BioMed Research International

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 793502, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/793502

Research Article

Detection of Intracellular Factor VIII Protein in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Flow Cytometry

Gouri Shankar Pandey,¹ Sandra C. Tseng,¹ Tom E. Howard,² and Zuben E. Sauna¹

¹Laboratory of Hemostasis, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

²Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA

Received 30 November 2012; Accepted 28 January 2013

Academic Editor: Akanchha Kesari

Copyright © 2013 Gouri Shankar Pandey et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Flow cytometry is widely used in cancer research for diagnosis, detection of minimal residual disease, as well as immune monitoring and profiling following immunotherapy. Detection of specific host proteins for diagnosis predominantly uses quantitative PCR and western blotting assays. In this study, we optimized a flow cytometry-based detection assay for Factor VIII protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). An indirect intracellular staining (ICS) method was standardized using monoclonal antibodies to different domains of human Factor VIII protein. The FVIII protein expression level was estimated by calculating the mean and median fluorescence intensities (MFI) values for each monoclonal antibody. ICS staining of transiently transfected cell lines supported the method's specificity. Intracellular FVIII protein expression was also detected by the monoclonal antibodies used in the study in PBMCs of five blood donors. In summary, our data suggest that intracellular FVIII detection in PBMCs of hemophilia A patients can be a rapid and reliable method to detect intracellular FVIII levels.

1. Introduction

Hemophilia A (HA) is a bleeding disorder caused by lack of or a defective Factor VIII (FVIII) protein [1, 2] and results from defects in the Factor 8 (F8) gene. Infusion of plasma-derived or recombinant (r)-FVIII protein permits the efficient management of this chronic disease [3]. The most significant adverse event, which occurs in approximately 20% of patients overall, is the development of antidrug antibodies which inhibit infused FVIII function [4, 5].

The F8 gene is large gene that contains of 26 exons and spans 186 kb at Xq28 region of X chromosome [6]. An assessment of genetic defects in 1000 hemophilia subjects showed point mutations, inversions, deletions, abnormal splice sites, and so forth, in the F8 gene [7].

In addition to mutations, the lack of expression of the endogenous F8 gene is also a risk factor for the development of inhibitors [8, 9]. For example, a previous report demonstrated expression of the truncated FVIII protein in HA patients [10]. These truncated or defective FVIII proteins are synthesized in the cytosol of various cells and tissues and may be trapped inside the lysosomal vacuoles. Clinical studies correlating various mutations in the F8 gene with prevalence of inhibitors are also generally consistent with the premise that the synthesis of an endogenous FVIII polypeptide chain is necessary for inducing central tolerance. A recent systemic review showed the risk of inhibitor development in patient with different types of F8 gene mutations [11].

Current methods estimate plasma levels of endogenous FVIII using techniques such as ELISA; however, some defective proteins may be synthesized but not secreted. Thus it is also important to develop methods for the intracellular detection of FVIII. Such methods would also be useful to understand the distribution of FVIII in different cells and tissues and better understand intracellular trafficking of FVIII.

In vivo protein expression has been studied predominantly by mRNA-based quantitative PCR. Such methods though useful may not be very informative as mRNA expression levels do not necessarily correspond with protein expression levels [12]. Western blotting and ELISA are routinely used and are better suited methods to detect protein expression in vivo. However, these techniques are not appropriate to simultaneously study FVIII protein expression levels in distinct cell types.

Flow cytometry is an established high-throughput technique to identify intracellular levels of protein and as such has become an integral tool in immune monitoring and cancer diagnostics [13–15]. Similarly, the cytoplasmic staining and detection of coagulation factor ADAMTS13 protein have been analyzed previously using flow cytometry [16]. The clinical relevance of high-throughput techniques to quantify intracellular levels of FVIII has been illustrated by the recent finding that FVIII mutation can cause HA even though specific activity is not affected. It was demonstrated that the point-mutation N1922S exhibits specific activity which is comparable to that of the wild-type protein; however, poor secretion of the N1922S mutant leads to mild HA [17]. Flow cytometry is well suited to identify and compare cytoplasmic levels of FVIII in both heterologous expression systems as well as in a patient’s cell and tissue samples.

Here, we optimized an ICS assay based on commercially available monoclonal antibodies to study the endogenous and transient expression level of intracellular FVIII protein in mammalian cell lines such as NIH-3T3, HEK-293, and CHO. We applied this method to detect endogenous expression level of intracellular FVIII protein in human PBMCs.

2. Materials and Methods

Reagents. phosphate buffer saline (PBS, Hyclone) and bovine serum albumin (Acros Organic) were used in preparation of flow cytometry washing buffer. Fixing and permeabilization agents (IntraPrep, Beckman Coulter) were used for ICS. Cells were resuspended in 200 μL of 1% paraformaldehyde (EMS microscopy) in PBS before flow cytometry analysis. Primary mouse anti-human FVIII unlabelled monoclonal antibodies ab41188 (Abcam Inc.) and ESH8 (American Diagnostica Inc.) were used for intracellular staining (Table 1). The monoclonal antibody ab41188 binds to the N terminal of A3 domain of FVIII protein while monoclonal antibody ESH8 [18–20] binds to the C2 domain of FVIII protein. Both antibodies can detect the full-length wild-type protein (Figure 1). Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (Invitrogen) was used to detect the signal from primary monoclonal antibodies used in flow cytometry.

Table 1: Antibodies used to detect expression of FVIII by flow cytometry.

Antibodies
1 × 10⁶ cells

Isotype
Concentration (mg/mL)
Dilution

Isotype
IgG2a
0.1
1 : 100

ESH8
IgG2a
0.1
1 : 100

ab41188
IgG2a
0.1
1 : 100

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of FVIII protein showing the binding epitope of anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188, and ESH8. The monoclonal antibody, ab41188 binds to the N terminal of A3 domain, while ESH8 binds to the C2 domain of the FVIII protein.

Preparation of PBMCs. heparinized venous blood was collected from unrelated healthy registered blood donors of the NIH Blood Bank. Mononuclear cells were isolated by centrifugation on lymphocyte separation medium (Cellgro, USA). 1 : 1 diluted blood with PBS (pH7.4) was loaded on 5 mL of lymphocyte separation media (LSM-cell grow) in a 50 mL BD Falcon tube. After centrifugation for 30 min at 250 g, buffy coat containing mononuclear cells was collected in a 50 mL tube and washed with PBS twice by centrifugation at 200 g for 10 min to separate the platelets. The viable cell number was obtained using a Cellometer cell counter (Nexcelom Bioscience, MA, USA) following staining with trypan blue.

Plasmid Vector. the full-length recombinant FVIII protein expression vector was used for the transfection studies with various cell lines. The vector was developed to express FVIII protein in a backbone derived from the pcDNA3 plasmid containing an ampicillin resistance cassette. The vector contains cDNA-polyA cassette under the control of a strong CMV promoter and a positive neomycin (Neo) selection marker. The HOW1-WT expression vector contains cDNA corresponding to the H3 haplotype [9] of the human F8 long isoform. The expression vector was designed by genOway, France and was amplified in E. coli and purified using CsCl gradient centrifugation by Loft strand Laboratories (MD, USA).

Cell Culture and Transfection. mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH-3T3), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells (ATCC, VA, USA) [21] were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and incubated in 5% CO₂ at 37°C with slightly modified protocol. Cells in the exponential growth phase were detached with 0.025% trypsin EDTA from a tissue culture dish (Falcon, NJ, USA). of these cells were inoculated on a 25 cm² flask with 5 mL of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. After 24 hours of incubation with 60–80% confluence, the cell growth, fresh complete medium was replenished for an additional 1 hour before transfection. The F8 constructs were transfected with Gene Jet transfection reagents (Sigmagen Lab, USA) in a DNA Gene Jet (3 : 1) complex ratio. After 6 hours of exposure, transfection reagents containing medium were replaced with complete DMEM culture medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, USA). Cells were harvested 16 hours after transfection and the intracellular FVIII expression was detected by flow cytometry.

Flow Cytometry Analysis. transfection efficiency, following the transfection of NIH-3T3, CHO, and HEK-293 cells, was estimated by staining with monoclonal antibody to FVIII protein. Cells were harvested and washed twice with washing buffer. Cells were fixed and permeabilized using IntraPrep reagents followed by incubation with diluted (1 : 100) monoclonal antibodies in 0.2% BSA in PBS for 1 hour at RT. The FVIII protein expression was detected by using goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Flour 488. Flow cytometry data was analyzed with FLOWJO (Tree Star, OR, USA). The mean and median fluorescence signal intensity was defined as intensity of cells lying within a predefined gate. The appropriate gating for the live cells was defined on unstained fixed and permeabilized cells on FSC versus SSC dot plot. Same gating parameters were applied for all samples in the same experiment.

3. Results

3.1. Endogenous Expression of FVIII in Cell Lines

We used a transient expression system for standardizing the flow cytometry assay to detect endogenous FVIII. Several mammalian cell lines have been used to express recombinant proteins. We first determined whether the human anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies used in the assay detected endogenous FVIII (if any) in three cell lines, NIH-3T3, CHO, and HEK-293. As the antibodies ab41188 and ESH8 are raised against human FVIII, we would expect them to detect FVIII in HEK-293 cells but not in the rodent cells. Figure 2 shows an increase in the fluorescence signal compared to the isotype control when all three cell lines stained with the anti-human-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8. This suggests that basal levels of FVIII are expressed in cell lines commonly used for transfection experiments and that anti-human-FVIII antibodies show some cross-species reactivity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Estimation of endogenous expression of FVIII in untransfected cells. Fixed and permeabilized cells were incubated with anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8. Binding of FVIII protein was detected using Alexa Fluor 488 labeled goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies. Each histogram depicts the fluorescence intensity of 10,000 cells stained with isotype control (blue), IgG2a ab41188 (red), and ESH8 (orange). Figures depict the ICS staining in (a) mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3), (b) Chinese hamster ovary, (CHO) and (c) human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells.

3.2. Expression of Human F8 Gene in Different Cell Lines

We next transiently transfected all three cell lines (NIH-3T3, CHO, and HEK-293) with a wild-type full-length human F8 plasmid vector. As negative controls we used cells mock-transfected with unrelated vector. After 24 hrs the cells were permeabilized and incubated with anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8. Figure 3 shows increased labeling by both ab41188 and ESH8 in cells transfected with F8 compared to the untransfected cells. Similarly, cells transfected with F8 plasmid vector showed a 4–12-fold increase in the fluorescence signal compared to untransfected cells. Thus, increased levels of human FVIII were detected in all three cell lines: NIH-3T3 (Figure 3(a)), CHO (Figure 3(b)), and HEK-293 (Figure 3(c)) when they were transfected with human F8 compared to the untransfected controls.

(a)  

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: Transient expression of human FVIII in transfected cells. Cells were transfected with plasmid vectors containing wild-type full-length human F8 gene. 24 hours after transfection, cells were incubated with anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8 followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 488 labeled goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies and detection by flow cytometry. Histograms depict the fluorescence intensity of 10,000 cells stained with ab41188 (red) or ESH8 (orange) antibodies. The untransfected cells are shown with dotted lines and the transfected cells with solid lines. Figures depict the ICS staining in (a) mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3), (b) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and (c) human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells.

3.3. Expression of Human F8 Gene Is Dose Dependent

To further demonstrate that the flow-cytometry assay being developed is specific to FVIII, we investigated the dose dependency of the fluorescent signal. NIH-3T3 cells were transfected with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 μg of human F8 plasmid vector as described above and labeled with the monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8. The histograms (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)) show that there is an increase in the fluorescent signal with increasing concentrations of F8 plasmid vector. Moreover a plot of the median fluorescence at each concentration of the F8 plasmid vector shows a dose-dependent increase in the signal for both antibodies (Figures 4(c) and 4(d)). These data suggest that the assay detects the specific FVIII protein that is being transfected.

(a)  

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4: Expression of human FVIII protein is dose dependent. cells were grown overnight and transfected with 0 μg, 2.5 μg, 5 μg, and 10 μg of full-length human F8 gene for 24 hours. Histograms depict the fluorescence intensity of 10,000 cells labeled with ESH8 (a) or ab41188 (b). Cells labeled with the isotype control are depicted in blue, and the intensity of color (light to dark) represents increasing dose of the transfected F8 vector. The median fluorescence of cells transfected with increasing concentrations of the F8 gene is depicted in the lower panels; ESH8 (c) and ab41188 (d).

3.4. Expression of Human F8 Gene in Human PBMCs

To demonstrate the utility of this assay in detecting intracellular FVIII in human samples, PBMCs obtained from blood-bank donors were stained with ab41188 and ESH8 antibodies according to the method developed above. Minimal shift in the fluorescence of the anti-FVIII antibodies was observed compared to the isotype control antibodies in nonpermeabilized cells (Figure 5). The flow-cytometry staining analysis with permeabilized PBMCs cells shows that, there is a 10–20-fold increase in fluorescence intensity when anti-FVIII antibodies are used compared to the isotype control antibodies (Figures 6(a), 6(b), 6(c), 6(d), and 6(e)).

Figure 5: No shift in fluorescence intensity in unpermeabilized PBMCs. Representative histogram showing flow cytometry analysis of human unpermeabilized PBMCs stained with monoclonal antibodies ESH8 (orange) and ab41188 (red). Minimal shift in the fluorescence intensity of the anti-FVIII antibodies was observed compared to the isotype control (blue).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 6: Expression of endogenous FVIII protein in human PBMCs. (a–e) PBMCs were isolated from five unrelated human donors using lymphocyte separation medium and gradient centrifugation. Fixed and permeabilized PBMCs were incubated with anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies ab41188 and ESH8. Binding of FVIII protein was detected using Alexa Fluor 488 labeled goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies. Each histogram depicts the fluorescence intensity of 10,000 cells labeled with the isotype control IgG2a (blue), ab41188 (red), or ESH8 (orange). (f) Bar and whisker plots show the median fluorescence of all five donors when using IgG2a isotype control antibody and the FVIII-specific antibodies ESH8 and ab41188. On each box, the central mark is the median, the edges of the box are the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers extend to the most extreme data points. The fluorescence is significantly higher when the cells are labeled with the FVIII-specific antibodies ESH8 and ab41188, than when labeled with the isotype control antibody, IgG2a ( and 0.01, resp.).

4. Discussion

There is an unmet need for a robust assay to detect intracellular FVIII. Currently the extracellular levels of FVIII protein are often estimated to determine the so-called cross-reactive material (CRM) status of hemophilia A patients. Here we have developed a flow-cytometry-based assay to estimate intracellular levels of FVIII.

We used a transient expression system to standardize the flow-cytometry-based assay. Recombinant human FVIII protein products have been produced in CHO cells for many years [22–24]. NIH-3T3 cells have also been used to express FVIII protein in vitro by retroviral vector-mediated F8 gene transfer [25]. Recently, HEK-293 cells have been used to produce recombinant human FVIII protein in laboratory scale [26]. Therefore, we selected these cell lines for present investigation.

We demonstrate that while endogenous FVIII can be detected in the cell lines NIH-3T3, CHO, and HEK-293, there is a significant increase in the fluorescence signal when the cells are transfected with human F8 (Figures 2 and 3). Although HEK-293 cells are of human origin and thus the endogenous FVIII should be detected with the human anti-FVIII antibodies used in this study, they showed the lowest levels of protein (Figure 2). This suggests that the expression of endogenous FVIII in HEK-293 cells is indeed low.

When an equivalent amount (10 μg) of F8 plasmid vector was used to transfect all three cells lines, NIH-3T3 cells showed the highest (3-fold) increase in the fluorescence signal compared to the nontransfected cells. In addition the NIH-3T3 cells showed higher transfection efficiency with consistent intracellular FVIII expression (Figure 3). We therefore used this expression system to determine the dose dependence of the assay.

Using NIH-3T3 cells transfected with F8 plasmids vector we demonstrate clear dose dependence (Figure 4) in the increase in the fluorescence signal when either ab41188 or ESH8 was used as the detector antibody. This result demonstrates that the detection of FVIII in the flow-cytometry assay is specific and that the assay can be used for semiquantitative measurements.

The transient expression system coupled with flow cytometry to detect intracellular levels of FVIII-based assay would be very useful in studying the intracellular trafficking or wild-type proteins as well as mutants and polymorphic variants of the protein. Thus, for example, there are over 2500 reports that describe 898 unique missense mutations in hemophilia A patients (for comprehensive data base, see http://hadb.org.uk/). It is not clear whether all these mutations result in a defective FVIII with respect to activity. It is plausible that at least some of these mutations cause the disease due to improper trafficking resulting in the protein not being secreted as has been recently demonstrated for the FVIII mutant, N1922S [17].

In an HA patient, on the other hand, the expression (or lack thereof) of FVIII is an important factor in determining the risk of developing inhibitors. A flow-cytometry-based assay to estimate the intracellular levels of FVIII used in conjunction with an ELISA to determine the plasma levels of FVIII in HA patients would be a useful addition. We therefore demonstrated the utility of this assay in detecting FVIII in PBMCs obtained from normal donors (Figure 6). Fluorescence-based assays can show considerable variability day to day. However, the box and whisker plot of the pooled data (Figure 6(f)) clearly show that PBMCs labeled with either of the FVIII-specific antibodies, ESH8 or ab41188, exhibit significantly higher median fluorescence intensity than cells labeled with the isotype control.

The semiquantitative flow cytometry-based method described here can be used to detect and compare intracellular FVIII levels. As the method can reliably estimate intracellular FVIII levels in PBMCs, it can be used to compare intracellular levels of FVIII in patient samples to correlate genetic defects with hyposecretion of the protein. Identification of patients with F8 mutations that result in a protein with wild-type specific activity but with impaired secretion may benefit from small-molecule-based treatment strategies aimed at rescuing the trafficking of the protein. In addition, by estimating both the intracellular and plasma levels of FVIII in patient samples, it may be possible to more accurately reevaluate this important risk factor for immunogenicity.

5. Conclusions

We have developed a reliable and robust flow cytometric method to detect intracellular levels of FVIII in a transient expression system as well as in human PBMCs.

Disclaimer

The findings and conclusions in this paper have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.

Acknowledgment

The research conducted in the laboratory of Z. E. Sauna is funded by the Modernization of Science Program of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration. Research conducted in the laboratory of T. E. Howard is funded by Grants from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, (1RC2-HL101851, HL-71130, and HL-72533) as well as from Bayer Healthcare Corporation, Bayer Haemophilia Awards Program, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, and the Clinical Translational Science Institute at the University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine.

References

O. D. Ratnoff and B. Bennett, “The genetics of hereditary disorders of blood coagulation,” Science, vol. 179, no. 4080, pp. 1291–1298, 1973.

J. Graw, H. H. Brackmann, J. Oldenburg, R. Schneppenheim, M. Spannagl, and R. Schwaab, “Haemophilia A: from mutation analysis to new therapies,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 488–501, 2005.

P. M. Mannucci and E. G. D. Tuddenham, “The hemophilias—from royal genes to gene therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 344, no. 23, pp. 1773–1779, 2001.

D. Lillicrap, “Improvements in factor concentrates,” Current Opinion in Hematology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 393–397, 2010.

J. Wight and S. Paisley, “The epidemiology of inhibitors in haemophilia A: a systematic review,” Haemophilia, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 418–435, 2003.

B. Levinson, S. Kenwrick, D. Lakich, G. Hammonds Jr., and J. Gitschier, “A transcribed gene in an intron of the human factor VIII gene,” Genomics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 1990.

S. E. Antonarakis, J. P. Rossiter, M. Young et al., “Factor VIII gene inversions in severe hemophilia A: results of an international consortium study,” Blood, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 2206–2212, 1995.

A. H. Zhang, J. Skupsky, and D. W. Scott, “Factor VIII inhibitors: risk factors and methods for prevention and immune modulation,” Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 114–124, 2009.

K. R. Viel, A. Ameri, T. C. Abshire, et al., “Inhibitors of factor VIII in black patients with hemophilia,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 360, no. 16, pp. 1618–1627, 2009.

M. Young, H. Inaba, L. W. Hoyer, M. Higuchi, H. H. Kazazian, and S. E. Antonarakis, “Partial correction of a severe molecular defect in hemophilia A, because of errors during expression of the factor VIII gene,” American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 565–573, 1997.

S. C. Gouw, H. M. Berg, J. Oldenburg, et al., “F8 gene mutation type and inhibitor development in patients with severe hemophilia A: systematic review and meta-analysis,” Blood, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 2922–2934, 2012.

D. Greenbaum, C. Colangelo, K. Williams, and M. Gerstein, “Comparing protein abundance and mRNA expression levels on a genomic scale,” Genome Biology, vol. 4, no. 9, article 117, 2003.

J. W. Parker, “Flow cytometry in the diagnosis in hematologic diseases,” Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 427–442, 1986.

R. L. Johnson, “Flow cytometry: from research to clinical laboratory applications,” Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 831–852, 1993.

K. Mous, W. Jennes, A. de Roo, I. Pintelon, L. Kestens, and X. van Ostade, “Intracellular detection of differential APOBEC3G, TRIM5alpha, and LEDGF/p75 protein expression in peripheral blood by flow cytometry,” Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 372, no. 1-2, pp. 52–64, 2011.

Z. E. Sauna, C. Okunji, R. C. Hunt et al., “Characterization of conformation-sensitive antibodies to ADAMTS13, the von Willebrand cleavage protease,” PLoS One, vol. 4, no. 8, Article ID e6506, 2009.

R. J. Summers, S. L. Meeks, J. F. Healey et al., “Factor VIII A3 domain substitution N1922S results in hemophilia A due to domain-specific misfolding and hyposecretion of functional protein,” Blood, vol. 117, no. 11, pp. 3190–3198, 2011.

C. Egler, T. Albert, O. Brokemper et al., “Kinetic parameters of monoclonal antibodies ESH2, ESH4, ESH5, and ESH8 on coagulation factor VIII and their influence on factor VIII activity,” Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301–306, 2009.

B. D. Griffin, L. R. Micklem, and M. C. McCann, “The production and characterisation of a panel of ten murine monoclonal antibodies to human procoagulant Factor VIII,” Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 40–46, 1986.

D. Scandella, G. E. Gilbert, M. Shima et al., “Some factor VIII inhibitor antibodies recognize a common epitope corresponding to C2 domain amino acids 2248 through 2312, which overlap a phospholipid-binding site,” Blood, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 1811–1819, 1995.

X. Li, G. Jiang, D. Wu, X. Wang, and B. Zeng, “Construction of a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing human calcitonin gene and its expression in NIH3T3 cells,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2009, Article ID 241390, 7 pages, 2009.

Baxter, Advate Prescribing Information, Baxter, Deerfield, Mass, USA, 2010.

Bayer HealthCare, Kogenate Prescribing Information, Bayer HealthCare, Leverkusen, Germany, 2009.

Wyeth Pharma (Pfizer), ReFacto Prescribing Information, Wyeth Pharma (Pfizer), Madison, Wis, USA, 2007.

X. Guo, H. Wang, H. Chu et al., “[Retroviral-mediated high efficient in vitro expression of human coagulation factor VIII],” Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 457–459, 2000.

K. Swiech, A. Kamen, S. Ansorge, et al., “Transient transfection of serum-free suspension HEK 293 cell culture for efficient production of human rFVIII,” BMC Biotechnology, vol. 11, article 114, 2011.