BioMed Research International
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 5045827, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5045827

Research Article

The Critical Role of Long Noncoding RNA in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Xiaoling Qiu,¹ Bo Jia,² Xiang Sun,² Weitao Hu,² Hongxing Chu,² Shuaimei Xu,¹ and JianJiang Zhao²

¹Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University and Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510280, China
²Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University and Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510280, China

Correspondence should be addressed to JianJiang Zhao; jianjiang_zhao@163.com

Received 14 November 2016; Accepted 2 April 2017; Published 27 April 2017

Academic Editor: Milena Fini

Copyright © 2017 Xiaoling Qiu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to regulate many biological processes including differentiation. However, their role in osteogenic differentiation was poorly known. Materials and Methods. In this study, we first globally profiled the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs during osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to further analyze these significantly changed molecules. Then the role of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 in the osteogenic differentiation was determined. Results. A number of lncRNAs and mRNAs were significantly differentially expressed during hBMMSC osteogenic differentiation. Among them, 433 lncRNAs and 956 mRNAs were continuously upregulated, while 232 lncRNAs and 229 mRNAs were continuously downregulated. Gene Ontology and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis showed that carbohydrate derivative binding and complement and coagulation cascades were most correlated molecular function and pathway, respectively. Downregulation of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs, and opposite results were found when lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 was upregulated. Conclusions. lncRNAs play a critical role in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs and targeting lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 might be a promising strategy to promote osteogenic differentiation.

1. Introduction

In the craniomaxillofacial skeleton, bone defect is still a major and challenging health concern. Its size can vary from the very small periodontal defects to the large segmental defects [1]. Efficacious bone tissue engineering requires a combination of three key factors including stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds [2]. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are adult stem cells that can be isolated from adult tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissues, and dental pulp [3, 4]. In addition to colony formation and self-renewal capability, hMSCs have the capacity to differentiate into a number of cell types such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neural-like cells [5, 6]. Moreover, the immunosuppressive potential of hMSCs is important for the treatment of graft-versus-host diseases [7] These intrinsic properties of hMSCs make them an ideal cell source for both cellular therapy and regenerative medicine.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding transcripts with a length of more than 200 nucleotides [8]. Similarly to microRNAs, lncRNAs have been demonstrated to play a central role in regulating many important biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and development [9, 10]. Mutations and deregulations of lncRNAs link to the initiation and progression of diverse human diseases ranging from cardiovascular diseases to cancer [11]. Various studies reported that lncRNAs are important for the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Downregulation of lncRNA MEG3 significantly suppressed the osteogenic potential of MSCs, and opposite findings were detected when lncRNA MEG3 was overexpressed. In addition, its regulatory effects on osteogenic differentiation were achieved by partly activating BMP4 [12]. Similarly, lncRNA MIR31HG inhibition promoted the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in either normal or inflammatory environment by regulating NF-κB signalling pathway, indicating lncRNA MIR31HG- NF-κB axis is critical for the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs [13].

However, the function of lncRNAs in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBMMSCs) remains poorly known. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was global profiling of the changes of mRNA and lncRNA during the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs and to determine the role of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 in the process of osteogenesis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture

HBMMSCs were purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (Cat. number 7500; Carlsbad, CA, USA). The hBMMSCs were maintained with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Medium (ScienCell, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. For the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs, the cells were cultured in osteogenic medium containing 10 mmol/L β-glycerol phosphate, 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid, and 10−7 mol/L dexamethasone.

2.2. Real-Time PCR

Total RNA was isolated from hBMMSCs using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 2 μg RNA using the SuperScript®III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). Then the cDNA levels were amplified and quantified with SYBR Green PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The PCR reaction was performed using the 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Gene expression was normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The primer sequence was summarized in Supplementary Table (in Supplementary Material available online at https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5045827).

2.3. Chip Arrays

Human 4 × 180 K lncRNA arrays contained 37581 lncRNAs and 34235 mRNAs. Total RNA was obtained as described above. Approximately 200 ng of total RNA from each sample was used for the microarray analyses. Briefly, followed by spiking with an RNA Spike-In Kit with one color (Agilent), total RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA and then converted into Cyanine-3 labeled cRNA. Cyanine-3-labeled cRNA sample was fragmented and then hybridized at 65°C for 17 h using an Agilent Gene Expression Hybridization Kit in hybridization chamber gasket slides (Agilent). After hybridization, the microarrays were washed with an Agilent Wash Buffer kit (Agilent) and scanned with an Agilent microarray scanner. The resulting images were analyzed using Agilent’s Feature Extraction software v10.7 and Agilent GeneSpring.

2.4. Gene Function Analysis

To investigate the potential functions of these lncRNAs, the predicted target genes were input into the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID; http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/), which utilized Gene Ontology (GO) to identify the molecular function. In addition, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database (http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/) was employed to analyze the potential functions of these target genes in the pathways. Lower value indicates that the correlation is more significant. The cut-off value is 0.05.

2.5. Lentivirus Construction and Transfection

The lncRNA ENST00000502125.2-targeting (5′-GGTTAATCCACAGTTAGGAGCTTCCTGTCAGACTCCTAACTGTGGATTAACCTTTTT-3′)/overexpression (5′-TTCCCCATCCACAGAAATGGT-3′) oligonucleotide sequences were cloned into the lentiviral vectors. The mock control consisted of a scrambled sequence with no homology to any gene in the human genome. Recombinant lentiviral vectors and packaging vectors were then transfected into 293T cells. The supernatant containing lentiviruses was harvested 72 h after transfection. The lentiviruses were then purified by ultracentrifugation, and the titer of lentiviruses was determined. Human BMMSCs were infected with the lentiviruses at a multiplicity of infection of 50.

2.6. ALP Staining

About 2 × 10⁵ cells/plate were seeded in six-well plates and subjected to osteogenic differentiation induction when the cell density reached 70–80% confluence. ALP staining was performed with an ALP staining kit (Sigma-Aldrich) at day 7 according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Briefly, the induced cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and incubated with a substrate buffer at room temperature (RT) for 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by removing the substrate solution and washing with PBS. The staining results were observed under microscope.

2.7. Alizarin Red S Staining

About 2 × 10⁵ cells/plate were seeded in six-well plates and subjected to osteogenic differentiation induction when the cell density reached 70–80% confluence. The induced cells at day 21 were gently washed with PBS twice and then fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 30 min at RT. Then cells were washed with distilled water three times, stained with 2% Alizarin Red S for 30 min at RT, and washed with distilled water to remove the remaining staining. The staining results were observed under microscope.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed and expressed as means ± standard deviation. All the experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times. The threshold value we used to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs was a fold change ≥2.0. Differences between two groups or more than two groups were evaluated for statistical significance by the independent -test and One-Way ANOVA, respectively, using SPSS v21.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was set at .

3. Results

3.1. The Differentially Expressed lncRNA/mRNA during the Osteogenic Differentiation of hBMMSCs

The expression levels of osteogenic markers including ALP, OPN, and Osterix as well as Alizarin Red S staining intensity were significantly increased after in vitro induction of osteogenic differentiation (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: (a) The expression levels of osteogenic markers ALP, OPN, and Osterix were significantly increased following osteogenic induction (). (b) The staining intensity of Alizarin Red S was increased following osteogenic induction. (c) Microarray analysis of gene expression during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs.

The results of microarray assay were shown in Figure 1(c). The analysis revealed that 923 lncRNA, 1393 lncRNA, and 1338 lncRNA were significantly increased (>2 fold) in cells cultured in osteogenic medium at D7, D14, and D21, respectively, compared to those at D0, while 993 lncRNA (D7), 3843 lncRNA (D14), and 3688 lncRNA (D21) were remarkably decreased (≤2 fold). Similarly, compared with the controls (D0), 1462 mRNA (D7), 4093 mRNA (D14), and 3354 mRNA (D21) were significantly upregulated while 953 mRNA (D7), 2236 mRNA (D14), and 1923 mRNA (D21) were downregulated more than two times. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the differentially expressed lncRNAs (Figure 2(a)) and mRNAs (Figure 2(b)) during the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. The red and the green shades indicated the expression above and below the relative expression. Among these significantly differentially expressed lncRNA/mRNA, 433 lncRNAs and 956 mRNAs were continuously upregulated. While 232 lncRNAs and 229 mRNAs were continuously downregulated. The representative consistent upregulated/downregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs were summarized in Tables 1–4.

Table 1: The consistent upregulated lncRNAs in D7 group, D14 group, and D21 group compared to D0 group.

Probe name
Fold change
lncRNA ID
Chromosome
Strand

D7 versus D0
D14 versus D0
D21 versus D0

p4114
21.62478164
11.60060386
25.92556994
ENST00000418923.1
13
−

p38401_v4
30.86834436
39.89716139
47.83972529
ENST00000390168.4
11
−

p35386_v4
8.850828267
13.50510134
8.569022202
ENST00000524338.1
8
−

p33814
10.7500145
19.33207243
15.16926732
uc021wsx.1
3
−

p34143_v4
17.84687532
21.39256843
22.59689433
ENST00000428066.1
11
−

p20779
11.0580876
8.572849402
12.7458369
TCONS_00004149
2
−

p29982
14.36987842
18.31301009
19.1400538
TCONS_00015010
8
−

p34144_v4
9.448857515
11.1571628
12.01925275
ENST00000447298.1
11
−

p13783
29.95472326
22.41719711
21.2711142
ENST00000507217.1
5
+

p41550_v4
24.25949023
36.60054941
28.7447275
XR_242466.1
8
−

p15703
16.07037289
23.13735751
15.39810811
ENST00000521483.1
8
−

p35387_v4
13.86215164
20.48568771
12.3106551
ENST00000518943.1
8
−

p33593
8.765900177
18.72201809
18.08884202
ENST00000454645.1
9
−

p1239
8.87593437
29.58522619
15.2389718
ENST00000423943.1
1
+

p26385
8.374898467
9.089043638
11.37470244
uc003tcq.1
7
−

p23967
15.48067958
19.56789008
13.49101323
TCONS_00015014
8
−

p23964
10.21976098
12.64248095
12.07873525
TCONS_00015011
8
−

p15702
15.66396998
21.61260698
15.13024559
ENST00000523786.1
8
−

p23883
11.98005378
16.83343272
9.64895952
TCONS_00013634
7
+

p15704
11.4736364
19.16351897
11.40714697
ENST00000523664.1
8
−

Table 2: The larger continuous downregulated lncRNA in D7 group, D14 group, and D21 group compared to D0 group.

Probe name
Fold change
lncRNA ID
Chromosome
Strand

D7 versus D0
D14 versus D0
D21 versus D0

p26805
−6.180586296
−18.31712024
−21.76631127
eHIT000015952
3
−

p26850
−3.162097824
−7.896981442
−5.113394731
HIT000062015
5
+

p6751
−3.075056887
−9.43623037
−4.115732163
ENST00000567574.1
17
−

p11958
−3.095430977
−11.50752842
−4.973522833
ENST00000464242.1
3
+

p43709_v4
−3.119120027
−6.225875253
−6.275615097
NR_109889.1
20
−

p18116
−3.243406388
−5.670092378
−5.470304342
TCONS_00018160
10
+

p33827
−3.553411085
−4.48591536
−4.526856894
uc021zin.1
6
+

p41682_v4
−3.08170091
−3.169656935
−6.44910429
XR_242518.2
9
+

p24751
−3.332997418
−8.352157977
−4.184503053
XR_109875.3
1
−

p25066
−3.147224208
−7.23319858
−5.77391016
NR_026880.1
17
+

p7544
−3.526526302
−5.765265908
−7.295186192
ENST00000574526.1
17
+

p601
−3.396662015
−7.265009931
−6.836209784
ENST00000413035.1
1
−

p5379
−3.951455716
−6.197452204
−4.222822011
ENST00000561344.1
15
−

p5378
−3.263970006
−13.03398613
−8.189183014
ENST00000502125.2
15
−

p2545
−4.012409632
−8.23404424
−5.849793103
ENST00000532315.1
11
−

p26487
−3.084674582
−4.190874299
−4.371006429
uc004aaw.1
9
−

p34220_v4
−4.329673813
−3.902414327
−4.992448343
ENST00000564531.1
12
−

p7506
−3.071148345
−14.10807749
−5.324648534
ENST00000584660.1
17
+

p37929_v4
−3.347180055
−5.438810651
−5.171230814
ENST00000603042.1
6
−

Table 3: The consistent upregulated mRNA in D7 group, D14 group, and D21 group compared to D0 group.

Probe name
Fold change
mRNA ID

D7 versus D0
D14 versus D0
D21 versus D0

A_23_P157007
20.93078768
46.88202561
48.44960505
TMEM176B

A_23_P155786
40.92369481
33.41643908
40.18324588
SULT1E1

A_33_P3421923
45.38015715
161.8576338
207.750768
CADM3

A_23_P144549
49.02268505
21.60574241
73.13865038
IBSP

A_23_P41114
21.69170424
65.94353401
31.28494343
CSTA

A_23_P119562
23.82145451
36.79416271
34.50429618
CFD

A_24_P398147
36.09050187
42.0693231
50.64949923
NEBL

A_23_P94397
69.98586179
126.4123144
206.0673461
OMD

A_24_P208436
30.66909159
52.38832752
69.37444886
PDE1A

A_23_P363778
25.62987078
54.96002289
59.15291665
FRZB

A_23_P52761
80.20879313
39.88630678
30.92324555
MMP7

A_23_P82990
75.35249622
66.33124962
278.1804069
OGN

A_24_P48723
62.3488783
46.0152525
114.5446685
PTGIS

A_33_P3361636
65.19427159
149.0955822
296.7605893
MGP

A_23_P81158
43.72592716
109.8552875
125.7786547
ADH1C

A_33_P3252286
27.80470836
197.9730171
186.8343613
CRLF1

A_23_P307310
24.53975993
22.28423515
24.81066209
ACAN

A_24_P264943
154.5977058
192.3886928
423.5632762
COMP

A_24_P330263
43.2923737
32.38378473
35.02566896
EDNRB

Table 4: The consistent downregulated mRNA in D7 group, D14 group, and D21 group compared to D0 group.

Probe name
Fold change
mRNA ID

D7 versus D0
D14 versus D0
D21 versus D0

A_33_P3421178
−4.978203478
−6.689279838
−6.73293016
ENST00000552367

A_33_P3347241
−3.234257846
−8.689836302
−10.18643693
ENST00000420598

A_23_P430658
−4.081348909
−5.123030497
−4.953099079
HEYL

A_24_P122137
−9.239361785
−4.534924085
−5.997598307
LIF

A_23_P358709
−3.492627299
−6.212881338
−7.058185271
AHRR

A_33_P3240951
−6.366913923
−7.306438093
−6.10226131
DPF3

A_33_P3357658
−6.362807169
−9.205441781
−12.61825188
HMGA2

A_23_P19754
−4.978203478
−6.689279838
−6.73293016
CPA4

A_33_P3338693
−10.83785842
−9.210934927
−11.71527326
SNAP25

A_21_P0010759
−3.730747446
−9.78227973
−5.089176405
ENST00000458145

A_33_P3281667
−3.873687841
−5.554700388
−5.14477388
CNTNAP3B

A_24_P160401
−7.369096775
−4.833372717
−4.539895532
CDCP1

A_33_P3422728
−3.864556879
−6.005084014
−4.89254934
CNTNAP3

A_23_P106194
−5.131831246
−4.991628029
−4.329195734
FOS

A_33_P3325897
−3.057861576
−13.01790152
−4.632399252
MPL

A_24_P50368
−3.790519797
−12.29526394
−9.281170737
BLID

A_33_P3321372
−3.234257846
−8.689836302
−10.18643693
ENST00000377653

A_33_P3356392
−3.256778088
−5.440437604
−8.336994595
RGL3

A_33_P3265467
−5.491535497
−6.710400621
−4.29031983
ENST00000374375

A_33_P3263518
−4.855417658
−6.782055075
−5.473469073
ENST00000298953

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the differentially expressed lncRNAs during the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs. (b) The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the differentially expressed mRNAs during the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs. (c) qPCR validation of the significantly different expressed lncRNAs during the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs. dicates .

Then we chose four consistently upregulated/downregulated lncRNAs for qRT-PCR validation. qRT-PCR results revealed the expression levels of ENST00000523786.1 and ENST00000436715.1 were significantly upregulated during hBMMSC osteogenic differentiation (), while ENST00000532315.1 and HIT000218960 expression were downregulated () (Figure 2(c)). The qRT-PCR results further corroborated that our microarray data was convincing.

3.2. Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs during Osteogenesis of hBMMSCs

Six hundred and eighty significantly differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in biological processes during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs and system development hit the highest score. As regards cellular component, there were 702 differentially expressed mRNAs. Among them, the extracellular matrix (ECM) contained most abundant differentially expressed genes. Six hundred and thirty-one differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in molecular function and carbohydrate derivative binding had the highest score (Figures 3(a)–3(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: GO analysis of the significantly affected biological process, cellular component, and molecular function during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs.

KEGG analysis showed that there were 427 differentially expressed mRNAs enriched in 31 biological pathways during osteogenesis of hBMMSCs. The pathway with highest score was complement and coagulation cascades, which included 21 differentially expressed genes (Figure 4).

Figure 4: KEGG analysis of the significantly affected biological pathways during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs.

3.3. The Effects of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 Upregulation/Downregulation on the Osteogenic Differentiation of hBMMSCs

The expression level of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 was significantly decreased during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs (Figure 5(a)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 5: (a) The expression level of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 was decreased during osteogenic differentiation of hBMmSCs. (b) ShRNA could significantly downregulate lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 expression. (c) Lentivirus vectors could significantly upregulate lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 expression. (d) Downregulation of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 promoted the ALP staining intensity, and vice versa (200x). (e) Downregulation of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 promoted Alizarin Red S staining intensity, and vice versa (200x). dicates .

The target sequences we designed could upregulate or downregulate lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 with high efficiency (Figures 5(b) and 5(c)). Our results showed that the ALP staining intensity was significantly stronger in hBMMSCs subjected to lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 downregulation. In addition, the number of nodules was significantly more in the lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 knockdown cells. However, the staining intensities of ALP and Alizarin Red S assays were weaker when lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 was overexpressed (Figures 5(d) and 5(e)).

4. Discussion

LncRNAs had long been considered as nonfunctional junk [14]. However, recent studies showed that lncRNAs play a central role in regulating a number of biological processes including, but not limited to, transcription regulation, epigenetic modification, DNA methylation, and histone modification [15]. Deregulation of lncRNAs has been associated with the progression of many diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases [16, 17].

Previous study have screened the expression profile of lncRNAs during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs [18]. However, the role of lncRNAs in osteogenesis remains poorly known. In this study, a number of novel lncRNAs and mRNAs especially those consistently deregulated might regulate hBMMSC osteogenic differentiation. For instance, both leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and frizzled-related protein (FRZB) are critical for osteogenesis [19, 20]. Real-time PCR was performed to validate our microarray findings. The reason we chose ENST00000523786.1, ENST00000436715.1, ENST00000532315.1, and HIT000218960 for microarray validation was that these molecules were consistently upregulated or downregulated during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs. Most of these lncRNAs and mRNAs were first-time identified. GO analysis was performed to further annotate the biological function of differentially expressed mRNAs and a significant amount of GO terms were associated with developmental processes. Most enriched biological processes were correlated with osteogenic differentiation such as cartilage development, skeletal system development, and developmental process. For cellular component, ECM has been demonstrated to play an important role in regulating osteogenesis. For molecular function, integrin binding and growth factor activity are related with osteogenic differentiation. KEGG pathway analysis showed that many pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and ECM-receptor interaction were associated with osteogenic differentiation. To evaluate the genes regulated by lncRNAs, we selected two significantly deregulated lncRNAs (lncRNA ENST00000585537.1 and lncRNA eHIT000015952) for further analysis. In combination with the information of mRNAs, IncRNA ENST00000585537.1 was found to be located on chromosome 17 and three protein-coding genes (MAP2K6, TEKT1, and ABCA5) were near its 300 kb area. For lncRNA eHIT000015952, it was located on chromosome 3 and seven protein-coding genes (such as PAK2, MFI2, and DLG1) were near its 300 kb area (data not shown).

Through microarray analysis, we identified a number of lncRNAs potentially affecting osteogenic differentiation. LncRNA ENST00000502125.2 was chosen for further study as it was consistently downregulated during osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs, indicating that it might be a potent regulator of osteogenesis. LncRNA ENST00000502125.2 inhibition promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs and vice versa, suggesting it might play a critical role in osteogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time to reveal this novel function of lncRNA ENST00000502125.2. Consistent with our findings, ectopic expression of lncRNA H19 promoted osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs both in vitro and in vivo, and opposite results were found when lncRNA H19 was inhibited. In addition, miR-675 was identified as a downstream target of lncRNA H19 [21]. Jin et al. reported that knockdown of lncRNA MIR31HG not only increased osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells both in vitro and in vivo, but also maintained this promotion effect even under the inflammatory environment, indicating targeting lncRNA MIR31HG might be an effective strategy to improve the osteogenic capacity of stem cells in bone engineering [13]. Similarly, lncRNA NONHSAT009968 suppression ameliorated staphylococcal protein A-inhibited osteogenic differentiation in hBMMSCs [22]. These studies demonstrate that lncRNAs are important regulators of osteogenic differentiation.

5. Conclusions

Collectively, our microarray data provides novel information regarding the potential role of mRNAs and lncRNAs in regulating the hBMMSC osteogenic differentiation. We also identify the top enriched GO and KEGG pathways. Moreover, lncRNA ENST00000502125.2 is demonstrated to be a negative regulator of osteogenic differentiation, indicating it might be a novel therapeutic target for promoting bone formation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Xiaoling Qiu and Bo Jia contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (no. 81670950) and Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (no. 2015A030313787).

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