BioMed Research International

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 592434, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/592434

Research Article

Amylenes Do Not Lead to Bacterial Mutagenicity in Contrast to Structurally Related Epoxides

Götz A. Westphal, Carolin Tüshaus, Christian Monsé, Nina Rosenkranz, Thomas Brüning, and Jürgen Bünger

IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany

Received 2 October 2013; Accepted 11 December 2013; Published 6 January 2014

Academic Editor: Masood Ahmad

Copyright © 2014 Götz A. Westphal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Amylenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons (C₅H₁₀), such as 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 2-methyl-but-1-en (3-methyl-1-butene), 2-methyl-but-2-en (isopentene), and 3-methyl-but-1-en. We investigated bacterial mutagenicity of 1-pentene, 2-pentene, and 3-methyl-but-1-en in the Ames test. 2-Pentene was investigated as racemate and as pure diastereomers. We included the methyltransferase deficient Salmonella Typhimurium strain YG7108 and the application of a gas-tight preincubation to reduce the risk of false negative results. 1,2-Epoxypentane which may arise from 1-pentene was used as positive control. None of the investigated amylenes showed mutagenic effects, whereas 1,2-epoxypentane was mutagenic exceeding 100 μg per plate. An exceptional high reverse mutation in the negative control plates in the experiments with 1,2-epoxypentane was obviously caused by evaporation into the incubator which was shown by placing the control plates in a separate apparatus. No differences were seen upon use of YG7108 and its parent strain TA1535. In conclusion, 1,2-epoxypentane is most probably not a substrate of the deleted bacterial methyltransferases. The comparison of the bacterial mutagenicity of the investigated amylenes and 1,2-epoxipentane suggests that epoxidation of amylenes in the S9-mix does not proceed effectively or is counterbalanced by detoxifying reactions. The assessment of mutagenic effects of short chained aliphatic epoxides can be underestimated due to the evaporation of these compounds.

1. Introduction

Amylenes denote a group of unsaturated hydrocarbons (C₅H₁₀), including unbranched compounds such as 1- and 2-pentene (α- and β-amylene) as well as branched compounds such as 2-methyl-but-2-en (isopentene) [CAS 513-35-9] and 3-methyl-1-butene [CAS 563-45-1] (Figure 1). Amylenes are used in the synthesis of amylphenols, isoprene, and pentanoles and can occur in gasoline or diesel fuel [1]. In addition amylenes are used as stabilizers in solvents; dichloromethane (DCM), for example, can contain up to 40 ppm.

Figure 1

Short chained unsaturated hydrocarbons react with biological molecules by electrophilic addition and can easily be epoxidized [2]. Both reactions can lead to mutagenic effects [3]. Theoretically, amylenes may react in a similar way. Short chained aliphatic epoxides such as ethylene oxide, 1,2-epoxypropane, and 1,2-epoxybutane are mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay [3]. Epoxidation of 1-pentene is expected to yield 1,2-epoxypentane (propyloxirane). A study which is available at ECHA reports week mutagenicity of 1,2-epoxypentane at and above 5000 μg/plate [4]. Therefore, mutagenic properties of amylenes are suspected. However, available toxicological data of most amylenes are fragmentary despite their frequent use. The available data show no bacterial mutagenicity for 1-pentene [5]. We were not able to identify studies which investigated bacterial mutagenicity of cis- and trans-2-pentene and 3-methyl-1-butene.

Amylenes and their possible oxidation products show close structural relationship to known mutagens and carcinogens. However, chain length and structure have a strong impact on the mutagenicity of such short chained epoxides: a methyl group in or near the oxirane ring prevents mutagenic effects in case of the isoprene monoepoxide. Isoprene-dioxide (2-methyl-1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane) on the other hand is strong mutagenic [6]. The same is true for 2,3-epoxybutane which is a direct mutagen, whereas its 2-methyl derivative shows no mutagenicity [7].

The detection of mutagenic effects of low molecular weight compounds can be hampered by several factors such as evaporation [8, 9] and bacterial DNA repair [10]. The latter was first demonstrated using methyltransferase deficient tester strains such as YG7108 (ogt ⁻ and ada ⁻) [11]. In addition, strong stereoselective effects regarding mutagenicity were reported in case of cis- and trans-2,3-epoxybutane [12] and for the diastereoisomers of 3-bromo-1,2-epoxycyclohexane [13]. We therefore compared 1-pentene, 2-pentene, cis- and trans-2-pentene, 3-methyl-but-1-en, and 1,2-epoxypentane in the bacterial reverse mutation test.

2. Methods

We investigated 1-pentene [CAS 109-67-1], 2-pentene [CAS 109-68-2], cis- [CAS 627-20-3] and trans-2-pentene [CAS 646-04-8], 3-methyl-1-butene [CAS 563-45-1] (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), and 1,2-epoxypentane [CAS 1003-14-1] (CHEMOS GmbH, Regenstauf, Germany) using the bacterial reverse mutation assay, with the S. Typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 [14] (TA1535 only in case of 1,2-epoxypentane), and the methyltransferase deficient tester strain YG7108 (ogt ⁻, ada ⁻) which is derived from TA1535 [11]. The test was carried out with and without metabolic activation by rat liver enzymes (S9) as well as gastight preincubation in gas-tight autosampler vials [8]. Since 3-methyl-1-butene is gaseous at room temperature it was withdrawn from a pressure cylinder and condensed at approximately –18°C using an ice/NaCl mixture. The condensate was filled in a headspace vial and transferred with a gas-tight syringe to the autosampler vials which contained the tester strains and the S9-mix or equivalent amounts of phosphate buffered saline.

We performed at least two independent experiments for every substance. The compounds were tested up to toxic concentrations but not above 5000 μg/plate. Acceptance criteria for a positive test were positive and negative controls within the range of the historical controls (see Table 1) and a reproducible, dose-dependent increase of reverse mutations across at least 2 consecutive concentrations, with a maximum exceeding the base rate by at least two times [15]. Counting was performed by an automatic colony counter (BioCount, Bio-Sys GmbH, Karben, Germany).

Table 1: Reverse mutations for positive and negative controls.

Strain

TA98
TA100
YG7108

Solvent control
−S9
18 ± 6 ()
120 ± 17 ()
20 ± 6 ()

+S9
20 ± 7 ()
145 ± 19 ()
26 ± 9 ()

Gas-tight
−S9
19 ± 7 ()
128 ± 18 ()
24 ± 9 ()

+S9
21 ± 4 ()
141 ± 18 ()
23 ± 6 ()

Not gas-tight:

    3-NBA, 5 ng
−S9
709 ± 328 ()

    MMS, 200 g
−S9

1516 ()
805 ± 283 ()

    MMS, 500 g
−S9

968 ± 175 ()

    MMS, 1000 g
−S9

1543 ± 40 ()

    2-AF
+S9
843 ± 228 ()
646 ± 117 ()

    2-AA, 5 g
+S9

781 ± 52 ()

    2-AA, 10 g
+S9
486 ± 175 ()

    NDEA, 500 g
+S9

225 ± 85 ()

    NDEA, 1000 g
+S9

414 ± 360 ()

3-NBA: 3-nitrobenzanthrone; 2AF: 2-aminofluorene; 2-AA: 2-aminoanthracene; MMS: methyl methanesulfonate; NDEA: -nitrosodimethylamine.

Chemicals and Test Compounds. Phenobarbital/-naphthoflavone induced S9 was purchased from MOLTOX, Trinova Biochem GmbH (Giessen, Germany). 1-Pentene, 2-pentene, cis- and trans-2-pentene, and 3-methyl-1-butene (95% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) were freshly dissolved in DMSO prior to each experiment. 1,2-Epoxypentane (98%), methyl methane sulfonate (99%), -nitrosodiethylamine (99%), 2-aminofluorene (97%), and 2-aminoanthracene (95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany. 3-Nitrobenzanthrone (99%) was purchased from Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Professor Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.

Calculations of means and standard deviations were done using commercial software (GraphPad Prism version 4.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA).

3. Results

1,2-Epoxypentane was mutagenic in TA1535, YG7108 (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)), and TA100 (data not shown), exceeding the spontaneous mutation rate up to about 6-fold. No mutagenicity occurred in TA98 (data not shown). Notable differences of the response of 1,2-epoxypentane in TA1535 and YG7108 were not seen (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Remarkably the assay with 1,2-epoxypentane led to a strongly elevated spontaneous mutation rate (Figure 2(b), standard conditions). This was avoided by placing the control plates in a separate incubator (Figure 2(a)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Bacterial mutagenicity of 1,2-epoxypentane in TA1535 and YG7108 without addition of S9-mix. With the aim to reduce the elevated base rate (standard conditions (b)), the control plates (0 μg 1,2-epoxypentane) were placed in a separate incubator (a).

1-Pentene, 2-pentene, cis- and trans-2-pentene, and 3-methyl-1-butene were not mutagenic in any tester strain or under any test condition, summarized in Table 2. All tests with the amylenes were done with and without metabolic activation.

Table 2: Overview of all other results, not displayed as a figure.

Compound
Strain
Condition
Result

1-Pentene
TA98
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

TA100
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

YG7108
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

2-Pentene (racemate)
TA98
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

TA100
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

YG7108
±S9, gas-tight () and not gas-tight ()
Negative

cis-2-pentene
TA98
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

TA100
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

YG7108
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

trans-2-pentene
TA98
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

TA100
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

YG7108
±S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

3-Methyl-1-butene
TA98
−S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

TA100
−S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

YG7108
−S9, not gas-tight ()
Negative

Toxic effects occurred with and without addition of S9-mix, apparent by microcolony induction or reduced colony counts (latter is exemplarily shown in Figure 3). The racemate of 2-pentene revealed no toxicity in TA100 under standard conditions up to the highest tested amount of 5000 μg/plate but according to the experiments using gas-tight preincubation the compound was toxic at and above 1000 μg/plate. Accordingly toxicity occurred in YG7108 at and above 1500 μg/plate upon gas-tight preincubation, whereas no toxicity was seen up to 2500 μg/plate under standard conditions.

Figure 3: Results for 3-methyl-1-butene in TA98, TA100, and YG7108 with gas-tight preincubation and S9-mix. Three independent experiments were performed with differently spaced dose ranges.

In case of microcolony induction more closely spaced test doses were applied with the aim to exclude a dose dependency (microcolonies can be recognized as toxic artifacts by a missing dose dependency). Single experiments showed in fact a tendency towards a dose trend. Such indications of dose trends could however not be confirmed by use of more closely spaced test doses. Therefore, in some experiments we applied an unusual number of different test concentrations (see Figure 3). If no toxicity occurred the compounds were tested up to 5000 μg/plate.

4. Discussion

We observed no mutagenic effects of the short chained unsaturated hydrocarbons 1-pentene, 2-pentene, its stereo isomers cis-, trans-2-pentene, and 3-methyl-1-butene, even so we considered possible stereoselective effects in case of cis- and trans-2-pentene, possible evaporation of the compounds [8, 9], and bacterial repair [11]. YG7108 is sensitive for low molecular weight compounds which are false negative by use of the standard protocol and the parent strain TA1535. This was shown for compounds up to 4 C-atoms such as allyl chloride [10]. However, 1,2-epoxypentane exerted similar bacterial mutagenicity in YG7108 and TA1535. Possibly C-5 compounds mark the cutoff for the substrates of the deleted bacterial methyltransferases. In addition these experiments show that the oxirane which can be formed in the metabolism of 2-pentene would exert mutagenic effects in the bacterial reverse mutation test.

Data on mutagenic effects of 1,2-epoxypentane are only available from the summary of a study report which is cited by ECHA [4]. Mutagenicity in TA1535 was observed without S-9 mix from about 5000 μg/plate (factor 2.3–2.6) onward and with metabolic activation from about 2500 μg–5000 μg/plate (factor 1.7–2.0) onward [4]. In our experiments 1,2-epoxypentane was mutagenic at and above 100 μg per plate with a maximal increase of about 6-fold at 5000 μg per plate. This discrepancy can be explained by evaporation of 1,2-epoxypentane into the incubator. In our experiments this led to exceptional high reverse mutations in the negative control plates and quite week mutagenic effects in the dosed samples. We attained a spontaneous reverse mutation rate within the historical range by placement of the control plates in a separate incubator (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Therefore, evaporation can lead to an underestimation of mutagenic effects of short chained oxiranes. This is in accordance with findings concerning ethylene oxide [3] and propylene oxide [3, 8, 16].

The question remains open why branched and un-saturated amylenes cannot be activated to mutagenic intermediates in vitro. Possibly the investigated amylenes are not efficiently epoxidized in vitro or oxidative metabolites which may occur are subjected to detoxification by the bacterial metabolism [17].

5. Conclusions

First, the investigated amylenes are not mutagenic, whereas the corresponding epoxide of 1-pentene (1,2-epoxipentane) exerted clear bacterial mutagenicity. Epoxidation of the investigated amylenes using rat liver S9-mix may not to be effective or is counterbalanced by detoxifying reactions. Second, weak bacterial mutagenicity of low molecular weight compounds such as 1,2-epoxipentane, ethylene-, or proplyene oxide can be caused by evaporation of compounds.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Dr. Takehiko Nohmi (National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan) for the donation of his tester strain YG7108.

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