BioMed Research International

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 437852, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/437852

Research Article

Comparison of the Freiburg and Charlson Comorbidity Indices in Predicting Overall Survival in Elderly Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

Sung Min Kim, Moon Jin Kim, Hyun Ae Jung, Kihyun Kim, Seok Jin Kim, Jun Ho Jang, Won Seog Kim, and Chul Won Jung

Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

Received 25 March 2014; Revised 29 May 2014; Accepted 18 June 2014; Published 10 July 2014

Academic Editor: Dong Soon Lee

Copyright © 2014 Sung Min Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Multiple myeloma occurs primarily in elderly patients. Considering the high prevalence of comorbidities, comorbidity is an important issue for the management of myeloma. However, the impact of comorbidity on clinical outcomes has not been fully investigated. We retrospectively analyzed patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Comorbidities were assessed based on the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and the Freiburg comorbidity index (FCI). The CCI is a summary measure of 19 comorbid conditions. FCI is determined by performance status, renal impairment, and lung disease. This study included 127 patients with a median age of 71 years. Approximately half of the patients had additional disorders at the time of diagnosis, and diabetes mellitus was the most frequent diagnosis (18.9%). The most significant factors for prognosis among patient-related conditions were a history of solid cancer and performance status (ECOG ≥ 2). The FCI score was divided into 3 groups (0, 1, and 2-3), and the CCI score was divided into 2 groups (2-3 and ≥4). FCI was a strong prognostic tool for OS () and predicted clinical outcome better than CCI (). In conclusion, FCI was more useful than CCI in predicting overall survival in elderly patients with myeloma.

1. Introduction

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cells that results in bone destruction, marrow failure, and renal impairment. The median age at the time of diagnosis is 70 years, with 36% of patients younger than 65 years, 27% aged 65 to 74 years, and 37% older than 75 years [1]. Considering the increasing life expectancy of the general population, the number of geriatric patients affected by MM is expected to increase over time.

Risk stratification of myeloma using the international staging system (ISS) and host factors such as age, performance status, and comorbidities are thought to be important for determining prognosis and choosing treatment options [2–4]. In 2011, Palumbo et al. suggested that appropriate screening for age (>75 years) and vulnerability, in addition to assessment of cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, and neurological functions, at the start of therapy allows treatment strategies to be individualized and drug doses to be tailored to improve tolerability and optimize efficacy [5]. Their study emphasized that elderly MM patients are more susceptible to side effects and are often unable to tolerate full drug doses. For these patients, lower-dose intensity regimens improve the safety profile and thus optimize the treatment outcome. However, this study was not based specifically on MM because there were few data on the impact of vulnerability on outcomes in MM patients [5]. Nonetheless, in general, several studies have reported problems related to comorbidity and cancer treatment in elderly patients [6–10].

Kleber et al. developed the Freiburg comorbidity index (FCI) to assess patient-related conditions as a risk factor for MM. The FCI is composed of three comorbidity factors: renal impairment, moderate to severe lung disease, and performance status. Interestingly, the FCI showed strong clinical relevance for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Moreover, compared with other comorbidity indices, such as the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI), Kaplan-Feinstein (KF), and Satariano index (SI), FCI was better able to stratify risk in patients with MM [11].

Although CCI is a widely used tool for assessing comorbidity in malignancy, this comorbidity index is complicated and difficult to apply. Moreover, there is no proven cut-off value that divides patients into low- or high-risk groups. As a result, several studies have determined their own cut-off values [11–16]. For example, Offidani et al. suggested a vulnerability score consisting of performance status and comorbidity score of CCI 0 or ≥1 [15].

Because of the increased incidence of multiple myeloma with aging and the fact that elderly patients have more comorbidity than younger patients, in the present study, we assessed comorbidities at diagnosis, the impact of host factors on OS, and compared CCI and FCI as prognostic factors in newly diagnosed elderly patients with MM.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

This study was a retrospective, single-center case series. OS was calculated as the time from diagnosis to death from any cause. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) version 4.0. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board.

2.2. Patients

A total of 127 consecutive patients aged 65 years and older who were newly diagnosed with symptomatic MM at the Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, between January 1, 1999, and June 30, 2011, met the inclusion criteria for this study. We excluded patients with amyloidosis, those who were suitable for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and those who were lost to follow-up within 6 months from the time of diagnosis due to any cause except death. The last follow-up date was March 31, 2013.

2.3. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)

The CCI (Table 1) is a summary measure of 19 comorbid conditions that are each weighted from 1 to 6 based on disease severity. This measure provides a total score ranging from 0 to 37 [17]. Information on comorbidity was extracted from a detailed review of each patient’s medical records and laboratory values at the time of diagnosis. In the original study, MM was included in the classification of lymphoma for convenience. In this study, lymphoma was defined, as in the original study, except that the definition did not include myeloma.

Table 1: Definitions of the Charlson and Freiburg comorbidity indices.

Weight
Condition
Definition

Charlson comorbidity index

1
Myocardial infarct
Hospitalization and electrocardiographic and/or enzyme change

Congestive heart failure
Exertional or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and responded symptomatically (or on physical examination) to digitalis, diuretics, or afterload reducing agents

Peripheral vascular disease
Intermittent claudication or prior bypass for arterial insufficiency; gangrene or acute arterial insufficiency; untreated thoracic or abdominal aneurysm (≥6 cm)

Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular accident with minor or no residual and transient ischemic attacks

Dementia
Chronic cognitive deficit

Chronic pulmonary disease
Moderate: dyspneic with slight activity, with or without treatment, and dyspneic with moderate activity despite treatment; Severe: dyspneic at rest, despite treatment, requires constant oxygen; CO₂ retention and a baseline PO2 below 50 torr

Connective tissue disease
SLE, PM, MCTD, polymyalgia rheumatic, and moderate to severe RA

Ulcer disease
Required treatment for ulcer disease, including bleeding from ulcers

Mild liver disease
Cirrhosis without portal hypertension or chronic hepatitis

Diabetes
Mild: treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemics, but not with diet alone. Moderate: previous hospitalizations for ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, or/and those with juvenile onset or brittle diabetics

2
Hemiplegia
Dense hemiplegia or paraplegia, as a result of either a cerebrovascular accident or other conditions

Moderate or severe renal disease
Severe: on dialysis, had a transplant, and with uremia. Moderate: serum creatinine > 3 mg%

Diabetes with end organ damage
Severe: with retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy

Any tumor
Solid tumors without documented metastases, but initially treated in the last 5 years

Leukemia
AML, CML, ALL, CLL, and PV

Lymphoma
HD, lymphosarcoma, WM, myeloma, and other lymphomas

3
Moderate or severe liver disease
Severe: cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and a history of variceal bleeding. Moderate: cirrhosis with portal hypertension, but without history of variceal bleeding

6
Metastatic solid tumor
Metastatic solid tumors

AIDS
Define or probable AIDS (i.e., AIDS related complex)

Freiburg comorbidity index

1
Renal impairment
eGFRMDRD ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m²

Performance status
Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score ≤ 70

Moderate or severe lung disease
Same as CCI

Abbreviations: SLE, systemic lupus erythematous; PM, polymyositis; MCTD, mixed connective tissue disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia; CLL, acute lymphocytic leukemia; PV, polycythemia vera; HD, Hodgkin disease; WM, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index.

In addition, according to the original study, each decade of age over 40 would add 1 point to the risk value (i.e., 50 years = +1 point), and the age point would be added to the score of the comorbidity index. In this study, we used the method described by Kleber et al., which adds the age point to the CCI score [11].

2.4. Freiburg Comorbidity Index (FCI)

Renal impairment is defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m², based on the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study equation [18]. Poor performance status is based on a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score ≤70. Moderate or severe lung disease is defined in the same manner as in the CCI [11]. Each of the variables contributes 1 point and the FCI is a summation of these points; thus, the FCI value ranges from 0 to 3.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Numerical variables are summarized by median and range and categorical variables are described by count and relative frequency (%) of subjects in each category. Comparison of the distribution of categorical variables in the different groups was performed with either Fisher’s exact test or the test. OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier methodology. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to assess factors affecting OS. Components with a value less than 0.05 in univariate analysis were included in the subsequent multivariate analysis.

These analyses were performed using PASW statistics 18.0.0 (WinWrap, IBM, New York, USA). Null hypotheses of no difference were rejected if values were less than 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Patient Characteristics

During the study period, a total of 159 patients aged 65 years or older were newly diagnosed with symptomatic MM. Among them, 22 patients were excluded because of a combined diagnosis of amyloidosis, early follow-up loss, or ASCT. Therefore, data from 127 patients were included in the analysis.

Table 2 shows baseline characteristics of patients at the time of diagnosis. The median overall survival of all patients was 34.1 months, and the median follow-up duration for the surviving patients was 46 months. The median age of the patients was 71 years and 26.8% of the patients were aged 75 years or older. Performance status was evaluated by ECOG status. In FCI, performance status was assessed by KPS, and, by definition, ECOG grade 2 is interchangeable with KPS grade 70 [19–21].

Table 2: Baseline characteristics ().

Characteristics
(%)
Median (range)

Age, years

71 (65–92)

    65–74
93 (73.2%)

    75
34 (26.8%)

Sex

    Male
62 (48.8%)

    Female
65 (51.2%)

ECOG

    0-1
74 (58.3%)

    2
52 (40.9%)

    Unknown
1 (0.8%)

Durie-Salmon stage

    1
10 (7.9%)

    2
28 (22.0%)

    3
89 (70.1%)

International staging system

    1
23 (18.1%)

    2
51 (40.2%)

    3
47 (37.0%)

    Unknown
6 (4.7%)

Lytic bone lesion

    Yes
112 (88.2%)

    No
14 (11.0%)

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

9.66 (5.20–16.30)

    10
75 (59.1%)

    10
52 (40.9%)

Platelets (×10⁹/L)

195 (44–484)

    100
11 (8.7%)

    100
117 (91.3%)

Plasma cells in bone marrow (%)

43.88 (1.10–100)

    40
58 (45.7%)

    40
65 (51.2%)

Serum calcium (mg/dL)

9.35 (7.00–15.70)

     11.5
11 (8.7%)

     11.5
115 (90.6%)

Serum albumin (mg/dL)

3.28 (1.70–4.80)

    3.5
85 (66.9%)

    3.5
42 (33.1%)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

66.60 (5.90–170.5)

    30
112 (88.2%)

    30
15 (11.8%)

Serum LD

    UNL
27 (21.3%)

    UNL
74 (58.3%)

Initial chemotherapy regimen

    Conventional (CP, MP, and others)
92 (78.0%)

    Novel agents (imid, bortezomib-based)
26 (22.0%)

Treatment

    Chemotherapy
118 (92.9%)

    No chemotherapy
9 (7.1%)

ECOG, eastern cooperative oncology group; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LD, lactate dehydrogenase; UNL, upper normal limit; CP, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone; MP, melphalan and prednisolone.

The prevalence of comorbidity at the time of diagnosis was 48.8% (Table 3). The most frequent comorbid condition was diabetes without end organ damage (, 18.9%). The median CCI score, including age points, was 3 (range: 2 to 13). The CCI score was divided into two groups based on the median score; CCI scores of 2-3 were classified as the low CCI score group, and CCI scores ≥4 were classified as the high CCI score group. In this study, 53 and 74 patients belonged to the low and high CCI score groups, respectively. When using the FCI classification, 59, 54, and 12 patients belonged to the 0, 1, and 2-3 score groups, respectively.

Table 3: Prevalence of comorbidities according to the Charlson and Freiburg comorbidity indices and patient distribution according to comorbidity indices.

(a) Prevalence of comorbidities according to the Charlson comorbidity index.

Comorbidity
Yes
No

Myocardial infarct
7 (5.5%)
120 (94.5%)

Congestive heart failure
7 (5.5%)
120 (94.5%)

Peripheral vascular disease
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

Cerebrovascular disease
6 (4.7%)
121 (95.3%)

Dementia
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

Chronic lung disease
14 (11.0%)
113 (89.0%)

Connective tissue disease
2 (1.6%)
125 (98.4%)

Ulcer disease
8 (6.3%)
119 (93.7%)

Mild liver disease
2 (1.6%)
125 (98.4%)

DM
24 (18.9%)
103 (81.1%)

Hemiplegia
6 (4.7%)
121 (95.3%)

Moderate to severe renal disease
1 (0.8%)
126 (99.2%)

DM with end organ damage
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

Any tumor
8 (6.3%)
119 (93.7%)

Leukemia
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

Lymphoma
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

Moderate to severe liver disease
2 (1.6%)
125 (98.4%)

Metastatic solid tumor
2 (1.6%)
125 (98.4%)

AIDS
0 (0%)
127 (100%)

DM, diabetes mellitus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

(b) Prevalence of comorbidities according to the Freiburg comorbidity index.

Component
Yes
No

Renal impairment

(eGFR ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m²)
15 (11.8%)
112 (88.2%)

Performance status (KPS ≤ 70)
52 (40.9%)
74 (58.3%)

Moderate or severe lung disease
14 (11.0%)
113 (89.0%)

eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; KPS, Karnofsky performance status.

(c) Patient distribution according to comorbidity indices.

(I) CCI total

(comorbidity scores without age points)

    0
65 (51.2%)

    1
37 (29.1%)

    2
12 (9.4%)

    3
5 (3.9%)

    4
6 (4.7%)

    6
1 (0.8%)

    8
1 (0.8%)

(II) CCI total

(comorbidity scores with age points)

    2
25 (19.7%)

    3
49 (38.6%)

    4
31 (24.4%)

    5
9 (7.1%)

    6
5 (3.9%)

    7
6 (4.7%)

    9
1 (0.8%)

    13
1 (0.8%)

(III) CCI score group (with age points)

    Low (2-3)
53 (41.7%)

    High (≥4)
74 (58.3%)

(IV) FCI

    0
59 (46.5%)

    1
54 (425%)

    2
12 (9.4%)

    3
1 (0.8%)

    Unknown
1 (0.8%)

CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; FCI, Freiburg comorbidity index.

3.2. Host Factors and Comorbidity Indices as Prognostic Factors

We analyzed the impact of host factors, such as age, sex, performance status, and each of the comorbidities on OS (Table 4). The results showed that all of the factors constituting FCI, such as performance status, chronic lung disease, and eGFR, were significant for OS. In addition, any tumor, metastatic solid tumor, cerebrovascular disease, and ISS each had statistical significance. When multivariate analysis was conducted with these factors, only performance status and previous cancer history (regardless of metastasis) remained significant.

Table 4: Univariate and multivariate Cox’s regression analysis for overall survival.

Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis

value
HR
95% CI
value
HR
95% CI

ECOG
0.002
1.951
1.287–2.958
0.009
1.890
1.176–3.038

    0-1

    ≥2

Chronic lung disease
0.028
1.941
1.073–3.510
0.300
1.425
0.730–2.778

    Yes

    No

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)
0.012
2.139
1.183–3.869
0.228
1.515
0.771–2.976

    30

    30

Any tumor
0.001
3.513
1.678–7.356
0.003
3.717
1.617–8.554

    Yes

    No

Metastatic solid tumor
<0.001
44.034
8.449–229.485
<0.001
85.847
14.628–503.822

    Yes

    No

Cerebrovascular disease
0.016
3.064
1.228–7.641
0.210
1.855
0.706–4.887

    Yes

    No

International staging system
0.024

0.250

    1

    2

    3

Age, years
0.339
1.242
0.796–1.938

    65–74

    75

Sex
0.692
0.920
0.610–1.388

    Male

    Female

Durie-Salmon stage
0.242

    1

    2

    3

Myocardial infarct
0.146
1.783
0.818–3.884

    Yes

    No

Congestive heart failure
0.581
1.329
0.484–3.644

    Yes

    No

Connective tissue disease
0.302
0.047
0.000–15.543

    Yes

    No

Ulcer disease
0.196
0.571
0.244–1.334

    Yes

    No

Mild liver disease
0.262
2.246
0.545–9.249

    Yes

    No

DM
0.256
0.718
0.405–1.272

    Yes

    No

Hemiplegia
0.081
0.353
0.110–1.135

    Yes

    No

Moderate to severe renal disease
1.000
1.000
0.000–4.271E9

    Yes

    No

Moderate-severe liver disease
0.302
2.100
0.514–8.583

    Yes

    No

Initial chemotherapy regimen
0.844
1.058
0.603–1.858

    Conventional agents

    Novel agent

CCI
0.061
0.677
0.450–1.018

    2-3

    4

FCI
<0.001

    0

    1

    2-3

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ECOG, eastern cooperative oncology group; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DM, diabetes mellitus; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; FCI, Freiburg comorbidity index.

Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 show Kaplan-Meier survival curves for both comorbidity indices. FCI effectively predicted the OS of the three different groups (). The median survival times were 55.0 months, 29.5 months, and 19.5 months for FCI scores of 0, 1, and 2-3, respectively. Although the value was not statistically significant, CCI also distinguished between the two score groups for OS (44.8 months versus 34.7 months, ). However, OS based on CCI without age points did not demonstrate clinical relevance (). In contrast, FCI was significant in subgroup analysis for age groups (65–74 and ≥75 years; and 0.04, resp.)

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of comorbidity index score groups. OS according to FCI.

Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of comorbidity index score groups. OS according to FCI in patients aged 65–74 years.

Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of comorbidity index score groups. OS according to FCI in patients aged ≥75 years.

Figure 4: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of comorbidity index score groups. OS according to CCI.

3.3. Serious Adverse Events

We defined serious adverse events as grade ≥4 for hematologic adverse events and grade ≥3 for nonhematologic adverse events, according to NCI-CTC version 4.0. The most frequent serious adverse event was infection (, 30.0%) followed by neutropenia and anemia (, 12.7% for both). Grade ≥3 nonhematologic adverse events occurred in 50% of patients, whereas grade ≥4 hematologic adverse events occurred in 22.9% of patients. Grade 5 adverse events due to any cause occurred in 6.8% of the patients, as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Serious adverse events (AEs).

(%)

Grade 0–3
Grade 4-5

Hematologic AE

Anemia
103 (87.3%)
15 (12.7%)

Neutropenia
103 (87.3%)
15 (12.7%)

Thrombocytopenia
114 (92.2%)
4 (7.8%)

Febrile neutropenia
113 (90.8%)
5 (9.2%)

Grade 0–2
Grade 3–5

Nonhematologic AE

Infection
83 (70.0%)
35 (30.0%)

Diarrhea/constipation
105 (89.0%)
13 (11.0%)

Fatigue
117 (90.7%)
11 (9.3%)

Sensory neuropathy
108 (91.5%)
10 (8.5%)

Nausea/vomiting
111 (94.1%)
7 (5.9%)

Azotemia
112 (94.9%)
6 (5.1%)

Grade ≥4 hematologic AE
27 (22.9%)

Grade ≥3 nonhematologic AE
59 (50.0%)

Grade 5 AE
8 (6.8%)

4. Discussion

This study assessed comorbidities at diagnosis of MM, the impact of host factors on overall survival, and compared CCI and FCI as prognostic factors in newly diagnosed elderly patients.

Univariate analysis revealed that performance status, ISS, and several comorbid conditions such as chronic lung disease, azotemia (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²), presence of any tumor, metastatic solid tumor, and cerebrovascular disease were significant factors. However, azotemia as defined by CCI (serum creatinine ≥ 3 mg/mL) was not a prognostic factor. In multivariate analysis, azotemia, as defined by impaired eGFR or chronic lung disease, was not shown to be a significant risk factor in our study. In contrast, a history of cancer, regardless of whether metastasis occurred, was the strongest prognostic factor for elderly patients with myeloma. Unfortunately, use of novel agents over conventional drugs did not significantly improve OS, although this might reflect the relatively short period of use of novel agents.

Although two components of FCI-renal impairment and moderate or severe lung disease failed to demonstrate significance in multivariate analysis, when we compared both comorbidity indices and overall survival, the FCI showed a greater ability to separate OS among the three score groups (). The CCI score including age points was not statistically significant but was still valuable and superior to the CCI without age points. As briefly mentioned above, the CCI score without age points did not discriminate for OS.

FCI provides a clear definition of each component and all three components were statistically significant, at least in univariate analysis. In contrast, CCI is more subjective and only 4 among 19 conditions were significant. Most importantly, at the present time, CCI does not have any standard cut-off value. Various studies have divided CCI scores into groups of 0, 1-2, and ≥3; 0, 1, and ≥2; or 0 and ≥1. Some studies included an age point, but others did not [11–14]. These variations might explain why FCI is more predictable than CCI.

Moreover, FCI is also very simple to apply. FCI consists of performance status, moderate or severe lung disease, and azotemia, and each of these factors is worth 1 point. The FCI score is, therefore, a simple summation of these three factors. In contrast, CCI consists of 19 comorbid conditions, and, within the same disease, scores are weighted based on severity ranging from 1 to 6 points. In addition, an age point is calculated and added to the CCI score. Comorbidity definitions frequently use a symptomatic grade.

In this study, all 118 patients who were treated with chemotherapy received a full dose of chemotherapeutic agents as scheduled. Interestingly, the profile for serious adverse events showed that treatment was relatively safe and adverse events were easily controllable. In fact, since the approval of various novel agents, clinical outcomes such as survival and toxicity profiles have improved in transplant-ineligible elderly patients with multiple myeloma [22–27]. Thus, we propose that the full dose of chemotherapy might be tolerated, regardless of the presence of comorbid conditions, even though this is against the recommendation that chemotherapy dose reduction is required for patients 75 years or older or those with cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, or neurologic dysfunctions [5]. Furthermore, this finding might be important evidence for preventing chemotherapy dose reduction because of physician bias.

There are some limitations in this study. First, the follow-up duration was short and the sample size was small. Second, this is a retrospective single center study. Third, there were no patients with peripheral vascular disease, dementia, DM with end organ damage, or AIDS. Despite these limitations, this study successfully applied the FCI and the CCI to newly diagnosed elderly multiple myeloma patients and revealed the superiority of FCI to CCI in predicting OS.

5. Conclusions

In this study, approximately 50% of elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma had at least one comorbid disease at the time of diagnosis. Among host factors tested, performance status and a history of malignancy were the most important prognostic factors. The Freiburg comorbidity index is very simple to use and predicts overall survival better than the Charlson comorbidity index.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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