BioMed Research International

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 241721, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/241721

Research Article

The Escherichia coli-Derived Thymosin β4 Concatemer Promotes Cell Proliferation and Healing Wound in Mice

Xiaolei Wang, Guihua Yang, Shanshuang Li, Meifeng Gao, Pangfeng Zhao, and Lingxia Zhao

Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham, Plant Biotechnology R and D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Received 21 January 2013; Revised 5 April 2013; Accepted 17 April 2013

Academic Editor: Youngjun Choi

Copyright © 2013 Xiaolei Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is one of the most promising thymosins for future clinical applications, and it is anticipated that commercial demand for Tβ4 will increase. In order to develop a new approach to produce recombinant Tβ4, a 168 bp DNA (termed T β4) was designed based on the Tβ4 protein sequence and used to express a 4 × T β4 concatemer (four tandem copies of Tβ4, termed 4 × T β4) together with a histidine tag (6 × His) in E. coli (strain BL21). SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis were used to confirm that a recombinant 4 × Tβ4 protein of the expected size (30.87 kDa) was produced following the induction of the bacterial cultures with isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The E. coli-derived 4 × T β4 was purified by Ni-NTA resin, and its activities were examined with regard to both stimulating proliferation of the mice spleen cells in vitro and in vivo wound healing. The results demonstrate that these activities of the E. coli-derived recombinant 4 × Tβ4 were similar or even better than existing commercially obtained Tβ4. This production strategy therefore represents a potentially valuable approach for future commercial production of recombinant Tβ4.

1. Introduction

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a small acidic polypeptide (43-amino acid residues), was first discovered and isolated firstly from calf thymus [1], and encoding gene was mapped to the X chromosome [2]. Tβ4, which has a molecular weight of 4,982 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.1, is one of the most important thymosin in fraction 5, which participates in the regulation of thymus-dependent immune response [1].

Tβ4 is localized in the cytoplasm, shows a high affinity for G-actin, and serves as an G-actin-sequestering protein that regulates actin polymerization. It forms a 1 : 1 complex with monomeric G actin to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between G actin and F actin, preventing polymerization into actin filaments, supplies a pool of actin monomers when the cell needs filaments, and is thus critical for rapid reorganization of the cytoskeleton [2–6]. The amino acid residues of the Tβ4 protein that are critical for action binding were confirmed by chemical cross-linking and shown to correspond to a hydrophobic cluster consisting of residues (M6-I9-F12) in N-terminal α-helix, as well as K14 and K18 [7].

Several studies have suggested that Tβ4 contributes to various biological functions in different pathological stages and physiological processes, including the migration of epidermal cell and collagen, as well as formation of blood-vessel in the both wound healing [8, 9] and the induction of angiogenesis [3, 10, 11]. In particular, Tβ4 has been associated with healing of diabetic ulcers, bedsores, damaged corneas, and heart muscle injured during heart attacks [12, 13]. Tβ4 also plays important roles in the inhibition of inflammation [14, 15], as well as T-cell maturation, proliferation of cell and differentiation [13, 16].

Tβ4 is also present in tumor cells [2], and several research groups have found that aberrant expression of Tβ4 is associated with metastasis [10] and invasion of tumor cells [3], as seen in colorectal carcinoma [17, 18], gastrointestinal stromal tumors [2], breast cancer cells [19], melanoma, and lung tumors in mouse [10]. It has also been shown that Tβ4 promotes the growth of cancerous tumors by enhancing new blood-vessel formation [12]. However, other studies have resulted in contrary conclusions. For instance, the expression level of Tβ4 is significantly lower in multiple myeloma, and it has been suggested that Tβ4 can function to suppress the proliferation of tumor cells in myeloma development [3]. Moreover, another analysis concluded that overexpression of Tβ4 does not cause an increase in cell number in tumors in a transgenic strain of mice [12].

Although there is still considerable debate about the actions of Tβ4 in the context of tumor biology, it was concluded that “the clinical prospects for at least two thymosin proteins are finally looking brighter since first medical experiment at UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) more then [sic] a quarter-century” [12], among which, Tβ4 is one of the most promising prospects for clinical application; the other is thymosin α1.

In addition, Tβ4 is a promising molecular marker or therapeutic agent to serve the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases [2, 20], or to treat some common and frequently occurring conditions, and has been proposed to have value in the wound healing of diabetic ulcers, bedsores, and damaged corneas [9, 15].

In order to meet a potential increase in the clinical demand for Tβ4, the goal of this study was to develop a production pipeline for recombinant Tβ4. A DNA sequence, based on the Tβ4 coding sequences, was designed to generate a 4 × Tβ4 concatemer (four copies of the Tβ4 gene arranged end to end in tandem, thereafter 4 × T β4), and two different bioactivities of resulting recombinant 4 × Tβ4 expressed in Escherichia coli were evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Synthesis of Tβ4 and Construction of the pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 Vector

Based on the Tβ4 amino acid sequence, a Tβ4 gene was designed and synthesized [1], and DNA fragment of the Tβ4 gene was subcloned into the pUC57 plasmid (termed pUC57-Tβ4). The pUC57-Tβ4 plasmid was digested with two combinations of restriction enzymes of Spe I/Sac I and Xba I/Sac I, and the resulting DNA was ligated into SpeI/SacI sites of pUC57-Tβ4 to create pUC57-2×Tβ4. The pUC57-4 × Tβ4 containing four repeats of the Tβ4 gene was also generated based on the isocaudamer property of Spe I and Xba I.

To facilitate the purification of the recombinant 4 × Tβ4 protein, a DNA sequence which is encoding six histidines was added at 5′ end of the 4 × T β4 concatemer by PCR technique using the primers of Tβ4F1 (5′-ggggatccatgcaccaccaccaccaccacggtaccatgtctagaatgtctga-3′) and Tβ4R1 (5′-ccgagctcttaactagtcataga-3′). The PCR product was gel purified and ligated into the plasmid pMD18 (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China) and termed pMD18-6 × his-4×Tβ4. Subsequently, the plasmids pMD18-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 and pET28a (Merck Millipore, Germany) were digested with Bam H I/Sac I, and the vector pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 was constructed following incubation with T₄ DNA ligase (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China). The recombinant pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 was transformed into E. coli strain BL21 by a thermal impulse at 42°C for 90 seconds.

2.2. Confirmation of the E. coli-Derived 4 × Tβ4 Production

The BL21 cell strain harboring pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 was cultured in a 15 mL flask with 3 mL LB broth liquid medium (pH = 7.5) containing kanamycin (100 μg/mL) in a shaker (220 rpm) at 37°C for overnight. A similar culture of the BL21 cell strain transformed with pET28a was also grown and used as a negative control. Both cultures (200 μL) were added to 50 mL fresh LB medium with kanamycin (100 μg/mL) and cultured to the OD₆₀₀ = 0.5 in a 37°C shaker (220 rpm). Then IPTG was added to a 1 mM final concentration and incubated as above for 0 h to 8 h.

The BL21 cells from a 1 mL aliquot culture were collected by centrifugation at 8000 g for 10 min then resuspended in 10 μL of the 1 × PBS buffer (140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, 1.8 mM KH₂PO₄, PH 7.4). The cells were then mixed with 10 μL of 2 × SDS/PAGE sample buffer (120 mM Tris-HCl pH6.8, 20% glycerol, 4% SDS, 3%  β-mercaptoethanol, 0.02% bromophenol blue) and boiled in a water bath (100°C) for 5 min. The boiled samples were centrifuged at 8000 g for 5 min at 4°C, and 7 μL supernatant from each sample was loaded a SDS-12% polyacrylamide gels and then subjected to electrophoresis in 1×Tris-Glycine Buffer (0.025 M Tris, 0.25 M glycine, 0.1% (w/v) SDS) at 100 volt at 4°C for 2 h. Duplicate gels were stained with 1% Coomassie Brilliant Blue (R250), another one, or electro-transferred to 0.22 μm PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride, Bio-Rad, USA) membrane using a Bio-Rad transfer equipment (35 volt at 4°C) for overnight for Western blotting analysis. A mouse anti-His-tag monoclonal antibody (Shanghai ImmunoGen Biological Technology, Shanghai, China) and an AP-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Shanghai ImmunoGen Biological Technology, Shanghai, China) were, respectively, used as primary and second antibodies, respectively, to detect the expression of the recombinant 4 × Tβ4 protein.

2.3. In Vitro 4 × Tβ4 Stimulates Cell Proliferation

The cells harboring pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 were collected by centrifugation after IPTG (1 mM) induction at 37°C for 6 h, and the cells pellet was resuspended in PBS buffer (v : v = 1 : 5) and then sonicated at 200–300 W in an ice bath 6 times (pause/sonication = 10 s/10 s per time). The sonicated crude lysate was centrifuged under 4°C at 10 000 g for 30 min and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitated cells pellet (per gramme) was resuspended in 5 mL buffer B (8 M urea, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, 0.01 M Tris-Cl, pH 8.0) and shaken gently at room temperature for approximately 30 min until the solution became translucent. The mixture was then mixed with Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen Gmbh, Germany) and loaded into a column. The flow-through from the column was collected. Nonbound proteins were collected by passing 20 mL buffer C (8 M urea, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, 0.01 M Tris-Cl, pH 6.3), and the proteins adsorbed with Ni-NTA resin were eluted with 5 mL buffer E (8 M urea, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, 0.01 M Tris-Cl, pH 4.5).

The bioactivity of the E. coli-derived-4×Tβ4 protein in stimulating mice splenic lymphocyte proliferation was tested by a MTT-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) based method in vitro [21]. Spleen cells were isolated from 6-to 8-week-old Balb/c mice. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 1000 g at room temperature for 10 min, and the cells pellet was resuspended and diluted to 1 × 10⁵cells per mL in RPMI 1640 culture medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China).

A 100 μL aliquot of the diluted spleen cells was added to each well of a 96-well plate. Samples of the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 and commercially obtained Tβ4 protein (GL Biochem, Shanghai, China) were diluted to 250 ng/μL in 1 × PBS buffer, and a 100 μL of the diluted 4 × Tβ4 was added to each well (six replications per treatment). Aliquots (100 μL) of the diluted commercial Tβ4 protein and 1 × PBS buffer were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The 96-well plate was incubated in a cell culture incubator at 5% CO₂ at 37°C for 24 h. After incubation, 10 μL of MTT reagents was added into each well. Then the plate was then returned to the cell culture incubator for an additional 4 h. The cells in the 96-well plate were periodically examined with a CKX31 inverted microscope (Olympus, Watford, Herts, UK). When a purple precipitate was clearly visible, 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added and the plate was then gently swirled and placed in the dark at room temperature for 15 min. The absorbance was read at 570 nm with a Microplate Reader (Bio-Tek, Power Wave XS, USA). The mouse splenic lymphocyte proliferation rate was calculated according to formula: proliferation rate = .

2.4. In Vivo 4 × Tβ4 Promotes Wound Healing

Three full-thickness punch wounds (5 mm diameter) were made on dorsal surfaces of each Balb/c mouse (6- to 8-week-old, ) (Shanghai SALES Laboratory Animal, Shanghai, China), as previously described [22, 23]. Both the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 and commercial Tβ4 protein were diluted to 0.1 μg/μL using 0.9% (w/v) physiological saline. Three punch wounds per mouse were topically treated with the 4 × Tβ4, the commercial Tβ4 protein and 0.9% (w/v) physiological saline, respectively, 24 h and 48 h after wounding.

In the first experimental group of three mice, keratinocyte migration was determined by measuring the lengths of the epidermal tongues from wound edges with a vernier caliper (Endura-Greenlee Tools, E0531, Shanghai, China) from 2 to 10 days after application treatment, and the percentage wound of closure was calculated by formula: percentage wound closure = distance of migrated keratinocytes from the wound edge/total wound width × 100% [23].

A second experiment group of three mice was used to examine reepithelialization and vessel counts (angiogenesis) in the wound bed. The mice were euthanized on day 8 after wounding, and the skin tissues were taken from wounds, fixed in 4% (v/v) formalin buffer, and then embedded in paraffin after dehydration in series of increasing ethanol concentrations (75%, 85%, 95%, and 100%). The embedded skin tissue samples were sliced into 5 μm thick sections using a microtome (Leica, RM2200), and the sections from middle of the wounds were mounted on glass slides and then were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Shanghai Dingjie Biotechnology Company, Shanghai, China) after paraffin removal, and the samples were evaluated using a microscope (Olympus BX51, Japan).

Histological sections were used to measure the vessel counts as previously described by Malinda et al. [22]. Vessel counts were determined by first identifying vascular spaces by their endothelial lining. All such vessels in the wound bed were counted, including those at the junction of the dermis and the subcutis, since angiogenesis in the wounds occurs to a great extent from these vessels. The vessel counts were taken from mean value of 10 view fields (40×) per treatment. Statistical analysis pf the data was performed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) with a value <0.05 [24]. All the above analyses were performed using double blind trials.

3. Results

3.1. Synthesis of Tβ4 Gene and Construction of pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4

According to amino acid sequence of T β4 protein, a 168 bp of T β4 gene was designed and synthesized, which includes restriction enzyme sites (underlined), protection bases, and initiation codon (ATG) and the termination codon (TAA) (bold), as shown below:

The 4 × Tβ4 was created using isocaudamer property of Xba I and Spe I, and a short DNA sequence (18 base pair) encoding six histidines was introduced at 5′-end of the 4 × T β4 sequence by PCR, yielding a DNA sequence of the 6 × his-4 × Tβ4 (619 bp). The DNA fragment was subsequently inserted into the Bam H I and Sac I sites in the pET28a plasmid to generate pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Diagramme of pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4. lac I, lac repressor coding gene; Kan: kanamycin coding gene; 6 × his, a DNA sequence encoding six histidines; 4 × T β4, four copies of a DNA sequence which encode T β4 arranged in tandem; origin, DNA sequence of pBR322 origin of replication; f1 origin, DNA sequence of phage f1 origin of replication.

3.2. Induced Expression of 4 × Tβ4 Protein

To confirm the induced expression of 4 × Tβ4 protein in E. coli, rude proteins extracted from BL 21 cell pellets were separated by SDS/PAGE gels, and the expected 30.87 kDa recombinant 4 × Tβ4 protein was monitored following IPTG induction for 0 h to 8 h in BL 21 harboring pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 the expected band was detected at all time increments other than 0 h (Figure 2(a)). In order to further confirm the presence of 4 × Tβ4 protein, the mouse anti-His-tag was used as a primary antibody in a Western blot analysis of the protein extracts. The expected hybridization signal at 30.87 kDa was detected at different induction times from 0 h to 8 h in BL 21 harboring pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4; however the signal was much weaker in 0 h sample. As expected, no immunoreactive band corresponding 4 × Tβ4 was detected in the negative control BL21 samples form cultures transformed with pET28a (Figure 2(b)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Expression of recombinant 4 × Tβ4 in BL21 cells at different induction times. Lane M, middle-molecular mass protein markers; lanes from 1 to 5: induced expression of the recombinant 4 × Tβ4 by IPTG (1 mM) at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hs, respectively; lane 6: induced BL21 containing pET28a by IPTG (1 mM) for 6 hs. Red arrows indicate specific band of E. coli-derived 6 × his-×Tβ4. (b) Western blot analysis of the E. coli-derived 6 × his-4 × Tβ4. Lane M: middle-molecular-mass protein markers; lanes from 1 to 5: BL21 harboring pET28a-6 × his-4 × Tβ4 after IPTG (1 mM) induction at 37°C for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively; lane 6: induction of expression of the BL21 containing pET28a by IPTG (1 mM) at 37°C for 6 h. Red arrows indicate the specific hybridization signal for the E. coli-derived 6 × his-×Tβ4.

3.3. In Vitro 4 × Tβ4 Stimulates Cell Proliferation

In order to confirm the bioactivity of the recombinant 4 × Tβ4, the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 protein was purified by the Ni-NTA resin and examined by SDS-PAGE gel. The results showed that both unbound and nonspecific bound proteins were eluted from the column using 1×Ni-NTA buffer B and C, respectively; however the 4 × Tβ4 protein with 6 × his fusion was successfully obtained by elution of bound proteins from the Ni-NTA resin (Figure 3(a)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Purification of the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4. Lane M: middle molecular mass protein markers; lane 1: unbound proteins were eluted using 1×Ni-NTA buffer B; lane 2: nonspecific proteins were eluted using 1 × Ni-NTA buffer C; lanes from 3 to 9: 4 × Tβ4 was eluted using 1 × Ni-NTA buffer E. Red arrows indicate the specific band of E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 on SDS/PAGE gel. (b) Assay of mice splenic lymphocyte proliferation using MTT method. 4 × Tβ4: purified 4 × Tβ4 protein extracted from BL21 (E. coli) stimulate, mice splenic lymphocyte proliferation; Tβ4: commercial Tβ4 protein (GL Biochem) stimulates mice splenic lymphocyte proliferation.

Both E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 proteins and commercial Tβ4 were subsequently diluted to 250 ng/μL in 1×PBS buffer and then used to in a MTT assay. The MTT results showed that the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 promotes mice lymphocyte proliferation (%), to a significantly higher degree than the commercial Tβ4 (%) (Figure 3(b), ).

3.4. In Vivo 4 × Tβ4 Promotes Wound Healing

The full thickness cutaneous mouse wound model was employed to examine the efficiency of the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 in wound healing. Keratinocyte migration was determined by measuring the lengths of the epidermal tongues from the wound edges. The results showed that reepithelialization is increased in all treatments and that rate was higher following treatment with E. coli-derived-4×Tβ4 than that with both positive control (commercial Tβ4) and negative control (0.9% physiological saline). However, the difference is insignificant between treatments from 2 days to 6 days after application treatment. Keratinocyte migration was significantly higher following treatment with the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 than the negative control from day 8, and the percentage of wound closure reached %. On day 10, the closure was significantly higher than the negative control (%) (Figure 4, see Supplementary Figure  1 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/241721); however, there was no significant difference between treatments with the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 and commercial Tβ4.

Figure 4: Change of keratinocyte migration in wound bed at different times after application treatment. Tβ4: wounds of the applied standard Tβ4 purchased from GL Biochem; 4 × Tβ4 (BL21): wounds of the applied E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4; NaCl: wounds of the applied 0.9% physiological saline; 2 d to 10 d: days after application.

The E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 also promoted an increase in the number of blood vessels in wound bed, as determined by observing tissue sections on day 8 after wounding. The blood vessel number ( vessel number/9 × 10⁴ μm², ) was significantly greater than that of the negative control ( vessel number/9 × 10⁴ μm²); however, there was no significant difference between the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 and the commercial Tβ4 ( vessel number/9 × 10⁴ μm²) samples (Figure 5).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 5: Histological sections of reepithelialization and angiogenesis at day 8 after wounding. Arrows indicate the formation of blood vessel in the wound bed. (a) The newly formed blood vessels and reepithelialization of the wound epidermis in wound location by topical treatment with 5 μg 4 × Tβ4 (dissolved in 50 μL of the 0.9% physiological saline). (b) The newly formed blood vessels and reepithelialization of the wound epidermis in the wound location by topical treatment with 5 μg Tβ4 (dissolved in 50 μL of the 0.9% physiological saline). (c) Treatment with 0.9% physiological saline. (d) Normal mouse skin tissues (bar = 100 μm).

4. Discussion

The Tβ4 protein has been proposed as one of the two most promising thymosins (the another being thymosin α1) for future clinical applications [12]. Several research groups have suggested that Tβ4 protein has the potential to cure or prevent many diseases associated with the immune system and can be used to treat inflammation [14, 15] and tumors [2, 3] and promote wound healing [8]. The number of patients with diseases such as diabetes is gradually rising in conjunction with an aging population and suboptimal life style often resulted in diabetic ulcers and bedsores. Tβ4 protein is therefore likely to have increasing importance as a therapeutic agent, which in turn suggests that there will be an increasing demand for Tβ4 production. Currently, the Tβ4 is produced commercially by two approaches: extraction from animal thymus [1] and chemical synthesis [25], but there are challenges with meeting clinic demand due to risks of zoonosis and higher production costs [25, 26].

We therefore sought to produce Tβ4 protein via a genetic engineering approach, and a gene encoding Tβ4 was designed and synthesized. To enhance expression and facilitate purification, a recombinant Tβ4 concatemer protein fused to a histidine tag was expressed in and purified from E. coli cultures.

Several studies have revealed that Tβ4 functions by binding to G-actin [3–6], and the bioactivity of Tβ4 protein was related to its structure and amino acid components [7, 27]. As of yet, we have no evidence that the E. coli-derived 4 × Tβ4 has similar binding characteristics equal to the commercial Tβ4, which is generated by chemosynthesis or extraction of animal thymuses. However, the results showed that the E. coli-4 × Tβ4 protein promotes cell proliferation in vitro (Figure 3(b)), as well as wound healing and vessel increase in vivo (Figures 4 and 5), and its capabilities in these regards are at least similar, or even better than commercial Tβ4. Further research focuses on producing Tβ4 using other expression systems including yeast and plant [28–32].

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no any conflict of interests associated with this publication, and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Professor Zhong-Dong Qiao (School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China) and Professor Yan Yu (School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China) for providing assistance with assaying protein activity and wound healing, respectively. They also thank Professor Rose (Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, NY, USA) and Dr. Ming Xia (Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA) for taking a lot of time to revise the paper. This work was supported by funding from the China National “863” High-Tech Program (no. 2011AA100607 and no. 2007AA100503) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31071810).

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