS rates of 79% (95% CI, 69%–86%) versus 27% (95% CI, 14%–45%), resp., ). Day ALC/AMC ratio was an independent predictor for OS and PFS. Thus, Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio is a simple biomarker that can help to assess clinical outcomes from day 100 post-APBHSCT in cHL patients.

1. Introduction

Day 100 after stem cell transplantation is currently the standard of care first follow-up visit to assess response after stem cell transplantation. In allogeneic stem cell transplantation, several day 100 prognostic factors have been studied to predict clinical outcomes including day 100 absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) [1, 2], day 100 absolute monocyte count (AMC) [1, 2], day 100 platelet count [3], graft-versus-host disease [4], and day 100 full donor chimerism [5]. In autologous stem cell transplantation, multiple myeloma documented minimal residual disease at day 100 was associated with inferior prognosis [6, 7] However, prognostic factors to assess prognosis for classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) achieving a complete remission at day 100 postautologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APBHSCT) have not been evaluated. We previously reported that the peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte count ratio at diagnosis (ALC/AMC-DX), as a surrogate biomarker of host immunity (i.e., ALC) and tumor microenvironment (i.e., AMC), was a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS), lymphoma-specific survival (LSS), progression-free survival (PFS), and time to progression (TTP) [8]. ALC/AMC-DX prognostic biomarker has subsequently been confirmed not only as a prognostic factor for survival but also correlates with tumor-associated macrophages in cHL affecting survival, suggesting an association of the biological response observed in the macroenvironment (peripheral blood-ALC/AMC) and microenvironment (tumor-associated macrophages) [9]. Thus, we studied if the Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio is a prognostic factor for cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 in a landmark analysis for OS and PFS from day 100 post-APBHSCT.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1. Patient Population

Patients were required to have undergone APBHSCT and achieved a complete remission at day 100. Patients transplanted with bone marrow or combined bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells and patients with evidence of progression or relapse at day 100 were excluded. From 2000 to 2010, 131 consecutive cHL patients achieving a complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT qualified for the study. No patients refused authorization to use their medical records for research and none were lost to followup. Approval for the retrospective review of these patients’ records was obtained from the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board, and the research was conducted in accordance with USA federal regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. End Points

The primary end-point of the study was to assess the impact of Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio on OS and PFS by landmark analysis from day 100 in cHL patients treated with APBHSCT. The Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio were calculated from the Day 100 complete blood cell count (CBC) [10] obtained at day 100 followup from APBHSCT. The Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio was obtained by dividing the Day 100 ALC by the Day 100 AMC [10].

2.3. Prognostic Factors

The prognostic factors evaluated included the International Prognostic Score (IPS) [11] (Age, Albumin, ALC, hemoglobin, male gender, stage 4, and white blood cell (WBC) count), tumor size (≥10 cm), limited versus advanced stage, Day 15 ALC [12], Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, Day 100 absolute neutrophil count, Day 100 hemoglobin, Day 100 white blood cell count, Day 100 platelets, Day 100 age, gender, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio.

2.4. Response Criteria

Definitions of response criteria, OS, and PFS were based on the guidelines from the International Harmonization Project in Lymphoma [13]. OS and PFS were evaluated from day 100 post-APBHSCT.

2.5. Conditioning Regimen and Stem Cell Source

All patients received BEAM: BCNU (300 mg/m²) on day −6; Etoposide (100 mg/m²) and ARA-C (100 mg/m²) twice daily from day −5 to day −2; Melphalan (140 mg/m²) on day −1. All patients were infused with collected peripheral blood stem cells.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the approach of Kaplan and Meier [14]. Differences between the survival curves were tested for statistical significance using the two-tailed log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model [15] was used for the univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate the variables under the prognostic factors section to assess their impact on OS and PFS. The choice of the best cut-off values of Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio for assessing survival was based on their utility as a marker for the clinically relevant binary outcome of death/survival using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC). The binary clinical outcome (death/survival) was established at 5 years after day 100 post-APBHSCT. Patients were classified as “alive/censored” when the follow-up time was greater than 5 years and “death” for patients known to have died before this time point [16]. A -fold cross-validation with values of 10 was performed to validate the results of Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio [17]. Randomly chosen subsets containing 90% of the cohort were used for training and the remaining 10% were left for testing. The cross-validation process was then repeated ten times. Based on this analysis, a cross-validation AUC by the ROC was produced, representing the discriminating accuracy of Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ratio for the binary clinical outcome of death/survival.

Chi-square tests were used to determine relationships between categorical variables. The Wilcoxon-rank test was used to determine associations between continuous variables and categories, and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to evaluate associations for continuous variables. All values are two-sided and values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Patients Characteristics

The median age at day 100 post-APBHSCT for the cohort of 131 cHL patients was 45 years (range: 18–69 years). The distribution of additional baseline Day 100 characteristics for the 131 cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 is presented in Table 1. The median followup from day 100 post-APBHSCT was 4.1 years (range: 0.2–12.3 years) and for the living patients () was 5.1 years (range: 0.4–12.3 years). Thirty patients died secondary to relapsed cHL. Two patients died of causes not related to cHL. One patient died of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the other patient died from secondary malignancy: acute myelogenous leukemia.

Table 1: Baseline patient characteristics.

Characteristics
(%)
Median
Range

At diagnosis

Age, years
131 (100%)
32
(18–68)

Gender

    Male
67 (51%)

    Female
64 (49%)

Albumin (g/dL)
127 (97%)
4
(2.0–4.6)

ALC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
1.3
(0.2–2.9)

Hemoglobin (g/dL)
131 (100%)
12.2
(7.7–16.2)

Mediastinal disease

    ≥10 cm
21 (16%)

    <10 cm
110 (84%)

Stage

    I
6 (4%)

    II
56 (43%)

    III
35 (27%)

    IV
34 (26%)

Stage

    Limited
61 (47%)

    Advanced
69 (53%)

WBC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
8.3
(1.4–22.2)

IPS risk factors

Age, years

    ≤45
109 (83%)

    >45
22 (17%)

Albumin (g/dL) ( = 127)

    ≥4
80 (63%)

    <4
47 (37%)

ALC × 10⁹/L

    ≥0.6
106 (81%)

    <0.6
25 (19%)

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

    >10.5
102 (78%)

    ≤10.5
29 (22%)

Male
67 (51%)

Stage 4
34 (26%)

WBC × 10⁹/L

    >15
20 (15%)

    ≤15
111 (85%)

IPS score

    0
30 (23%)

    1
41 (31%)

    2
27 (21%)

    3
13 (10%)

    4
10 (8%)

    5
7 (5%)

    6
3 (2%)

IPS index

    ≥3
33 (25%)

    <3
98 (75%)

At transplant

Infused CD34+ stem cell × 10⁶/kg
131 (100%)
5.1
(2.1–15.8)

Pretransplant response

    CR
30 (23%)

    PR
101 (77%)

At Day 15 post-APBHSCT

ALC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
0.67
(0.1–3.67)

ALC × 10⁹/L

    ≥0.5
90 (69%)

    <0.5
41 (31%)

At day 100 post-APBHSCT

Age, years
131 (100%)
35
(18–69)

Hemoglobin (g/dL)
131 (100%)
11.9
(7.3–16.7)

WBC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
4.4
(1.5–14.3)

ANC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
2.54
(1.2–10.01)

ALC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
1.09
(0.15–4.61)

AMC × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
0.46
(0.15–4.02)

ALC/AMC
131 (100%)
2.5
(0.18–11.07)

Plts × 10⁹/L
131 (100%)
164
(55.2–373)

Abbreviations: ALC: absolute lymphocyte count; ANC: absolute neutrophil count; AMC: absolute monocyte count; CR: complete remission; IPS: International Prognostic Score; PR: partial response; Plts: platelets; and WBC: white blood cell count.

3.2. Cutoff for Day 100 ALC and Day 100 AMC

Day 100 ALC ≥ 800 cells/μL had an AUC of 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68 to 0.80) with a sensitivity of 73% (95% CI, 52% to 88%) and specificity of 76% (95% CI, 67% to 84%) (Figure 1(a)). Day 100 AMC ≥ 630 cells/μL had an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.84) with a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI, 41% to 79%) and specificity of 86% (95% CI, 77% to 92%) (Figure 1(c)). Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 had an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95) with a sensitivity of 85% (95% CI, 64% to 95%) and specificity of 87% (95% CI, 78% to 92%) (Figure 1(e)). An internal validation of Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC performances as markers for the clinical binary outcome of death/survival was performed using -fold cross-validation with . We obtained an average AUC of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91) over ten validation sets for Day 100 ALC with a standard deviation of 0.02; average AUC of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93) over ten validation sets for Day 100 AMC with a standard deviation of 0.03; an average AUC of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88–0.97) over ten validations sets for Day 100 ALC/AMC. We report the ROC for the complete database used in the 10-fold procedure, by collecting Day 100 (Figure 1(b)), Day 100 AMC (Figure 1(d)), and Day 100 ALC/AMC (Figure 1(f)) obtained on each fold. The closed area under the curves from the empirical ROC and the cross-validation ROC support the use of Day 100 ALC ≥ 800 cells/μL, Day 100 AMC ≥ 630 cells/μL, and Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 as the cut-off values as markers of the binary clinical outcomes of death/survival. In order to evaluate the relevance of Day 100 ALC/AMC post-APBHSCT, cHL patients were divided into two groups: Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 versus Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3 (Table 2). The only differences between the groups were gender, albumin, bulky disease, ALC at diagnosis, WBC at diagnosis, IPS, Day 100 ALC, and Day 100 AMC.

Table 2: Baseline characteristics based on Day 100 ALC/AMC.

Characteristics
Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3( = 99)
Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3( = 32)
value

At diagnosis

Age, years, median (range)
33 (18–68)
32 (18–56)
0.8

Gender

<0.008

    Male
44 (44%)
23 (72%)

    Female
55 (56%)
9 (28%)

Albumin (g/dL)
4 (2–4.6)
3.9 (2.2–4.6)
<0.008

ALC × 10⁹/L
1.7 (0.2–2.9)
0.5 (0.2–2.7)
<0.0001

Hemoglobin (g/dL)
12.6 (7.7–16.2)
11.1 (8.1–15.4)
0.07

Mediastinal disease

<0.004

    ≥10 cm
10 (10%)
4 (34%)

    <10 cm
89 (90%)
21 (66%)

Stage

0.9

    I
5 (5%)
1 (3%)

    II
42 (43%)
14 (44%)

    III
26 (26%)
9 (28%)

    IV
26 (26%)
8 (25%)

Stage

0.9

    Limited
46 (47%)
15 (47%)

    Advanced
52 (53%)
17 (53%)

WBC × 10⁹/L
8.0 (1.4–22.2)
12.1 (2.3–20.1)
<0.0003

IPS risk factors

Age, years

0.9

    ≤45
82 (83%)
27 (84%)

    >45
17 (17%)
5 (16%)

Albumin (g/dL) ( = 127)

<0.002

    ≥4
68 (71%)
12 (39%)

    <4
28 (29%)
19 (61%)

ALC × 10⁹/L

<0.0001

    ≥0.6
92 (93%)
14 (44%)

    <0.6
7 (7%)
18 (56%)

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

0.06

    >10.5
81 (82%)
21 (66%)

    ≤10.5
18 (18%)
11 (34%)

Male
44 (44%)
23 (72%)
<0.008

Stage 4
26 (26%)
8 (25%)
0.9

WBC × 10⁹/L

<0.001

    >15
9 (9%)
11 (34%)

    ≤15
90 (91%)
21 (66%)

IPS score

<0.01

    0
26 (26%)
4 (13%)

    1
33 (34%)
8 (25%)

    2
21 (21%)
6 (18%)

    3
10 (10%)
3 (9%)

    4
6 (6%)
4 (13%)

    5
3 (3%)
4 (13%)

    6
0 (0%)
3 (9%)

IPS index

<0.009

    ≥3
19 (19%)
14 (44%)

    <3
80 (81%)
18 (56%)

At transplant

Infused CD34+ stem cells × 10⁶/kg
5.3 (2.6–15.8)
4.5 (2.1–13.2)
0.1

Pretransplant response

0.06

    CR
27 (27%)
3 (9%)

    PR
72 (72%)
29 (91%)

ALC × 10⁹/L
0.78 (0.1–3.67)
0.39 (0.18–3.19)
<0.0001

ALC × 10⁹/L

<0.0001

    ≥0.5
80 (81%)
10 (31%)

    <0.5
19 (19%)
22 (69%)

At day 100 post-APBHSCT

Age, years
36 (18–66)
34.5 (19–58)
0.9

Hemoglobin (g/dL)
12.1 (8.5–16.7)
11.4 (7.3–14.1)
0.4

WBC × 10⁹/L
4.6 (2.2–9.4)
3.7 (1.5–14.3)
0.1

ANC × 10⁹/L
2.6 (0.8–6.9)
2.4 (1.0–10.0)
0.9

ALC × 10⁹/L
1.33 (0.51–4.61)
0.39 (0.15–3.94)
<0.0001

AMC × 10⁹/L
0.43 (0.15–1.58)
0.63 (0.29–4.02)
<0.0001

Plts × 10⁹/L
172 (121–373)
163 (177–334)
0.2

Abbreviations: ALC: absolute lymphocyte count; ANC: absolute neutrophil count; AMC: absolute monocyte count; CR: complete remission; IPS: international prognostic score; PR: partial response; Plts: platelets; and WBC: white blood cell count.

Figure 1: (a) Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) for Day 100 absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). (b) -fold cross-validation ROC and AUC for Day 100 ALC. (c) ROC and AUC for Day 100 absolute monocyte count (AMC). (d) -fold cross validation ROC and AUC for Day 100 AMC. (e) ROC and AUC for Day 100 absolute lymphocyte count/absolute monocyte count (ALC/AMC). (f) -fold cross validation ROC and AUC for Day 100 ALC/AMC.

3.3. Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC and Survival

Patients with a Day 100 ALC ≥ 800 cells/μL experienced superior OS (Figure 2(a)) and PFS (Figure 2(b)) compared with patients with a Day 100 ALC < 800 cells/μL post-APBHSCT (OS: median, not reached versus 7.4 years, 5 years OS rates of 86% (95% CI, 74% to 93%) versus 56% (95% CI, 41% to 70%), , respectively; PFS, median, not reached versus 1.7 years, 5 years PFS rates of 76% (95% CI, 66% to 87%) versus 45% (95% CI, 33% to 61%), , resp.). Patients with a Day 100 AMC < 630 cells/μL experienced also superior OS (Figure 2(c)) and PFS (Figure 2(d)) compared with patients with a Day 100 AMC ≥ 630 cells/μL post-APBHSCT (OS: median, not reached versus 2.4 years, 5-years OS rates of 89% (95% CI, 81% to 94%) versus 37% (95% CI, 21% to 57%), , resp.; PFS, median, not reached versus 2.0 years, 5 years PFS rates of 77% (95% CI, 67% to 84%) versus 31% (95% CI, 17% to 51%), , resp.). Patients with a Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 also experienced superior OS (Figure 2(e)) and PFS (Figure 2(f)) compared with patients with a Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3 (OS: median, not reached versus 2.8 years, 5 years OS rates of 93% (95% CI, 83% to 97%) versus 35% (95% CI, 19% to 51%), , resp.; PFS, median, not reached versus 1.2 years, 5 years PFS rates of 79% (95% CI, 69% to 86%) versus 27% (95% CI, 14% to 45%), , resp.). Seven patients died in the Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 group: 5 due to relapse cHL and 2 due to other causes. In the Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3 group, all 25 patients died due to relapse of cHL.

Figure 2: (a) Overall survival for Day 100 absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). (b) Progression-free survival for Day 100 ALC. (c) Overall survival for Day 100 absolute monocyte count (AMC). (d) Progression-free survival for Day 100 AMC. (e) Overall survival for Day 100 absolute lymphocyte count/absolute monocyte count (ALC/AMC). (f) Progression-free survival for Day 100 ALC/AMC.

3.4. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis

Gender, albumin, ALC at diagnosis, hemoglobin at diagnosis, WBC at diagnosis, IPS, Day 15 ALC, Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC were predictors for OS; albumin, ALC at diagnosis, hemoglobin at diagnosis, WBC at diagnosis, IPS, Day 15 ALC, Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 ALC/AMC were predictors for PFS by univariate analysis (Table 3). In the multivariate analysis, Day 100 ALC/AMC remained an independent predictor for OS and PFS (Table 4). Day 15 ALC was borderline statistically significant for OS and independent predictor for PFS.

Table 3: Univariate analysis overall survival and progression-free survival.

Variables
Overall survival
Progression-free survival

HR
95% CI

HR
95% CI

At diagnosis

Age > 45 years
1.01
0.34–2.42
0.9
0.87
0.44–1.98
0.7

Female versus male
0.34
0.15–0.72
<0.004
0.62
0.34–1.10
0.1

Albumin ≥ 4
0.30
0.14–0.61
<0.0009
0.38
0.21–0.69
<0.001

ALC ≥ 0.6 cells/µL
0.12
0.06–0.24
<0.0001
0.25
0.14–0.45
<0.0001

Mediastinal ≥ 10 cm
2.06
0.93–4.26
0.07
1.87
0.93–3.51
0.08

Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL
3.31
1.61–6.72
<0.002
2.16
1.15–3.89
<0.02

Stage 4
1.14
0.52–2.86
0.3
1.37
0.71–2.51
0.3

WBC > 15 cells/µL
4.68
2.24–9.49
<0.0001
3.18
1.64–5.84
<0.001

IPS ≥ 3
4.20
2.07–8.66
<0.0001
2.89
1.59–5.14
<0.0006

Limited versus advanced stage
0.92
0.45–1.86
0.8
0.73
0.40–1.30
0.3

Infused CD34+ stem cells
0.83
0.65–1.04
0.1
0.96
0.80–1.12
0.6

Pretransplant response (CR versus PR)
0.54
0.16–1.39
0.2
0.49
0.19–1.07
0.08

At day 15 post-APBHSCT

ALC ≥ 0.5 cells/µL
0.12
0.05–0.25
<0.0001
0.21
0.11–0.37
<0.0001

At day 100 post-APBHSCT

Age, continuous
0.99
0.97–1.03
0.9
0.95
0.87–1.11
0.5

ALC, continuous
0.33
0.16–0.61
<0.0001
0.48
0.29–0.75
<0.0006

ALC ≥ 0.8 cells/µL
0.28
0.15–0.59
<0.0001
0.28
0.16–0.50
<0.0001

AMC, continuous
2.16
1.46–2.92
<0.0001
1.80
1.24–2.40
<0.0001

AMC ≥ 0.63 cells/µL
7.55
3.64–15.93
<0.0001
3.88
2.12–7.06
<0.0001

ALC/AMC, continuous
0.03
0.01–0.10
<0.0001
0.49
0.37–0.63
<0.0001

ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3
0.07
0.03–0.15
<0.0001
0.18
0.10–0.32
<0.0001

ANC, continuous
1.10
0.86–1.37
0.5
1.01
0.81–1.22
0.9

Hgb, continuous
0.93
0.76–1.13
0.5
0.96
0.82–1.13
0.7

WBC, continuous
1.06
0.89–1.22
0.5
1.00
0.86–1.14
0.9

Plts, continuous
0.91
0.87–1.11
0.2
0.97
0.90–1.17
0.3

Abbreviations: ALC: absolute lymphocyte count; ANC: absolute neutrophil count; AMC: absolute monocyte count; CR: complete remission; IPS: international prognostic score; PR: partial response; Plts: platelets; WBC: white blood cell count.

Table 4: Multivariate analysis overall survival and progression-free survival.

Variables at day 100 post-APBHSCT
Overall survival
Progression-free survival

HR
95% CI

HR
95% CI

Female versus male
0.74
0.28–1.87
0.9

Albumin ≥ 4
0.98
0.31–3.71
0.9
0.82
0.32–1.95
0.7

ALC ≥ 0.6 cells/µL
0.42
0.14–1.30
0.1
0.57
0.24–1.41
0.2

Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL
1.24
0.33–4.54
0.7
1.06
0.41–2.69
0.9

IPS ≥ 3
1.83
0.45–8.17
0.4
2.02
0.67–6.40
0.2

WBC > 15 cells/µL
1.28
0.32–4.78
0.7
1.30
0.47–3.65
0.6

Day 15 ALC ≥ 0.5 cells/µL
0.29
0.07–1.12
0.07
0.46
0.21–0.99
<0.05

Day 100 ALC ≥ 0.8 cells/µL
0.55
0.20–1.42
0.2
0.54
0.25–1.16
0.1

Day 100 AMC ≥ 0.63 cells/µL
1.83
0.71–4.91
0.2
1.65
0.65–4.23
0.3

Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3
0.33
0.12–0.85
<0.02
0.37
0.18–0.72
<0.004

Abbreviations: ALC: absolute lymphocyte count; AMC: absolute monocyte count; IPS: international prognostic score; WBC: white blood cell count.

4. Discussion

To our knowledge, there are no studies available to advise cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 of their long-term prognosis starting at day 100 post-APBHSCT. Therefore, we studied Day 100 ALC/AMC as prognostic factor for OS and PFS in a landmark analysis in cHL patients in complete remission starting at day 100 post-APBHSCT.

To support the hypothesis that the biomarker Day 100 ALC/AMC affects survival in cHL patients, it was necessary to demonstrate that both Day 100 ALC and Day AMC were associated with clinical outcomes in cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT. We determined that cHL patients presenting with a Day 100 ALC ≥ 800 cells/μL had superior survival. Similarly, cHL patients with a Day 100 AMC < 630 cells/μL presented with superior survival from day 100 post-APBHSCT. This is the first paper reporting the association between Day 100 ALC and Day 100 AMC and survival in cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT. Because both Day 100 ALC and Day 100 AMC were predictors for OS and PFS, we combined them into a single prognostic factor: Day 100 ALC/AMC. A Day 100 ALC/AMC ≥ 1.3 was associated with superior OS and PFS. In the multivariate analysis, Day 100 ALC/AMC remained an independent predictor for OS and PFS. Furthermore, patients with a Day 100 ALC/AMC < 1.3 tended to have adverse features at diagnosis including high tumor burden (bulky disease), low albumin, high WBC, lymphopenia, male gender, higher IPS index, and low Day 15 ALC, suggesting the impact of host immunity (i.e., ALC) versus tumor micro-environment (i.e., AMC) on tumor growth control.

To minimize the inherent biases of a retrospective study, the following steps were taken. With regards to selection bias we only included cHL patients that underwent APBHSCT. Patients infused with peripheral as well as bone marrow harvested stem cell were excluded. All patients were treated with the same conditioning regimen. All patients were required to be in complete remission at day 100 for the landmark analysis. With regards to confounding factors, our study included currently known prognostic factors such as IPS, tumor size; in addition, we included Day 100 ALC, Day 100 AMC, and Day 100 platelets that have been reported in the allogeneic stem cell transplant.

The strengths of the study included a long-term followup of a well-defined group of cHL patients with complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT. The median followup for the cohort group was 4.1 years and 5.1 years for living patients. Secondly, Day 100 ALC/AMC combines the clinical surrogate biomarkers for the inflammatory, pathological biomarkers-tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [18], and tumor-associated macrophages [19], which directly affect the biology of cHL. Thirdly, Day 100 ALC/AMC is a simple biomarker obtained from a CBC that can be used to asses clinical outcomes in cHL patients in complete remission at day 100 post-APBHSCT, whereas other prognostic techniques such as gene-expression profiling required fresh frozen tissue samples, limiting its use in complete remission patients.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, Day 100 ALC/AMC is a simple, low-cost predictive biomarker for prognosis in complete remission cHL patients at day 100 post-APBHSCT.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

L. F. Porrata designed research, performed research, analyzed and interpreted data, performed statistical analysis, and wrote the paper; D. J. Inwards, S. M. Ansell, I. N. Micallef, P. B. Johnston, and W. J. Hogan wrote the paper; S. N. Markovic analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote paper.

References

M. D. Thoma, T. J. Huneke, L. J. DeCook, et al., “Peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte recovery and survival in acute leukemia post-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant,” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 600–607, 2012.

L. J. DeCook, M. D. Thoma, T. J. Huneke, et al., “Impact of lymphocyte and monocyte recovery on the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic SCT with fludarabine and melphalan conditioning,” Bone Marrow Transplantation, 2012.

B. Bolwell, B. Pohlman, R. Sobecks et al., “Prognostic importance of the platelet count 100 days post allogeneic bone marrow transplant,” Bone Marrow Transplantation, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 419–423, 2004.

Z. Kuzmina, S. Eder, A. Böhm, et al., “Significantly worse survival of patients with NIH-defined chronic graft-versus-host disease and thrombocytopenia or progressive onset type: results of a prospective study,” Leukemia, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 746–756, 2012.

S. G. Holtan, W. J. Hogan, M. A. Elliott et al., “CD34⁺ cell dose and establishment of full donor chimerism at day +100 are important factors for survival with reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and melphalan before allogeneic hematopoietic SCT for hematologic malignancies,” Bone Marrow Transplantation, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1699–1703, 2010.

B. Paiva, M. B. Vidriales, J. Cerveró et al., “Multiparameter flow cytometric remission is the most relevant prognostic factor for multiple myeloma patients who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation,” Blood, vol. 112, no. 10, pp. 4017–4023, 2008.

B. Paiva, N. C. Gutiérrez, L. Rosiñol, et al., “High-risk cytogenetics and persistent minimal residual disease by multiparameter flow cytometry predict unsustained complete response after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma,” Blood, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 687–691, 2012.

L. F. Porrata, K. Ristow, J. P. Colgan, et al., “Peripheral blood lymphocyte/monocyte ratio at diagnosis and survival in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” Haematologica, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 262–269, 2012.

Y. W. Koh, H. J. Kang, C. Park, et al., “The ratio of the absolute lymphocyte count to the absolute monocyte count is associated with prognosis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: correlation with tumor-associated macrophages,” Oncologist, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 871–880, 2012.

C. J. Cox, T. M. Habermann, B. A. Payne, G. G. Klee, and R. V. Pierre, “Evaluation of the Coulter Counter model S-Plus IV,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 297–306, 1985.

D. Hasenclever and V. Diehl, “A prognostic score for advanced Hodgkin's disease,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 21, pp. 1506–1514, 1998.

L. F. Porrata, D. J. Inwards, I. N. Micallef, S. M. Ansell, S. M. Geyer, and S. N. Markovic, “Early lymphocyte recovery post-autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with better survival in Hodgkin's disease,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 629–633, 2002.

B. D. Cheson, B. Pfistner, M. E. Juweid et al., “Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 579–586, 2007.

E. Kaplan and P. Meier, “Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 53, pp. 457–481, 1958.

D. R. Cox, “Regression models and life tables,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 187–202, 1972.

A. Tzankov, I. Zlobec, P. Went, H. Robl, S. Hoeller, and S. Dirnhofer, “Prognostic immunophenotypic biomarker studies in diffuse large B cell lymphoma with special emphasis on rational determination of cut-off scores,” Leukemia and Lymphoma, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 199–212, 2010.

R. Kohave, “A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection,” in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '95), pp. 1137–1148, 1995.

C. Steidl, T. Lee, S. P. Shah et al., “Tumor-associated macrophages and survival in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 362, no. 10, pp. 875–885, 2010.

S. Schreck, D. Friebel, M. Buettner et al., “Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating Th2 and regulatory T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma,” Hematological Oncology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 31–39, 2009.