BioMed Research International

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 760681, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/760681

Research Article

Molecular Identification and Ultrastructural and Phylogenetic Studies of Cyanobacteria from Association with the White Sea Hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758)

O. A. Koksharova,1,2 T. R. Kravzova,³ I. V. Lazebnaya,⁴ O. A. Gorelova,³ O. I. Baulina,³ O. E. Lazebny,⁵ T. A. Fedorenko,³ and E. S. Lobakova³

¹Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow 119992, Russia

²Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123182, Russia

³Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia

⁴N.I.Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Gubkin Street 3, Moscow 119333, Russia

⁵N.K.Kol’tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova Street 26, Moscow 119334, Russia

Received 28 February 2013; Accepted 22 April 2013

Academic Editor: Vassily Lyubetsky

Copyright © 2013 O. A. Koksharova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Three new cyanobacterial strains, that have been previously purified from the hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758), isolated from the White Sea, were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy methods and were characterized by using almost complete sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer 16S-23S rRNA, and part of the gene for 23S rRNA. The full nucleotide sequences of the rRNA gene clusters were deposited to GenBank (HM064496.1, GU265558.1, JQ259187.1). Comparison of rRNA gene cluster sequences of Synechococcus cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1, Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium 2Dp86E, and Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E with all sequences present at the GenBank shows that these cyanobacterial strains do not have 100% identity with any organisms investigated previously. Furthermore, for the first time heterotrophic bacterium, associated with Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E, was identified as a member of the new phylum Gemmatimonadetes, genus of Gemmatimonas (GenBank accession number is JX437625.1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 1Dp66E-1 forms the unique branch and belongs to a cluster of Synechococcus, including freshwater and sea strains. Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium 2Dp86E belongs to a cluster of Leptolyngbya strains. Isolate Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E forms unique branch and belongs to a cluster of the genus Nostoc, with the closest relative of Nostoc commune isolates.

1. Introduction

Cyanobacterial symbioses and associations with eukaryotes are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Various cyanobacterial strains form associations with sponges, hydroids, corals, dinoflagellates, radiolarians, and tintinnids [1–8]. Mostly, the studies of cyanobacterial associations are limited to subtropical and tropical marine water systems. Symbioses and associations between cyanobacteria and marine animals of high latitudes are poorly studied. Recently we isolated the several cyanobacteria from the associations with White Sea hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758) [7]. Purification of the symbiotic cyanobacteria from the associations with animals is rarely successful. Four cyanobacteria were isolated and purified into culture from native samples of hydroid D. pumila and were identified based on morphological characteristics as representatives of the I, II, and IV subsections of phylum BX Cyanobacteria [7].

The goal of this study was the identification of the new cyanobacteria from association with the hydroid Dynamena pumila and their characterization on the basis of ultrastructural and molecular features.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Organisms and Growth Conditions

Cyanobacterial isolates 1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E, and 10Dp66E have been previously purified from the samples of the hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758) collected in June and August of 2006 in the Rugozero Bay of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea (66° 34′ N, 33° 08′ E) [7]. Cyanobacterial isolates 1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E, and 10Dp66E have been grown on solid (1.5% agar) and liquid medium BG-11 [9] at 25°C and an illumination of 50 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹.

2.2. Light Microscopy

The isolated cyanobacteria have been studied under Leitz Laborlux D microscope (Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH, Germany).

2.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

For negative staining, drop of cyanobacteria suspension was placed onto grids and treated with 1% (w/v) sodium phosphotungstate solution and dried. For the preparation of ultrathin sections, cyanobacteria were fixed in 2% (w/v) glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7,2) for 0.5 h and then postfixed in 1% (w/v) osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 4 h, dehydrated by incubation in dilutions of ethanol, including absolute ethanol saturated with uranyl acetate, and embedded in araldite. Thin sections were prepared on an LKB-8800 (Sweden) ultratome and stained with lead citrate [10]. Ultrathin sections were examined with transmission electron microscopes JEM-100B and JEM-1011 (JEOL, Japan).

2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Cyanobacterial samples were fixed as described above and dehydrated through an ethanol series, with an overnight exposure in absolute acetone followed by critical-point drying in a Dryer HCP-2 (Hitachi, Japan), coated with Au-Pd alloy in an IB-3 Ion Coater (Eiko, Japan), and examined with a JSM-6380LA scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan).

2.5. DNA Isolation and PCR Amplification

The DNA samples from cyanobacterial isolates 1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E, and 10Dp66E were isolated according to the method of Koksharova [11]. The synthetic oligonucleotides (Table 1, “Synthol,” Moscow, Russia) have been used as primers in the PCR reactions [12] in case of cyanobacterial isolates 1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E, and 10Dp66E.

Table 1: Primers.

Strain and a name of the primer
5′-3′ nucleotide sequence of the primer
Reference and a reaction where a primer was used

10Dp66E, 16S27F
AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG
PCR

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

16S378F
GGGGAATTTTCCGCAATGGG
[23], PCR

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E, 10Dp66E

23S30R
CTTCGCCTCTGTGTGCCTAGGT
[24], PCR

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

16S534F
GCCCACAGCTCAACTGTGG
This work, PCR

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

23S1665R
CGCTCTAACCACCTGAGC
This work, PCR

2Dp86E

CYA781 Rfil
GACTACTGGGGTATCTAATCCCATT
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

CYA781Rnonfil
GACTACAGGGGTATCTAATCCCTTT
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL6F
CATGTCGCGAATCTTTCAG
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL7F
CGTCCTACAATGCTACAGAC
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL8F
CGAGTGGTCACTCTAGG
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL9F5
CGACTGACTGGACTAATGG
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL10R
AACCGCTGACATCCTGCT
This work, sequencing

2Dp86E

FIL11R
GTGAGCCCGTTGTAGCTT
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 3F
ATGGACGAAAGCCAGGGGAGC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 4R
GACCTGCGATTACTAGCGATG
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 5F
GGCGTTCAACGTGTCCGATCC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 6R
GAGTCCTCAGCTGAACATGTCC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 7F
GTGAGCCCGTTGTAGCTT
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 1F
CTCGGTGTCGTAGCTAACGC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 1R
CATCCTGCTTGCAAAGCAG
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 8R
GAGGTTTACAGCCCAGAG
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 9R
GCATCGAATTAAACCAC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1

UNI 10F
GACAGGTGGTGCATGGC
This work, sequencing

10Dp66E

10Dp F
GCTGACCTGCAATTACTAGC
This work, sequencing

10Dp66E

10Dp R
GCGCTTTCGCCACCGGTGTTC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

16S15-12-08F
GCCCACAGCTCAACTGTGG
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

23S15-1208R
GGCCATCCTGGACTCGAAC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

23S16-1208R
CGCTCTAACCACCTGAGC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

23S31R
CTCAACCATAGTCTAGAAAC
This work, sequencing

1Dp66E-1, 2Dp86E

23S32R
GTCCTGAACGACCTAGAG
This work, sequencing

PCR was carried out on a Tercik DNA amplifier (DNA Technology, Russia) by using DreamTaq PCR Master Mix (Fermentas, EU), under the following conditions: 1 cycle at 94°C for 10 min, 25 cycles at 94°C for 45 sec, 54°C for 45 sec, 68°C for 2 min, 1 cycle at 68°C for 7 min, and a final soak step at 4°C. PCR products were resolved in 1.5% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide at 5 microgram mL⁻¹. All experiments were repeated at least three times.

2.6. Cloning and Sequencing of PCR Products

DNA fragments obtained during PCR were cloned with CloneJet PCR Cloning Kit no. K1231 (Fermentas, EU). Transformation of competent XL-1 cells of Escherichia coli and plasmid purification were performed accordingly [13]. DNA sequencing was performed with ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator v. 3.1 at the Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer (Center for Collective Use “Genome”). Sequences were edited and assembled with Bioedit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Sequences were analyzed with BLAST software (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) in order to identify their closest relatives. The full nucleotide sequences of the rRNA gene cluster of all three cyanobacteria were accomplished and deposited to GenBank under accession numbers HM064496.1, GU265558.1, and JQ259187.1.

2.7. Phylogenetic Analysis

Search of the nucleotide sequences in the database GenBank, homologous to the sequenced genes of studied species of cyanobacteria, was performed using BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer) with the option—the least degree of similarity (minimum identity). The sequences of selected species were aligned using the algorithm ClustalW v.1.6 (MEGA 5.1) [14]. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using clustering neighbor-joining method (MEGA 5.1) with the preselection of an adequate model of nucleotide substitutions. Statistical significance of the obtained dendrograms was calculated by bootstrap analysis by generation of 1000 permutations.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Morphological and Ultrastructural Characteristics and Identification of Cyanobacterial Isolates

Cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1 was characterized by short rods (Table 2). These cells contained 2-3 thylakoids located in parallel to a cell surface. In the center of the cell there were a nucleoid, ribosomes, and carboxysomes (Figure 1). Visible polymers have been identified as granules of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (Phb) and polyphosphate. Cyanophycin granules were absent. As it was possible to see after negative staining, cells of 1Dp66E-1 were characterized by a rugulose relief of the cell surface. Similar surface type has been observed in cases of no phototrophic Gram-negative bacteria [15] and of cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 [16]. On ultrathin sections the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of the cell wall looked like a structure of high electron density, and it was merged with an additional layer consisting of orderly packed subunits. This additional layer was similar to bacterial S-layer glycoprotein. The cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1 had characteristics typical to genus of Synechococcus.

Table 2: Morphological properties of cyanobacteria isolates.

Isolate name
Morphology, type of cell division, and differentiation
Subsection

(order)*

1Dp66E-1
Unicellular, binary fission by constriction, cells sticks shaped 0.6–0.8 m wide and 1.5–2 m long, unsheathed.
I

(Chroococcales)

2Dp86E
Filamentous, binary fission in one plane by septum formation, no cell differentiation, ensheathed, cells barrel or cylindrical shaped 1.5–2.5 m long and 1.0–1.5 m wide.
III

(Oscillatoriales)

10Dp66E
Filamentous, binary fission in one plane by septum formation, cells round shaped 3.0–3.5 m in diameter and are able to differentiate hormogonia and intercalary heterocysts and akinetes. Vegetative trichomes have their own sheaths and are joined by colonial mucus.
IV

(Nostocales)

Classification was performed according to Castenholz [25].

Figure 1: Ultrastructure of cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1: a: TEM negative staining image; b: TEM ultrathin section; c: enlarged detail of Figure 1(b). Cs: carboxysome; CW: cell wall; N: nucleoid; Phb: poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; R: ribosomes; S: S-layer; T: thylakoid. Arrows indicate site of constriction. Scale bars: 0.2 μm (a, b) and 0.1 μm (c).

The study by light and electron microscopy revealed that cyanobacterium 2Dp86E was filamentous (Table 2; Figure 2). Trichomes were often bound into bundles and were surrounded by layered common sheathes, which had in local areas sleeve-like bulges (Figure 2). In the structure of many sheaths, there were revealed electron transparent sections. The sheaths of neighboring trichomes could be closely contacted. The end cells in trichomes usually are smaller and narrower at the terminal parts. Cells of this isolate had 4–6 thylakoids, located on the periphery of the cytoplasm and in parallel to a cell surface. Nucleoid, carboxysomes, polyphosphate, and Phb-like granules were located in the cell center (Figure 2). Clusters of ribosomes were concentrated around the nucleoid. Cyanophycin granules were rare. Despite the fact that this strain was able to greatly accumulate phycocyanin [7], phycobilisomes on ultrathin sections were not detected due to the high density of the surrounding cytoplasm. From the combination of morphological and ultrastructural signs of cyanobacteria 2Dp86E had similarities with the representatives of the genus Leptolyngbya, which includes groups of filamentous cyanobacteria in LPP-group B that exhibit very thin trichomes (<3 μm) [17, 18].

Figure 2: Ultrastructure of cyanobacterium 2Dp86E: a: SEM image; b: TEM ultrathin section. Cs: carboxysome; CW: cell wall; N: nucleoid; R: ribosomes; T: thylakoids; Sh: sheath. Arrows indicate sleeve-like thickening of sheath. Scale bars: 5 μm (a) and 0.5 μm (b).

Isolate 10Dp66E was a filamentous cyanobacterium (Figure 3, Table 2). Depending on the phase of the culture development in the colonies of cyanobacteria dominated hormogonia, long-row vegetative trichomes with intercalary heterocysts and akinetes, or rounded clusters formed by twisted trichomes. Many chains of cells were “dressed” by one- or multilayer fibrillar sheaths (Figure 3). Colonial mucus and extracellular matrix of clusters were composed from loosely packed reticular-fibrous and granular materials. Peripheral layer of mucous extracellular matrix was compacted and was common for the entire cluster. Bacteria of different morphotypes were localized in colonial mucus, in the intercellular matrix, and in sheaths of trichomes. A feature of this cyanobacterium is the differentiation of heterocysts even in presence of combined nitrogen in the medium. Photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacterium 10Dp66E was represented by randomly distributed thylakoids in the cytoplasm. Intrathylakoid space could be increased and in some cases was filled by mesh substance. Nucleoid, ribosomes, and carboxysomes are located between thylakoids. In the 10Dp66E, cells were accumulated with glycogen, Phb, cyanophycin, protein granules, and lipid globules (Figure 3). By morphological criteria and ultrastructural features, cyanobacterium 10Dp66E was similar to representatives of the genus Nostoc.

Figure 3: Ultrastructure of cyanobacterium 10Dp66E: a: SEM image; b: TEM ultrathin section of vegetative trichome; c: TEM ultrathin section of cell cluster; d: TEM ultrathin section of the cell part in the cell wall and thylakoids areas. B: bacteria; CG: cyanophycin granule; CM: cytoplasmic membrane; Cs: carboxysome; CW: cell wall; H: heterocyst; ITS: intrathylakoid space; M: intercellular matrix; N: nucleoid; OM: outer membrane; Pg: peptidoglycan; Phb: poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; PrG: protein granules; Sh: sheath; T: thylakoids; VC: vegetative cell. Scale bars: 10 μm (a), 1 μm (b, c) and 0.2 μm (d).

3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Ribosomal RNA Operons

To identify and to determine the phylogenetic positions of the new cyanobacterial isolates purified from native samples of the sublittoral hydroid D. pumila, we used 16S ribosomal RNA gene cluster as a molecular marker. Cloning and sequencing of the DNA fragment, containing 16S ribosomal RNA gene and 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer sequences, have been performed for all three isolated strains using appropriate primers (Table 1). Comparison of rRNA gene cluster sequence (2277 bp) of the cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1 revealed that 1Dp66E-1 shows the highest similarity with several strains of Synechococcus (Table 3). Phylogenetic analysis (Figure 4) revealed that the cyanobacterium 1Dp66E-1 forms the unique evolutionary branch and belongs to a cluster of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus, which includes fresh- and seawater strains. One group of closely related organisms had been isolated from freshwater European lakes (Table 3). The closest relatives of the 1Dp66E-1 are Synechococcus sp. BO981502, isolated from Lake Balaton, and Synechococcus sp. BGS171, isolated from Lake Constance (Bodensee). Another strain of the genus Synechococcus (Synechococcus sp. BS20) was isolated from the Baltic Sea near the Danish island of Bornholm. The strain Synechococcus sp. PCC 7009 was originated from the USA, whereas the Cyanobium sp. Suigetsu-CG3 was purified from a lake in Japan (Table 3). Thus, the majority of Synechococcus strains that are closely related to 1Dp66E-1 have been isolated from marine and freshwater habitats of Europe, as well of the USA and Japan. These organisms exist in the form of plankton. However, the strain of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7009 was clustered with chromatophore (photosynthetic endosymbiont) of the freshwater filose amoeba Paulinella chromatophora. This endosymbiont has cyanobacterial origin, and it is closely related to free-living Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus species [19]. Here, we demonstrate that the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 1Dp66E-1 is associated with the invertebrate of White Sea.

Table 3: BLAST results obtained by querying the 16S-23S rRNA gene cluster of Synechococcus sp. 1Dp66E-1 with GenBank and geographical and ecological origins of the hits.

Closest GenBank relative
GenBank number
Query coverage %
Score %
Identity %
-value
Origin of the strain and reference

Cyanobium sp.

Suigetsu-CG3
AB610892.1
99
3469
95
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the surface layer permanent halocline of the saline (from 0.4% to 1.4%) meromictic Lake Suigetsu, (35°35′N, 135°52′E, coast of the Japan Sea in Fukui Prefecture, Japan) [26].

Synechococcus sp.

PCC 7009
AM709628.1
99
3431
94
0
Originated from CA, USA. It was placed then in PCC collection.

Synechococcus sp.

BGS171
AF330246.1
98
3422
93
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the fresh water Lake Constance (47°39′N 9°19′E) Europe [27].

Synechococcus sp.

BO8806
AF317072.1
98
3388
94
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the fresh water Lake Balaton (46°50′N 17°44′E) Europe [27].

Synechococcus sp.

BO983115
AF317078.1
98
3377
94
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the fresh water Lake Balaton (46°50′N 17°44′E) Europe [27].

Synechococcus sp.

BO981502
AF317077.1
98
3341
94
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the fresh water Lake Balaton (46°50′N 17°44′E) Europe [27].

Synechococcus sp.

BS20
AF330254.1
98
3321
94
0
Picocyanobacteria isolated from the Bornholm Sea (55°07′N 14°55′E (salinity 9 g L⁻¹)), Baltic Sea, Europe [27].

Cyanobium sp.

Sai004
GU935365.1
97
3296
94
0
Cyanobacteria isolated from the drinking water of the dam in the Saidenbach Saxony (Germany), Europe Schumann, unpublished.

Figure 4: Phylogenetic relationships of Synechococcus sp. 1Dp66E-1 inferred under the neighbor-joining (NJ) criterion (MEGA 5.1 [14]) from gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence; 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, complete sequence; and 23S rRNA, partial sequence information. The numbers at the nodes indicate the level of bootstrap support based on neighbor-joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets; only values higher than 50% are given. The scale bar indicates 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.

DNA fragment of 1732 bp (GU265558.1) containing almost complete sequence of the genes coding for 16S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer 16S-23S rRNA, and part of the gene for 23S rRNA of the cyanobacterium 2Dp86E (GeneBank accession no. GU265558.1) has the highest similarity with analogous sequences of different Leptolyngbya strains (Table 4), and it is clustered with the representatives of the genus Leptolyngbya (Figure 5). The latter have been isolated from freshwater lakes in Italy and Poland (European lakes), estuaries of benthic temperate of Portugal, and from the desert soils of North America (Table 4). All these closely related organisms of the 2Dp86E have been isolated from freshwater and soil habitats. There is only one representative of the marine species which is related to the 2Dp86E. Until now, eight species of Leptolyngbya have been found in White Sea: they have been isolated from fouling stones, or, as Leptolyngbya mucicola—the endofit from colonies of Rivularia coadunata [20]. In addition, several Leptolyngbya strains have been identified in White Sea, which inhabit areas of varying salinity [21]. However, all mentioned strains have not been analyzed with molecular methods.

Table 4: BLAST results obtained by querying the 16S-23S rRNA gene cluster of Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium 2Dp86E with GenBank, and geographical and ecological origins of the hits.

Closest GenBank relative
GenBank number
Query coverage %
Score %
Identity %
-value
Origin of the strain and reference

Leptolyngbya

PCC7104
AB039012.1
66
2035
99
0
Long Island, NY, USA, Montauk Point [28].

Leptolyngbya sp.

LEGE 07298
HM217044.1
65
2013
99
0
Cyanobacteria from three Portuguese temperates [29].

Leptolyngbya sp.

0BB24S04
AJ639893.1
67
2082
99
0
Bubano Basin, Imola, Italy [30].

Leptolyngbya sp.

0BB19S12
AJ639895.1
67
2046
99
0
Bubano Basin, Imola, Italy [30].

Leptolyngbya sp.

0BB32S02
AJ639894.1
67
2033
99
0
Bubano Basin, Imola, Italy [30].

Nodosilinea sp.

FI2-2HA2
HM018678.1
96
2596
95
0
Fort Irwin, California,

Mojave Desert, soil [31].

Leptolyngbya sp.

Kovacik 19865 aa
EU528669.2
99
2475
92
0
Poland: Lake Piaseczno littoral region

Casamatta, unpublished.

Leptolyngbya sp.

SEV4-5-c1
EU528667.2
76
2152
97
0
Desert soil

Casamatta, unpublished.

Nodosolinea

nodulosa UTEX 2910
EF122600.1
64
1954
99
0
South China Sea (marine), plankton tow, 10 m depth

[32].

Figure 5: Phylogenetic relationships of Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium 2Dp86E inferred under the neighbor-joining (NJ) criterion (MEGA 5.1) from gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence; 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, complete sequence; and 23S rRNA, partial sequence information. The numbers at the nodes indicate the level of bootstrap support based on neighbor-joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets; only values higher than 50% are given. The scale bar indicates 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.

Analysis of the nucleotide sequence (1902 bp) of the 16S rRNA gene cluster of the Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E (JQ259187.1) revealed that it has no identity to any of previously studied organisms. Cyanobacterium 10Dp66E has similarity with several strains of Nostoc commune (Table 5). It forms the unique branch and belongs to a cluster of Nostoc, with the closest relative of Nostoc commune isolates (Figure 6). There are only two strains of Nostoc, namely, Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault and Nostoc zetterstedtii Aresch. ex Bornet et Flahault, that had been detected in White Sea so far [20]. No information is available on the molecular typing of these strains. However, it is possible that Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault might represent the same strain as Nostoc commune NC1 clone 10 and Nostoc commune NC5 clone 11, that were defined in the GenBank (Table 5). Nostoc commune NC1 (EU784149.1) was isolated from meadow soils, close to Vrbensky ponds, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Table 5: BLAST results obtained by querying the 16S-23S rRNA gene cluster of Nostoc  sp. 10Dp66E with GenBank and geographical and ecological origins of the hits.

Closest GenBank relative
GenBank number
Query coverage %
Score %
Identity %
-value
Origin of the strain
Reference

Nostoc commune NC1 clone 10
EU586726.1
92
2693
94
0
Unknown
N. commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault [Johansen J. R. et al., unpublished].

Nostoc commune NC5 clone 11
EU586728.1
92
2666
94
0
Unknown
N. commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault [Johansen J. R. et al., unpublished].

Nostoc commune NC1
EU784149.1
92
2681
94
0
Unknown
Isolated from meadow soil, close Vrbensky pond, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic  

Rehakova K., unpublished.

Calothrix sp.

HA4356-MV2
JN385289.1
99
2634
92
0
Cave wall scraping, Maniniholo cave near Haena, Hawaii
[33]

Calothrix sp.

HA4356-MV2
JN385288.1
81
2634
96
0
Isolated from the island of Oahu (21°28′N157°59′W), Hawaii
[33]

Figure 6: Phylogenetic relationships of Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E inferred under the neighbor-joining (NJ) criterion (MEGA 5.1) from gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence; 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, complete sequence; and 23S rRNA, partial sequence information. The numbers at the nodes indicate the level of bootstrap support based on neighbor-joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets; only values higher than 50% are given. The scale bar indicates 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.

Cyanobacterial mucous sheaths provide the specific econiches—environments for numerous heterotrophic bacteria. In this work, using 16S rRNA gene, we first identified the heterotrophic bacterium associated with Nostoc sp. 10Dp66E. This bacterium is a member of the genus Gemmatimonas (JX437625.1). The Gemmatimonadetes represents recently described bacterial group whose members are widespread in nature. These bacteria which are phylogenetically novel Gram-negative aerobic heterotrophs are capable of accumulating polyphosphates [22]. Gemmatimonas was found in associations with sponge [6].

4. Conclusions

Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, we identified new cyanobacteria from association with the hydroid Dynamena pumila living in White Sea. Two of them form the unique branches in the corresponding phylogenetic trees. Among species clustered with the new cyanobacterial isolates there are fresh- and seawater strains from Europe, America, and Japan. The identified strains are mostly photoautotrophic, but some of them are diazotrophic bacteria. Future biochemical and genetic experiments will help to understand metabolic relations between these bacterial isolates and the hydroid Dynamena pumila in the association.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by Grants nos. 09-04-00675 and 11-04-00774 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

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