Screening of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Some Plants of Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as a serious global health problem that is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Type 2 DM is more common in diabetic populations. In this type of DM, inhibition of α-glucosidase is a useful treatment to delay the absorption of glucose after meals. As a megabiodiversity country, Indonesia still has a lot of potential unexploited forests to be developed as a medicine source, including as the α-glucosidase inhibitor. In this study, we determine the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 80% ethanol extracts of leaves and twigs of some plants from the Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Inhibitory activity test of the α-glucosidase was performed in vitro using spectrophotometric methods. Compared with the control acarbose (IC50 117.20 μg/mL), thirty-seven samples of forty-five were shown to be more potent α-glucosidase inhibitors with IC50 values in the range 2.33–112.02 μg/mL.


Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disease worldwide. About 173 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus. The number of people with diabetes mellitus will more than double over the next 25 years to reach a total of 366 million by 2030 [1]. In 2000, Indonesia is ranked the fourth largest number of people with DM, after India, China, and the United States, which is about 8.4 million people. The amount is expected to rise to 21.3 million in 2030 [2].
DM consists of several types, one of which is noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). This type of DM is more common, reaching 90-95% of the population with DM [3]. This increasing trend in type 2 DM has become a serious medical concern worldwide that prompts every effort in exploring for new therapeutic agents to stem its progress.
In type 2 DM, inhibition of α-glucosidase therapy is beneficial to delay absorption of glucose after a meal [4]. α-glucosidase plays a role in the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose. By inhibiting α-glucosidase, glucose levels in the blood can be returned within normal limits [5].
Natural resources provide a huge and highly diversified chemical bank from which we can explore for potential therapeutic agents by bioactivity-targeted screenings [6]. As a megabiodiversity country, Indonesia still has a lot of potential unexploited forests to be developed as a source phytopharmaca or modern medicine [7]. Opportunity exploration of medicinal plants is still very wide open in line with the development of herbal industry, herbal medicine, and phytopharmaca. Therefore, researchers try to explore the potential antidiabetic agents with the mechanism of action of α-glucosidase inhibition in several plant species from four families: Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae. The four families were chosen because members of some species have been scientifically proven to have antidiabetic activity. Based on the theory of kinship through a systematic approach to plant (chemotaxonomy), plants with the same family generally have similar chemical content, 2 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

Extraction.
Each dried powdered of wood bark, twig and leaves (20 g) were extracted by reflux with ethanol 80% then evaporated.
The reaction was terminated by the addition of 2000 μL Na 2 CO 3 200 mM. α-glucosidase activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 400 nm on spectrophotometer UV-Vis (Shimadzu 265, Jepang) by measuring the quantity of p-nitrophenol released from p-NPG. Acarbose was used as positive control of α-glucosidase inhibitor. The concentration of the extract required to inhibit 50% of α-glucosidase activity under the assay conditions was defined as the IC 50 value.

Assay for α-Glucosidase
Inhibitory Activity. The αglucosidase of S. cerevisiae is used to investigate the inhibitory activity of the rude extracts. α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of rude extracts compounds against α-glucosidases were determined using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG) as a substrate and these were compared with acarbose ( Table 2). The IC 50 values of compounds range from 2.33 μg/mL to 706.81 μg/mL. There are thirty-seven of samples which have IC 50 lower than acarbose. Extracts derived from leaves of Garcinia daedalanthera showed inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme significantly, with IC 50 value of 2.33 μg/mL. Inhibitory activity of the enzyme αglucosidase at forty-five extracts may be due to the glycoside content in each extract. Glycosides consist of sugars that may be structurally similar to carbohydrate which is a substrate of the enzyme α-glucosidase [10]. IC 50 value of samples of plant extracts are lower than acarbose because their active chemical compounds have no further fractionation and may have a synergistic effect in inhibiting α-glucosidase [11]. Inhibition mode of leaves extract of Antidesma celebicum from Euphorbiaceae was investigated. Inhibition mode of 80% ethanol extract showed competitive inhibitory mode. This mode may have been due because the structure is similar with glucose. This result is similar with inhibition mode of Nojirimycin which has a competitive inhibition against αglucosidase [9] (Figure 1).
Inhibition mode of leaves extract of Garcinia kydia from Clusiaceae was investigated. Inhibition mode of 80% ethanol extract showed noncompetitive inhibitory mode [12] ( Figure 2).
Inhibition mode of 80% ethanol extract from Amaracarpus pubescens Blume. leaves had a combination of competitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Combination of competitive and noncompetitive may have been due to the extract having more than one compound that has αglucosidase inhibitory activity [13] (Figure 3).