BioMed Research International

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 187254, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/187254

Clinical Study

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases at Reference and High-Specialty Hospitals in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico

Eduardo Guaní-Guerra,¹ Ulises Noel García-Ramírez,² Ana Isabel Jiménez-Romero,³ José Manuel Velázquez-Ávalos,² Gabriela Gallardo-Martínez,¹ and Francisco-Javier Mendoza-Espinoza⁴

¹Departamento de Inmunología, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Boulevard Milenio 130 San Carlos La Roncha, 37660 León, GTO, Mexico

²Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, IMSS, 37320 León, GTO, Mexico

³Departamento de Inmunoalergología Pediátrica, Hospital Ángeles-León, 37150 León, GTO, Mexico

⁴Hospital Regional de León ISSSTE, 37520 León, GTO, Mexico

Received 30 April 2013; Accepted 19 July 2013

Academic Editor: Anthony L. DeVico

Copyright © 2013 Eduardo Guaní-Guerra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. In general, primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are underdiagnosed in most countries. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency and clinical spectrum of PID in the most important tertiary hospitals in our region. Methods. An observational, cross-sectional, with retrospective chart, review study was conducted. A total of 26 patients were included and grouped according to the updated classification of PIDs. Results. PIDs spectra were as follows: predominantly antibody deficiency diseases were the most common category (65.38%), followed by other well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes (11.55%), congenital defects of phagocyte number and/or function (7.69%), complement deficiencies (3.85%), combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies (3.85%), and defects in innate immunity (3.85%). The mean time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to the reference and diagnosis by a tertiary hospital was of 4.65 ± 6.95 years. Conclusions. Predominant antibody deficiency disease was the most common group of PIDs, agreeing with international reports. Awareness of underdiagnosis by physicians is crucial for a prompt diagnosis and treatment, which in turn should improve the quality of life among patients with PIDs.

1. Introduction

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of diseases caused by inherited defects of the immune system, in which the common hallmark is the susceptibility to infection. Nowadays, more than 180 different PIDs have been described [1, 2].

However, research on PIDs has not been easy and still faces an array of difficulties. These are due in part to the fact that PIDs were discovered only half a century ago and are still a somewhat new area for common medicine. In some countries, such as Bulgaria, PIDs are even not acknowledged as disease entities and therefore cannot be diagnosed and treated accordingly [3]. Other challenges regarding PIDs include the broad range of diseases caused by a large variety of genetic defects, clinical variations in presentation, complexity of laboratory and genetic assessment, and costs of therapy [4].

While once thought to be exceedingly rare, symptomatic primary immunodeficiencies are now appreciated to range from 1 : 500 to 1 : 500,000 in the general population in the United States and Europe [5, 6]. A random digit dialing telephone survey in 2007 estimated that one in 1200 people within the United States are diagnosed with an immunodeficiency [7]. If one were to view immunodeficiency disorders as genetic in etiology, this statistic would rank PIDs as more common in the United States than some better-known genetic disorders, such as hemophilia (less than 15,000), cystic fibrosis (30,000), and Huntington disease (30,000) [8].

Unfortunately, in Mexico, we lack studies that show the prevalence, incidence, and burden cost of PIDs in our population. The objective of the present study is to collect and analyze data on patients with PID in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico, to facilitate diagnosis, treatment, research, and education of such patients, as the first step to improve their quality of life.

2. Materials and Methods

An observational, cross-sectional, with retrospective chart review study was conducted in four different reference centers or tertiary referral hospitals in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. A total of 26 patients were included and grouped according to the updated classification of PIDs introduced by the Expert Committee of International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) on Primary Immunodeficiency [1]. The study subjects included in the present survey were patients from the immunology department of the different reference centers. At the moment of the study the total amount of patients in the four reference centers was estimated to be 344,672 people. The four high-specialty hospitals have a mean of 86,168 active patients; 147 hospital beds; 9,126 admissions per year; and 9,004 outpatients per year. The patients’ parents were considered to be related if parental consanguinity was of the first or second degree. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and the institutional review board on clinical investigation. Quantitative variables were described using mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical data using absolute and relative frequencies. Statistical analysis was performed using the Sigmaplot v.11.0 software for Windows.

3. Results

As mentioned before, the sample included 26 patients, 11 females (42.3%) and 15 males (57.7%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.36 : 1. The mean age at the moment of the study was years (). At the moment of diagnosis, 25 patients (96.15%) were under the age of 16 years, and the mean age reported at that time was years. Among the 23 living patients, 20 (86.96%) were aged 15 years or younger and 3 (13.04%) patients were aged 16 years or older. The mean time which elapsed from the onset of symptoms to the reference and diagnosis into a tertiary hospital was of years. The overall mortality rate was 11.54% (). In 10 patients (43.48%) complications secondary to the PID were detected. Among these, bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease secondary to recurrent lung infections were the most common (, 80%). See Table 1 for general characteristics of studied patients.

Table 1: General characteristics of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases at reference and high-specialty hospitals in the state of Guanajuato.

Study group

Gender (male/female)
15/11

Mean age at the onset of symptoms, years
3.46 ± 6.32

Mean age at the time of diagnosis, years
8.2 ± 10.93

Mean time in diagnostic delay, years
4.65 ± 6.95

Patients under 16 years at the moment of diagnosis, (%)
25 (96.5%)

Overall mortality rate since diagnosis until the time of the study, (%)
3 (11.54%)

Patients with complications secondary to PID, (%)
10 (43.48%)

Mean number of hospitalizations per patient until diagnosis
6.35 ± 7.51

Mean number of visits to emergency room per patient until diagnosis
12.5 ± 15.2

Mean number of doctor’s visits/year per patient
16.13 ± 7.82

PID spectra were as follows: predominantly antibody deficiency diseases (65.37%), well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes (11.55%), congenital defects of phagocyte number and/or function (7.69%), complement deficiencies (3.85%), combined immunodeficiencies (3.85%), and defects in innate immunity (3.85%). The well-defined syndromes are a group of diseases in which the occurrence of signs and symptoms point towards PID in patients with syndromic features. Examples of such diseases are the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), ataxia-telangiectasia, and DiGeorge anomaly [1]. Among the predominantly antibody deficiency diseases, the most frequent were the common variable immunodeficiency disorders (8/17, 47%), followed by X-linked agammaglobulinemia (3/17, 17.6%), selective IgA deficiency (2/17, 11.8%), isolated IgG subclass deficiency (2/17, 11.8%), and transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy with normal numbers of B cells (2/17, 11.8%); see Tables 2 and 3 for the PID spectra, clinical characteristics of studied patients, and etiological agents. The IgG levels in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) at the moment of diagnosis were  mg/dL and  mg/dL, respectively. The mean serum levels after intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) or trough serum levels were  mg/dL for XLA and  mg/dL for common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) patients. The interval of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration among the different hospitals and reference centers ranged from 3 to 4 weeks, and dosing of IVIG varied from 500 mg/dL to 700 mg/dL. All patients with CVID () and XLA () were under IVIG replacement therapy. First-degree parental consanguinity was observed only in one case. No family history of primary immunodeficiency disease was reported.

Table 2: Spectrum of PID at reference and high-specialty hospitals in the state of Guanajuato.

PID
Study group

Method of diagnosis

Combined immunodeficiencies, (%)
1 (3.85%)
Decreased numbers of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins levels associated with opportunistic infections

Complement deficiencies, (%)
1 (3.85%)
Quantitative C1 inhibitor deficiency

Defects in innate immunity (%)
1 (3.85%)

    Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
1/1
Phenotypic diagnosis: persistent mucocutaneous candidiasis

Congenital defects of phagocyte number and/or function
2 (7.69%)

    Chronic granulomatous disease
1/2
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow cytometry test

    Cyclic neutropenia
1/2
Low neutrophils count

Well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes, (%)
3 (11.55%)

    Ataxia-telangiectasia
1/3
Syndromic features

    Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
1/3
FISH test for 22q11 deletion

    Hyper-IgE syndrome
1/3
Syndromic features, NIH clinical feature scoring system

Predominantly antibody deficiency disease, (%)
17 (65.38%)

    CVID
8/17
Low IgG and IgA and/or IgM

    X-linked agammaglobulinemia
3/17
Mutation in BTK. Severe reduction in all serum immunoglobulin isotypes with profoundly decreased or absent B cells

    Selective IgA deficiency
2/17
IgA decreased/absent

    Isolated IgG subclass deficiency
2/17
Reduction in one or more IgG subclass

    THI with normal numbers of B cells
2/17
IgG and IgA decreased

PID: primary immunodeficiency diseases; CVID: common variable immunodeficiency disorders; THI: transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.

Table 3: Clinical data on etiological agents of infectious diseases in the studied group of patients.

No.
Gender
Diagnosis
Infectious diseases

(number of episodes)
Etiologic agents
Comorbidity

1
Female
Combined immunodeficiency
Pneumonia (3), urinary tract infection (1)
Burkholderia cepacia, E. Coli  

Candida albicans.
Ichthyosis

2
Female
CVID
Pneumonia (4)
Nonisolated pathogens
Down syndrome, Hypothyroidism

3
Male
Selective IgA deficiency
Recurrent URTI
Nonisolated pathogens
None

4
Female
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Tonsillitis (3), gastronitestinal infection (1)
S. pyogenes
None

5
Male
CVID
Pneumonia (3), sinusitis (4)
S. pneumonia
None

6
Male
Selective IgA deficiency
Recurrent URTI
Nonisolated pathogens
Food allergy

7
Male
THI
Recurrent URTI
Nonisolated pathogens
None

8
Male
Isolated IgG subclass deficiency
Pneumonia (1), otitis media (5), sinusitis (1).

Gastrointestinal infection (2)
S. pneumoniae
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

9
Male
Isolated IgG subclass deficiency
Otitis media (1), Sinusitis (3)
Nonisolated pathogens
None

10
Male
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Pneumonia (5), sinusitis (3), otitis (5).

Meningitis, recurrent URTI
S. epidermidis,  

S. pneumoniae
None

11
Male
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Pneumonia (3), sinusitis (2)
Klebsiella pneumoniae,

Candida sp.,

S. pneumoniae
Rheumatoid arthritis

12
Male
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Pneumonia (2), sinusitis (3), pyoderma gangrenosum
Pseudomonas sp
Allergic rhinitis

13
Female
CVID
Pneumonia (8), sinusitis (2)
Nonisolated pathogens
None

14
Female
CVID
Gastrointestinal infection (4), pneumonia (3)
Giardia lamblia
Autoimmune thyroiditis, Hypothyroidism

15
Female
CVID
Gastro intestinal infection (5), pneumonia (2), intestinal tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Arthritis

16
Male
CVID
Pneumonia (7)
Nonisolated pathogens
Allergic rhinitis

17
Female
CVID
Pneumonia (2), sinusitis (2)
Not available data
None

18
Female
THI
Recurrent URTI
Nonisolated pathogens
Down syndrome, IAC

19
Male
Chronic granulomatous disease
Pneumonia (10), skin abscesses, lung abscess
Serratia marcescens,

S. aureus.,

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, E. Coli
None

20
Male
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Persistent thrush, onychomycosis, recurrent URTI

skin abscesses, varicella
Candida sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae,

Herpes zoster
None

21
Female
Hereditary angioedema
URTI (2/year)
Nonisolated pathogens
None

22
Male
Hyper-IgE syndrome
Skin abscesses, pneumonia (1), recurrent URTI

otitis (9)
S. aureus
Cow’s milk allergy, GERD

23
Female
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Persistent thrush, onychomycosis, pneumonia (11)
Candida sp.
Hypothyroidism, cow’s milk allergy, GERD

24
Male
Cyclic neutropenia
Periodontitis, recurrent URTI, pneumonia (3).

Otitis (3), Sinusitis (1), gastrointestinal infection (2)
Nonisolated pathogens
None

25
Male
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion
Pneumonia (4)
S. pneumonia
Cardiopathy, Pulmonary hypertension

26
Female
CVID
Pneumonia (4), UTI (2)
Moraxella catarrhalis, S. viridans
Allergic rhinitis

CVID: common variable immunodeficiency disorders; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; IAC: interauricular communication; THI: transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy; URTI: upper respiratory tract infections; UTI: urinary tract infection.

Regarding the 10 warning signs proposed by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation for the suspicion of PID, the most frequent were need for intravenous antibiotics to clear infections (19/26 = 73.08%), two or more pneumonias within 1 year (14/26 = 53.85%), and failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally (12/26 = 46.15%). See Table 4 for the frequency of the 10 warning signs proposed by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation in the studied patients.

Table 4: Frequency of warning signs proposed by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation in the studied group of patients.

Warning signs
Study group

Need for intravenous antibiotics to clear infections
19 (73.08%)

Two or more pneumonias within 1 year
14 (53.85%)

Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally
12 (46.15%)

Two or more deep-seated infections including septicemia
11 (42.31%)

Two or more serious sinus infections within 1 year
7 (26.92%)

Four or more new ear infections within 1 year
3 (11.54%)

Recurrent deep skin or organ abscesses
3 (11.54%)

Persistent thrush in mouth or fungal infection on skin
2 (7.69%)

Two or more months on antibiotics with little effect
2 (7.69%)

Family history of primary immunodeficiency
0 (0%)

4. Discussion

Patients with PID in the present study had similar, as well as different, characteristics, compared to those reported previously in other countries. We found that the proportion of male and female is similar to that reported in national surveys in the USA, Australia, and Europe, with PID being more frequent in males [3, 7, 9]. The diagnostic delay reported in the population of the state of Guanajuato was shorter than that reported in a recent study in Mexico City [10] for patients with CVID (4.65 versus 12.5 years) and almost the same as that observed in a study of Iranian patients with CVID (4.65 versus 4.4 years) [11]. However, in a survey conducted in Republic of Korea, the time elapsed between the onset of clinical symptoms and PID diagnosis was only of 19 months [12]. We should try to decrease the time of delay in diagnosis, since this could diminish the number of complications attributed to PID. In fact, data show that the proportions of Iranian patients with CVID [11] and those in our study with bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease were of 30.4% and 30.76%, respectively. In contrast, such complications were considerably less frequent in the Korean population with PID (11.5%) [12], perhaps due to the lower delay in diagnosis as commented before. Mortality rate in the present study was similar to that reported in the national registry of PID in Korea (11.54 versus 9.8%) [12]. Looking at the bright side, only one patient (3.85%) was diagnosed after 16 years of age in the present survey, whereas the European internet-based patient and research database for PID shows that more than 21% of all registered patients were diagnosed at 16 years of age or later [3].

The spectrum of PID in the state of Guanajuato is similar to that observed in other studies. Antibody deficiency was seen in 65% of the patients, which is consistent with international reports of several research groups. For example, the proportion of patients with antibody deficiency in Europe is 54.82%, in Australia is 77%, in Korea is 53.3%, in Japan is 52.9%, and in Switzerland is 66.2% [3, 9, 12–14]. The second and third places in our study were occupied by the well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes and the congenital defects of phagocyte number and/or function, respectively; these findings are consistent with data reported in the European and Australian surveys [3, 9].

In the present study, all patients with CVID and XLA were under IRT. This proportion is higher than that reported in other studies. The 2007-USA national survey revealed that the proportions of patients under IRT with XLA were 67% and 13% in patients with CVID [7]. In Australia and New Zealand, the percentages of patients under IRT with XLA and CVID are of 88.9% and 58.6%, respectively [9]. The highest rates of IRT were reported in the 2006–2008 European database for PID, with a coverage of 92% for XLA and 85% for CVID [3]. The trough serum level, which is measured immediately before IgG is administered, should be at least 500 mg/dL and ideally within the normal range of healthy individuals (700–1600 mg/dL) [3, 15]. In fact, one study indicates that the rate of infection can be further reduced with a trough level of 900 mg/dL [16, 17]. The means IgG trough level in the ESID database were 685 mg/dL for CVID patients and 700 mg/dL for XLA patients [3]. In our study, the IgG trough levels were 1434.13 mg/dL for CVID and 1115.5 mg/dL for XLA patients. As all patients with XLA and CVID were under IRT and the trough levels of IgG were above the recommended by international guidelines, we can assume that the different institutions and their physicians are doing a good effort to improve the quality of life among their patients.

The overall consanguinity rate (3.85%) in the present study was very low, compared with that reported in other studies. In one study of Iranian patients with CIVD, a family history of immunodeficiency was recorded and first-degree parental consanguinity was observed in 72.4% [11]. The low consanguinity rate among patients with PID, reported in our study, might suggest specific genetic characteristics of patients with PID in the Mexican population. This fact is supported by the finding that no family history of PID among relatives of our patients was reported. In contrast, 23% of the patients in the national registry of PID in Republic of Korea had one or more family members with proven or suspected immunodeficiency [12].

In the present study we found that, until diagnosis, patients had a mean of 12.5 visits to the emergency room, 16.1 doctor’s visits/year per patient, and 6.35 hospitalizations related to PID. Unfortunately, a late diagnosis may increase the number of visits to the emergency room, doctor’s visits, hospitalizations, severe infections, and permanent sequelae in patients with PID. This situation has been described in other studies; for example, in the first national survey in the USA, most patients experienced two or more hospitalizations before diagnosis [8]. As we can see, in addition to the deleterious effect on health, there is considerable economic and psychosocial morbidity associated with these disorders. Fortunately, it has been shown that effective treatment can reduce significantly the burden of disease [8].

There is still much to be done in Mexico and our state. We need to know the real prevalence of PID in Mexico, and increase the level of suspicion among physicians to diminish the time of diagnosis delay, in order to improve the quality of life among patients with PID and their relatives.

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