The excessive temperature fluctuations during dental implant site preparation may affect the process of bone-implant osseointegration. In the presented studies, we aimed to assess the quality of cooling during the use of 3 different dental implant systems (BEGO®, NEO BIOTECH®, and BIOMET 3i®). The swine rib was chosen as a study model. The preparation of dental implant site was performed with the use of 3 different speeds of rotation (800, 1,200, and 1,500 rpm) and three types of cooling: with saline solution at room temperature, with saline solution cooled down to 3°C, and without cooling. A statistically significant difference in temperature fluctuations was observed between BEGO and NEO BIOTECH dental systems when cooling with saline solution at 3°C was used (22.3°C versus 21.8°C). In case of all three evaluated dental implant systems, the highest temperature fluctuations occurred when pilot drills were used for implant site preparation. The critical temperature, defined in the available literature, was exceeded only in case of pilot drills (of all 3 systems) used at rotation speed of 1,500 rpm without cooling.
Dental implants-related topics are an important matter of contemporary human and veterinary dentistry. During placement of dental implants into the bones of the facial skeleton, different cooling systems are used [
In this paper, we used 9 fresh swine ribs taken from great white (Polish) pigs, designated by consecutive Arabic numerals (1–9). The length, width, and thickness of all ribs were similar and comparable; the mean values of above-mentioned parameters were 147,2 mm × 24,6 mm × 21,3 mm. Three following dental implant systems were investigated (Table BEGO (drills: pilot, BIOMET 3i (drills: pilot, NEO BIOTECH (drills: pilot, Cooling:
external cooling with 0.9% NaCl solution stored at room temperature (app. 20°C), external cooling with 0.9% NaCl solution (so-called cold saline) stored at temperature app. 3°C, without cooling. Drill rotation speed:
800 rpm, 1,200 rpm, 1,500 rpm.
Each of the above-mentioned dental implant systems was tested under the following parameters:
In the study, we used a dental implant micromotor NeoSurge (NEO BIOTECH) equipped by the manufacturer with a contra angle with 32 : 1 gear reduction. Each subsequent dental implant site preparation was performed on the external surface of the rib by perforating the lamina of the compact substance and reaching diploe, with maintaining constant preparation depth (10 mm). Each bone fragment was mounted on a stable working stand; the drilling procedure was performed by the same experienced surgeon with the use of an optimal contact force. The drilling procedure was registered with the use of infrared thermographic camera ThermaCAM P640 (FLIR) with a spectral range of 7.5–13
Evaluated drilling systems variants.
Number | Rib | System | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Number 1 | BEGO Implant Systems | Without cooling |
2 | Number 2 | BEGO Implant Systems | With cooling |
3 | Number 3 | BEGO Implant Systems | Cooling with cold saline |
4 | Number 4 | NEO BIOTECH | Without cooling |
5 | Number 5 | NEO BIOTECH | With cooling |
6 | Number 6 | NEO BIOTECH | Cooling with cold saline |
7 | Number 7 | BIOMET 3i | Without cooling |
8 | Number 8 | BIOMET 3i | With cooling |
9 | Number 9 | BIOMET 3i | Cooling with cold saline |
The statistical analysis was conducted with the use of STATISTICA (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, USA) software.
Table
Maximal temperature within ROI.
Drill | System |
|
Without cooling | Cooling | Cooling with cold saline | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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|
|
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Pilot | BEGO | 800 | 2.82 | 38.4 | 2.49 | 22.4 | 2.85 | 22.0 |
Pilot | BEGO | 1,200 | 1.96 | 25.7 | 2.16 | 22.1 | 3.25 | 21.8 |
Pilot | BEGO | 1,500 | 3.58 | 44.8 | 2.69 | 22.8 | 3.32 | 22.1 |
|
BEGO | 800 | 3.42 | 36.7 | 2.52 | 22.8 | 5.27 | 22.6 |
|
BEGO | 1,200 | 3.45 | 31.0 | 2.72 | 22.5 | 3.95 | 22.4 |
|
BEGO | 1,500 | 2.89 | 50.8 | 2.16 | 23.3 | 3.78 | 22.6 |
|
BEGO | 800 | 1.99 | 32.8 | 2.23 | 23.4 | 4.48 | 22.1 |
|
BEGO | 1,200 | 2.19 | 31.3 | 1.79 | 24.4 | 3.55 | 22.4 |
|
BEGO | 1,500 | 2.16 | 39.9 | 2.23 | 23.4 | 4.01 | 22.6 |
Pilot | NEO | 800 | 3.05 | 42.2 | 3.58 | 22.0 | 3.12 | 21.4 |
Pilot | NEO | 1,200 | 2.69 | 42.8 | 3.45 | 22.2 | 3.98 | 22.0 |
Pilot | NEO | 1,500 | 1.92 | 51.4 | 4.91 | 23.1 | 3.15 | 23.0 |
|
NEO | 800 | 1.56 | 26.8 | 3.58 | 22.2 | 3.35 | 21.0 |
|
NEO | 1,200 | 1.29 | 27.5 | 3.85 | 22.3 | 3.52 | 22.0 |
|
NEO | 1,500 | 1.06 | 29.4 | 3.32 | 23.0 | 3.35 | 21.4 |
|
NEO | 800 | 1.03 | 38.0 | 2.79 | 22.0 | 2.99 | 21.6 |
|
NEO | 1,200 | 1.29 | 38.9 | 5.04 | 22.4 | 4.78 | 22.0 |
|
NEO | 1500 | 1.92 | 42.1 | 2.59 | 22.7 | 2.42 | 21.4 |
Pilot | 3i | 800 | 3.28 | 39.9 | 5.21 | 23.3 | 4.15 | 22.0 |
Pilot | 3i | 1,200 | 4.74 | 54.3 | 3.18 | 22.6 | 2.49 | 21.6 |
Pilot | 3i | 1,500 | 3.88 | 50.8 | 3.12 | 28.3 | 3.42 | 22.0 |
|
3i | 800 | 3.75 | 37.5 | 2.45 | 23.0 | 5.74 | 21.6 |
|
3i | 1,200 | 3.65 | 30.4 | 1.89 | 23.3 | 3.98 | 22.2 |
|
3i | 1,500 | 2.79 | 33.0 | 2.26 | 22.7 | 5.04 | 22.0 |
|
3i | 800 | 1.79 | 27.2 | 2.36 | 24.0 | 4.01 | 22.1 |
|
3i | 1,200 | 2.29 | 32.4 | 1.49 | 23.5 | 3.18 | 22.1 |
|
3i | 1,500 | 3.05 | 31.8 | 2.39 | 23.4 | 3.81 | 22.2 |
Comparison of maximal temperatures recorded during drilling of holes in the bone fragment with the use of pilot drill.
Comparison of maximal temperatures recorded during drilling of holes in the bone fragment with the use of intermediate drill.
Comparison of maximal temperatures recorded during drilling of holes in the bone fragment with the use of final drill.
Comparison of maximal temperatures recorded during drilling procedure with the use of all three drills and results of the analysis of variance.
Comparison of drilling times for each of the examined dental implant systems and results of the analysis of variance.
Without cooling, drilling time with NEO BIOTECH system is significantly shorter compared to BEGO (1.76 s versus 2.72 s,
The above-mentioned studies aimed at the assessment of the efficacy of cooling used in three different dental implant systems depending on different drill diameters and rotation speeds. It was proven that a wide range of different factors impact the heat emitted during dental implant site preparation. The above-mentioned factors involve cortical lamina thickness, rotation speed, drill diameter, drill geometry, and penetration depth [
The thermography determines temperature changes at the external surface of the bone and visible part of the drill. Taking under consideration the latter assumption, the preliminary studies were carried out in the same material (bone tissue) and consisted of secondary drilling within the primary 1 mm diameter perforation canals. The thermographic camera was located contralateral to the drill canal long axis. This camera-drill relation allows continuous observation of drill tip surface and its temperature measurement during the whole manipulation until the complete removal of tool from the drilled canal. The thermographic analysis proved that the difference between maximal temperature and the value recorded directly after drill evaluation from bone canal equals ca. 0,7°C ± 0,2°C. The achieved result was constant and it was taken into consideration during the main thermographic analysis.
It is well known that temperature measurement is affected by a wide range of factors, that is, room temperature, humidity, ventilation, and the presence of external heat sources [
During dental implant site preparation, temperature fluctuations are directly related with the use of cooling system, drill diameter, and rotation speed of the micromotor. No important difference between the coolant’s temperature and temperature fluctuations within the implant site was observed. In all three systems used in this study, important temperature fluctuations were observed during implant site preparation with the use of pilot drills. The NEO BIOTECH system is characterized by the shortest time of implant site preparation. The critical temperature, defined in the available literature, was exceeded only in case of pilot drills (of all 3 systems) used at rotation speed of 1,500 rpm without cooling.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
This project is supported by Wroclaw Centre of Biotechnology, The Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) programme, for years 2014–2018. The research was supported by statutory research and development activity funds assigned to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The authors would like to thank Dr. Zbozen and his team from Profident for his engagement and support for their project.