Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 742829, 8 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/742829

Research Article

Expression and Cellular Distribution of INHA and INHB before and after In Vitro Cultivation of Porcine Oocytes Isolated from Follicles of Different Size

Bartosz Kempisty,1,2 Marta Jackowska,³ Magdalena Woźna,³ Paweł Antosik,³ Hanna Piotrowska,⁴ Piotr Zawierucha,1,2 Dorota Bukowska,³ Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski,³ Michał Nowicki,¹ and Klaus P. Brüssow⁵

¹Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznań, Poland

²Department of Anatomy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznań, Poland

³Department of Veterinary, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 52 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-628 Poznań, Poland

⁴Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd St., 60-631 Poznań, Poland

⁵Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany

Received 24 July 2012; Revised 8 October 2012; Accepted 23 October 2012

Academic Editor: Leon Spicer

Copyright © 2012 Bartosz Kempisty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from small (<3 mm), medium (3–5 mm), and large (>5 mm) porcine follicles, and the INHA and INHB expression and cellular localization were studied. Developmentally competent (BCB+) COCs were cultured for 44 h. Samples of mRNA were isolated before and after in vitro maturation (IVM) from oocytes collected from follicles of different size for RQ-PCR assay. The INHA and INHB protein distribution within the oocytes was observed by confocal microscopy. INHA mRNA expression was increased in oocytes from large compared to medium and small follicles before IVM (), and to oocytes of small follicles after IVM (). The INHB expression was not different before IVM, but the IHNB mRNA level was gradually higher in oocytes from large follicles after IVM (). INHA was not differently expressed before IVM; however, in large follicle oocytes the protein was distributed in the peripheral area of the cytoplasm; in oocytes from small follicles it was in the entire cytoplasm. After IVM, INHA was strongly expressed in oocytes from small follicles and distributed particularly in the zona pellucida (ZP). Similarly and both before and after IVM, INHB protein was highly expressed in small follicle oocytes and within the cytoplasm. In summary, INHs can be recognized as a marker of porcine oocyte quality.

1. Introduction

As yet, the oocyte developmental capacity in vitro, that is, to undergo maturation, fertilization, and to reach the blastocyst stage, has differed significantly from in vivo situation [1]. Though the in vitro cultivation (IVC) conditions try to mimic the in vivo environment, the maturation potential of the gametes is quite different. Although the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes has been improved, there still exist problems with abnormal male pronucleus formation and an increased polyspermy rate [2]. It is accepted, that mammalian oocytes require both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation to achieve developmental capacity [3–5]. Therefore, to optimize IVC systems in pigs, the determination of possible differences in a gene expression profile and/or cellular distribution of encoded proteins after IVC are of high interest.

Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors are associated with the maturation ability of porcine oocytes to reach MII stage [5, 6]. In order to determine developmental competence of oocytes many authors use brilliant cresyl blue test (BCB) because of its simplicity and reliability relative to many species. The aim of the test is to evaluate activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) key enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway that produces ribose-5-phosphate, erythrose-4-phosphate, and NADPH which are used in nucleotide synthesis, aromatic amino acid synthesis, and in reductive biosynthesis, respectively. Immature oocytes that require higher supplementation of energy to become developmentally competent will have higher concentration of enzyme in relation to matured oocytes. This will lead to reduction of BCB stain by G6PDH in this cell resulting in colorless cytoplasm (cells described as BCB⁻). On the other hand, fully maturated oocytes have lower concentration of G6PDH that is insufficient to reduce the stain resulting in blue colorization of cytoplasm (cells described as BCB⁺).

Moreover, it was found that the follicular size is one of the factors which are linked with the expression of genes encoding proteins responsible for maturation and fertilization of oocytes. It was shown by Sun et al. (2001) [7] that the follicular size exerts no effect on the resumption of meiosis of oocytes recovered from small follicles, but it significantly affects the developmental potential of porcine oocytes. In addition, Antosik et al. [8] analyzed mRNAs expression of zona pellucida glycoproteins; pZP1, pZP2, pZP3, and pZP3 alpha; integrins ITGB1 and ITGB2 and pZP3 and ITGB2 proteins in porcine oocytes, isolated from follicles of various size. They found that the differential expression pattern of mRNAs and of encoded proteins, responsible for fertilization in pigs, was associated with the follicular size. Consequently, the ability of COCs which were recovered from distinct follicles may differ. Inhibins, described also as gonadal glycoprotein hormones, belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) superfamily and are involved in pituitary FSH secretion [9]. Inhibin exists in two forms, each comprising alpha subunit and covalently associated with one of two distinct subunits, respectively, termed inhibin beta-a (INHBA) and inhibin beta-b (INHBB). The genes encoding INHs are expressed in ovarian granulosa-cells. Their affected expression profile is an example of a primary marker of recurrent and residual ovarian granulosa-cell cancers [10]. Furthermore, mutation of INHA is the main cause of premature ovarian failure (POF) and other ovarian functional abnormalities [11–13]. In addition, Parrish et al. [14] compared expression of 20 different genes responsible for follicular growth in mouse ovarian follicles in vivo and cultured in vitro. They showed that expression of INHBA as well as expression of other members of TGF superfamily, including TGFB and BMP15, was downregulated in in vitro cultured follicles compared to in vivo.

However, only few reports are available which indicate expression of INHs in oocytes. Such an expression may suggest their role not only in folliculogenesis but also in oogenesis where TGFB superfamily proteins are involved in crucial steps of oocyte growth and achievement of developmental capacity [15, 16]. Taking into account all of these data, the aim of this study was to analyze the expression of INHA and INHB mRNAs as well as the distribution of their encoded proteins in porcine oocytes recovered from follicles of different size before and after IVM.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Animals

A total of 46 postpuberal crossbred Landrace gilts, with mean age of 155 days (range 140–170 days) and mean weight 100 kg (95–120 kg) were used in this study. The experiments were approved by the local Ethics Committee.

2.2. Collection of Porcine Ovaries and COCs

The ovaries and reproductive tracts were recovered from gilts immediately after slaughter and transported to the laboratory within 20 min at 38°C in 0.9% NaCl. Follicles were classified into three size categories: small (<3mm), medium (3–5 mm), and large (>5 mm) using a caliper.

The follicles were opened by individual puncturing with a 20-G needle attached to a 5-mL syringe into a sterile petri dish. The recovered cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were washed three times in a modified PBS, supplemented with 36 μg/mL pyruvate, 50 μg/mL gentamycin, and 0.5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). They were selected under an inverted Zeiss microscope (Axiovert 35, Lübeck, Germany), counted, and morphologically evaluated with special care, using the scale suggested by Jackowska et al., (2009) [17]. Only COCs of grade I with a homogenous ooplasm and having uniform and compact cumulus cells were considered for use in the subsequent steps of the experiment.

2.3. Assessment of Oocyte Developmental Competence by Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) Test

Before cultivation, COCs were washed twice in a modified Dulbecco PBS (DPBSm, Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with 50 IU/mL penicillin, 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.4% [w/v] BSA, 0.34 mM pyruvate, and 5.5 mM glucose (DPBSm). Then, COCs were treated with 26 μM brilliant cresyl blue (BCB; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) diluted in DPBSm at 38.5°C, under 5% CO₂ in air for 90 min. After treatment, the oocytes were transferred to DPBSm and washed twice. During the washing procedure, the oocytes were examined under an inverted microscope and classified as either having stained blue (BCB⁺) or remaining colourless (BCB⁻). Only BCB⁺ oocytes, which had completed their growth phase and may have reached developmental competence, were used in the experiment.

2.4. In Vitro Maturation of Porcine COCs

The selected BCB⁺ COCs were cultured in Nunclon Δ 4-well dishes (Nunc, GmbH, Co. KG, Germany) in 500 μL standard porcine in vitro maturation (IVM) medium (TCM-199 with Earle’s salts, and L-glutamine, Gibco BRL Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 2.2 mg/mL sodium bicarbonate (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan), 0.1 mg/mL sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10 mg/mL BSA (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 mg/mL cysteine (Sigma-Aldrich), 10% (v/v) filtered porcine follicular fluid, and gonadotropin supplements at final concentrations of 2.5 IU/mL human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; Ayerst Laboratories, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA) and 2.5 IU/mL equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; Intervet, Whitby, ON, Canada). Wells were covered with a mineral oil overlay and cells were cultured for 44 h at 38°C under 5% CO₂ in air. The COCs were incubated with bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 2 min at 38.5°C to separate the cumulus cells. These cells were removed by vortexing the oocytes. The cumulus cell-free oocytes were used for further analysis.

2.5. Confocal Microscopic Observations

Oocytes were isolated from small, medium, and large follicles (each per slide). Oocytes were fixed with 2.5% paraformaldehyde in PBS and 0.2% Triton-X 100 for 30 min at room temperature (RT) and washed three times in PBS/PVP (0.2%). In order to block nonspecific binding, the samples were incubated with 3% BSA in PBS plus 0.1% Tween 20 for 30 min at RT. Oocytes were incubated for 12 hours at 4°C with goat polyclonal anti-INHA antibody (Ab, sc-22048) or rabbit polyclonal anti-INHB (Ab, sc-50288) both from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), diluted 1 : 500 in PBS/1.5% BSA/0.1% Tween 20. After several washes with PBS/0.1% Tween 20, samples with goat polyclonal anti-INHA Ab were incubated for 1 hour at RT with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-goat IgG Ab, produced in rabbits, and diluted 1 : 200 in PBS/0.1% Tween 20. Samples with rabbit polyclonal anti-INHB Ab were incubated for 1 hour at RT with crystalline tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG Ab, produced in goats, and diluted 1 : 200 in PBS/0.1% Tween 20. Following washing in PBS/0.1% Tween 20, the oocytes were mounted on glass slides in antifade drop and observed under confocal system LSN 510 in Carl ZEISS microscope, Axiovert 200 M. FITC was excited with 488 nm from an argon laser, and emissions were imaged through a 505–530 nm filter. TRITC was excited with 543 nm from an argon laser and the emissions were imaged through a 565–615 nm filter.

2.6. Gene Expression Analysis

Total RNA was isolated from BCB⁺ oocytes collected from large (), medium (), small follicles () each before and after IVM using an RNeasy mini column Qiagen GmbH (Hilden, Germany). RNA samples were treated with DNAse I in order to purify the samples from DNA contamination, and the quality was examined by the microchannel electrophoresis using an Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA). The RNA samples were resuspended in 20 μL of RNase-free water and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Real-time quantitative PCR amplification reactions were carried out in an AB 7500 HT Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using Universal PCR Master Mix (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). All reactions were performed in a 20 μL volume with 6 pmol forward and reverse primers and 4 pmol of probe (Table 1). The INHA and INHB expression was studied using primer probes (cat. no. 04687604001, cat. no. 04687574001, resp., Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All reactions were executed in triplicates. In case of the negative control cDNA was not added. All primers used in the experiment were designed in the way that primers cover ends of two neighbour exons. In that case there was no need of performing reverse transcription control.

Table 1: Oligonucleotide sequences and primer probes used for RQ-PCR analysis.

Transcript
Sequence (5′–3′ direction)
Probes number
Gene accession no.
Product size (bp)

GAPDH
F: TCCCTCAAGATTGTCAGCAA
28
NM001003142
68 bp

R: TGGATGACTTTGGCTAGAGGA

β-actin
F: GATCACCATTGGCAACGAG
12
NM001003349
111 bp

R: CCCAGGAAAGAAGGTTGGA

INH B
F: ATCATCCAGGGGTCCTGTG
26
NM001164842

101 bp

R: GACTGGGTGGGTCAACAAAG

INH A
F: AGCGTGTGGACCTGAAGC
28
NM214189.1
105 bp

R: ACTGCACGTCCAGGTTGAG

The relative expression levels of INHA and INHB transcripts in each sample were standardized by the internal standard of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In order to ensure that granulosa cells did not contaminate the oocytes, we demonstrated the absence of cytochrome P450 aromatase (cat. no. 69-04688686001), Roche, Mannheim, Germany) transcript by RT and RQ-PCR.

The two housekeeping genes GAPDH and β-actin (cat. no. 119-04693531001 and cat. no. 44-04688040001, resp., Roche, Mannheim, Germany) were amplified as the reference for mRNA quantification.

In order to quantify specific genes expressed in the oocytes, the levels of the expression of specific oocyte mRNAs in each sample were calculated relative to those of GAPDH and β-actin using the method described. Expression of GAPDH and β-actin mRNAs was measured in cDNA samples from isolated oocytes. All reactions were applied in at least five replicas. Determination of gene expression was based on method according to Roche technical guide.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey posttest was used to compare the results of the real-time PCR reaction. The differences were considered to be significant at , , and . The software program GraphPad Prism version 4.0 (GraphPadSoftware, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for statistical calculations.

3. Results

Several differences in the expression profile of INHA and INHB mRNAs as well as in localization and/or cellular distribution of encoded proteins were observed in oocytes collected from follicles of different size. Using RQ-PCR analysis we found an increased expression of INHA mRNA in oocytes isolated from large follicles as compared to oocytes from medium and small follicles before IVM (), (Figure 1(a)). When oocytes were analyzed after IVM, higher INHA mRNA level was revealed in oocytes isolated from large and medium follicles (), (Figure 1(b)). To the contrary, no modifications were observed before IVM in the INHB mRNA expression profile between oocytes recovered from follicles of different size (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)). After IVM, a gradual increased expression of the mRNA was noted in oocytes with relation to the follicle size: large > medium > small follicles (, , , resp.) (Figure 1(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Relative abundance of INHA and INHB transcripts in porcine oocytes isolated from different size of follicles before and after IVM. The porcine oocytes were isolated from follicles of pubertal gilts and immediately used to isolate RNA, which was reverse-transcribed into cDNA. The relative abundance of INHA (a), (b) and INHB (c), (d) mRNAs was evaluated by RQ-PCR analysis before ((a), INHA, (c), INHB) and after ((b), INHA, (d), INHB) IVM. The oocytes analyzed before or after IVM were isolated from small (<3 mm), medium (3–5 mm) and large (>5 mm) follicles. Results are presented as mean ± SEM with the level of significance, *, **, ***.

The confocal microscopy observations revealed no differences in INHA protein expression within the oocytes isolated from different sized follicles. However, in oocytes from large follicles before IVM, INHA protein was distributed in the peripheral area of the oocyte membrane, whereas in oocytes from medium and small follicles INHA protein was significantly stained in the cytoplasm (Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c)). After IVM, INHA protein manifested a strong zona pellucida expression in oocytes from all follicles (Figures 2(d), 2(e), and 2(f)). Additionally, an increased expression was observed in zona pellucida of oocytes from small follicles (Figure 2(f)). Before IVM, INHB protein expression was higher in oocytes collected from small follicles (Figure 3(c)). INHB was distributed in the cytoplasm rather than in the zona pellucida of oocytes of all follicle classes (Figures 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c)). There was an increase of INHB protein expression in oocytes from large follicles after IVM as compared to before IVM (Figure 3(d)). Overall, the highest expression of INHB was found in oocytes recovered from small follicles (Figure 3(f)). Furthermore, a distinct cytoplasmic distribution of INHB was noted in oocytes of all follicles groups (Figures 3(d), 3(e), and 3(f)). The negative control was performed without primary antibody against investigated proteins (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 2: Confocal microscopic observation of INHA cellular distribution in porcine oocytes isolated from small, medium, and large follicles before and after IVM. Porcine oocytes isolated from small, medium, and large follicles were stained before and after IVM with porcine INHA (before IVM; (a), (b), and (c) and after IVM; (d), (e), and (f)), (goat polyclonal anti-INHA, sc-22048). The treated oocytes were labeled for 40 min with FITC-conjugated anti-goat IgG Ab, which emits a green fluorescent signal after excitation at 488 nm at a 1 : 200 dilution in PBS. Bars are 50 μm. L: large, M: medium, S: small follicles.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 3: Confocal microscopic observation of INHB cellular distribution in porcine oocytes isolated from small, medium, and large follicles before and after IVM. Porcine oocytes isolated from small, medium, and large follicles were stained before and after IVM with porcine INHB (before IVM; (a), (b), and (c) and after IVM; (d), (e), and (f)), (rabbit polyclonal anti-INHB, sc-50288). The treated oocytes were labeled for 40 min with TRITC (crystalline tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate), which emits a red fluorescent signal after excitation at 543 nm at a 1 : 200 dilution in PBS for INHB. Bars are 50 μm. L: large, M: medium, S: small follicles.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Confocal microscopic observation of control oocytes. Porcine oocytes with intact zona pellucida (negative control) were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-goat IgG Ab produced in rabbits for INHA, diluted 1 : 200 in PBS/0.1% Tween 20 (a), and for INHB with TRITC (crystalline tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG Ab produced in goats, at a 1 : 200 in PBS/0.1% Tween 20 (b). The oocytes were mounted on glass slides in an antifade drop and observed under confocal system. Bars are 50 μm.

4. Discussion

Porcine models are successfully applied in many fields of medicine including tissue engineering, cardiovascular disease, skin physiology, and reproductive biology (reviewed by [18]). Due to the good availability of porcine oocytes, they are of growing interest of studies at the molecular level of reproductive processes.

In several studies it was clearly shown that the maturation ability of mammalian oocytes is regulated on the molecular level by expression of genes and encoded by them proteins, and which are responsible for mitotic/meiotic progress and for morphological changes [19–22]. Genes belonging to TGFB superfamily are important regulators; they are called also “checkpoints of oocyte maturation potential" [23]. INHA and INHB are members of TGFB superfamily and it is suggested that they regulate important stages of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro [24–26]. However, the influence of several factors, for example, the follicular size and/or in vitro cultivation, on INHA and INHB mRNA expression profile or encoded proteins distribution within the porcine oocytes, is still not entirely known. Our study aimed to examine the role of the follicle size and IVC on the expression of INHA and INHB genes and the expression of respective proteins.

It has been shown in many species that the follicular size is correlated with developmental competence of oocytes. Despite differences in oocytes diameter across species used in the definition of small, medium, and large oocyte applied by authors, the general hypothesis is still consistent. Bovine oocytes are a good example of such a situation where differentiation in groups is not the same, but authors agree that follicles of a higher diameter contain more developmentally competent oocytes [27, 28]. This trend is preserved in many other species including camel, dogs, and pigs [29, 30].

The follicular size has an influence on the expression profile of several genes involved in oocyte maturation and fertilization, too [8, 31, 32]. Glister et al. [33] investigated the role of genes of the TGFB superfamily, including INHA, in the bovine follicular fluid in relation to the follicle growth. They found that each stage of the follicle growth was associated with the expression of INHA protein. Moreover, a stimulatory effect of FSH was noted on investigated genes. It may be suggested that the expression profile of INHA may represent a marker and prognostic factor of the follicle growth and development. These observations were partially proven by Jyotsna and Medhamurthy [34]. They analyzed changes in the estradiol and progesterone concentration in the Buffalo cow follicles during periovulatory development, and an increased expression of INHA in granulosa cells of the dominant follicle. Although there are only few published data regarding INHs expression and the growth of the follicle, the two experimental papers suggest that the growth of the follicle may be determined by INHA and upregulation of follicle development is associated with a higher expression profile of inhibins. Similarly, our study has revealed significant changes in both INHA and INHB mRNA expression profile in oocytes collected from porcine follicles of different sizes. Taking into consideration all these results, it may be suggested that INHs could be regarded as important factors involved in the porcine follicle growth too. Since it was documented in several studies that oocytes of an increased fertilization and maturation ability are recovered predominantly from large follicles [8, 31], our results have also shown that IHNs expression profile may be assumed to represent not only a marker of porcine follicle growth, but also a significant genetic index of the oocyte quality. Contrary to INHs mRNA expression profiles, we have observed an opposite effect of INHA and INHB protein expression and distribution in relation to the follicular size. An increased expression of these two proteins was detected in oocytes recovered from small follicles. This effect may be explained by the existence of different transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms and/or posttranscriptional modification of INHs mRNAs.

Although only one study describes the role of INHs in regulation of the cell cycle, the impact of other genes and encoded proteins in attainment of a full maturation by oocytes was recognized [35, 36]. Cyert and Kirschner [37] used Xenopus oocytes as an experimental model to study the activation of MPF and phosphorylation of pre-MPF and their involvement in the regulation of the cell cycle progress. They demonstrated that INH, as the pre-MPF inhibitor, has a function similar to protein phosphatase. Therefore, the activation of pre-MPF occurs via the mechanism of protein phosphorylation. The activation of INH is also regulated by another protein, called protein phosphatase-1. It is suggested that an upregulation of INH is necessary for MPF activation as a presumably first step of a mechanism that leads to the cell cycle regulation and progression. Since the cell cycle controlling system is a main mechanism associated with the maturation potential of mammalian oocytes, we investigated the INHA and INHB expression profiles in porcine oocytes before and after maturation in vitro. A substantially increased expression of INHA mRNA has been observed in oocytes before the maturation process; however, the INHB mRNA expression was unaffected. On the other hand, the expression of INHA and INHB proteins was significantly increased in oocytes after IVM. This observation points to the existence of a posttranscriptional regulation of INHs expression.

INHB protein was always distributed in the cytoplasm of porcine oocytes before and after IVM. Against, INHA protein was located in the peripheral area of the cytoplasm in oocytes before IVM, while after maturation the protein displayed a pronounced staining in the zona pellucida. An increased expression of INHA in the zona pellucida after IVM may indicate its role as an important gonadal glycoprotein. However, the crucial function of INHA at oocyte maturation and oocyte-sperm interaction needs to be confirmed in further experiments.

5. Conclusions

Our study demonstrated differential INHs mRNA expression profiles and distribution of the encoded proteins within porcine oocytes during the process of in vitro maturation. Furthermore, the relationship between the follicular size, oocyte maturation, and INHs expression profiling was shown. It is supposed that INHs are an important factor involved in the process of the follicle growth and oocyte maturation in pigs.

Acknowledgment

This study was made possible by Grants nos. NN 308 588040 (2011/03/N/NZ4/00305) and 0233/IP1/2011/71 “IuventusPlus” from the Polish Ministry of Scientific Research and Higher Education.

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