Baltic seaweeds were used to obtain aqueous extracts (E) through changing initial pH of deionised water added to algal biomass (EpH3·H2O, EpH7·H2O, and EpH10·H2O) and through changing pH of the mixture of algae and deionised water (EpH3, EpH7, and EpH10). Algal extracts were characterized in terms of the concentration of polyphenols and micro- and macroelements. The highest concentration of polyphenols was determined in extract EpH3 and the lowest in extract EpH10·H2O. It was found that the obtained extracts had similar concentrations of elements (except EpH3). The phytotoxicity of algal extracts (0.5, 2.5, and 10%) was examined in the germination tests on
Algae are mostly autotrophic organisms living in the aquatic or at least damp environment [
Bioactive compounds, naturally occurring in algae, were also found in extracts obtained from these organisms [
The positive effect of algal extracts on the plants growth and development was confirmed in many scientific publications. Increased chlorophyll content in tomatoes leaves and cucumbers, for both foliar and soil application was observed in comparison with control group. The main factor influencing the differences in chlorophyll content was high content of betaine in extracts from
In literature, a lot of attention is put on the description of the algal extracts impact on organic compounds composition, while there is little data including the elemental composition of preparations, which can be very important from the point of view of growing plants. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of different pH on chemical composition of seaweed extracts and to examine utilitarian properties of obtained preparations in laboratory tests on
Sodium carbonate, ethanol, and methanol were purchased from POCH SA (Gliwice, Poland). Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid, and nitric acid, 69%, were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All the reagents were of analytical grade.
The mixture of seaweeds,
Extraction processes were made according to the modified procedures described by Sharma et al. [
The characteristics of algal extracts were made according to the procedures described by Michalak et al. [
The content of elements in seaweeds, algal extracts, and cultivated plants was determined by ICP–OES iCAP 6500 Duo (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The samples of seaweeds and garden cress (0.5 g) were purified from organic matter with nitric acid (69%; 5 mL) in Teflon bombs in a microwave oven Milestone Start D (Milestone S.r.l., Sorisole, Italy) and diluted with redemineralized water (Millipore Simplicity, Darmstadt, Germany) to 50 g. The samples were analyzed in three repetitions [
The concentration of phenolic compounds in obtained 100% algal extracts was determined according to the modified procedure described by Sim et al. [
The phytotoxicity of the algal extracts was evaluated in the germination tests on garden cress
The total chlorophyll (Total Chl), chlorophyll
The results were elaborated statistically by
The appropriate fertilization enables obtaining quantitative and qualitative crops. Plants require at least 14 mineral elements, which include macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur), but also essential microelements (boron, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, and molybdenum). Deficiency of any of these mineral elements reduces plant growth and crop yields [
Multielemental composition of the obtained algal extracts (
Element | Baltic seaweeds, (mg/kg dry weight) | EpH3 | EpH7 | EpH10 | EpH3·H2O | EpH7·H2O | EpH10·H2O | Extract obtained by boiling in water | Extract obtained by soaking in water | Extract obtained by MAE 25°C | Extract obtained by MAE 40°C | Extract obtained by MAE 60°C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Godlewska et al., 2016 | Present work | Godlewska et al., 2016 | Michalak et al., 2015 | |||||||||
mg/L | ||||||||||||
Macroelements | ||||||||||||
Ca | 40292 ± 8058 | 1553 ± 311 | 275 ± 41 | 160 ± 24 | 266 ± 40 | 305 ± 46 | 285 ± 43 | 333 ± 50 | 410 ± 61 | 354 ± 53 | 363 ± 54 | 365 ± 54 |
K | 5082 ± 1016 | 1068 ± 214 | 1236 ± 247 | 2264 ± 453 | 1069 ± 214 | 1027 ± 205 | 1023 ± 205 | 969 ± 145 | 978 ± 147 | 868 ± 130 | 901 ± 135 | 951 ± 142 |
Mg | 3181 ± 636 | 606 ± 91 | 277 ± 42 | 140 ± 21 | 285 ± 43 | 308 ± 46 | 291 ± 44 | 300 ± 45 | 357 ± 54 | 303 ± 45 | 311 ± 46 | 322 ± 48 |
Na | 6354 ± 1271 | 1418 ± 284 | 1190 ± 238 | 1123 ± 225 | 1168 ± 234 | 1286 ± 257 | 1237 ± 248 | 1239 ± 248 | 1302 ± 260 | 1050 ± 211 | 1200 ± 240 | 1250 ± 250 |
P | 1155 ± 231 | 4422 ± 884 |
|
33.660 ± 5.049 | 161 ± 24 | 27.290 ± 4.094 | 35.96 ± 5.39 | 34.7 ± 5.2 | 5.22 ± 0.78 | 9.52 ± 1.43 | 18.3 ± 2.7 | 32.9 ± 4.9 |
S | 8614 ± 1723 | 541 ± 81 | 541 ± 81 | 596 ± 89 | 492 ± 74 | 547 ± 82 | 523 ± 79 | 670 ± 100 | 599 ± 90 | 562 ± 84 | 582 ± 87 | 702 ± 105 |
|
||||||||||||
Microelements | ||||||||||||
B | 97.83 ± 14.68 | 17.78 ± 2.67 | 1.57 ± 0.24 | 0.380 ± 0.057 | 3.69 ± 0.55 | 2.86 ± 0.43 | 2.70 ± 0.41 | 6.50 ± 0.97 | 2.62 ± 0.39 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.44 ± 0.51 | 4.74 ± 0.71 |
Cu | 12.69 ± 1.90 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.230 ± 0.035 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.0300 ± 0.0075 | 0.310 ± 0.047 | 0.100 ± 0.015 | 0.140 ± 0.021 | 0.020 ± 0.005 | 0.1170 ± 0.0117 | 0.148 ± 0.022 | 0.108 ± 0.016 |
Fe | 6660 ± 1332 | 26.99 ± 4.05 | 11.45 ± 1.72 | 19.48 ± 2.92 | 3.94 ± 0.59 | 6.11 ± 0.92 | 6.820 ± 1.023 | 2.53 ± 0.38 | 17.6 ± 2.6 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 2.17 ± 0.28 | 4.47 ± 0.70 |
Mn | 232 ± 35 | 14.60 ± 2.19 | 1.73 ± 0.26 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 2.060 ± 0.309 | 2.32 ± 0.35 | 2.11 ± 0.32 | 2.43 ± 0.36 | 3.71 ± 0.56 | 2.52 ± 0.37 | 2.62 ± 0.39 | 3.07 ± 0.46 |
Mo | 0.312 ± 0.047 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.0300 ± 0.0075 | 0.0100 ± 0.0025 | 0.0100 ± 0.0025 | 0.0100 ± 0.0025 | 0.020 ± 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.179 ± 0.026 | 0.0108 ± 0.0027 |
Si | 906.90 ± 136.04 | 27.05 ± 4.06 | 14.43 ± 2.17 | 16.54 ± 2.48 | 6.19 ± 0.93 | 9.64 ± 1.45 | 10.84 ± 1.63 | 9.10 ± 1.36 | 9.73 ± 1.46 | 3.10 ± 0.46 | 6.69 ± 1.00 | 11.9 ± 1.8 |
Zn | 64.94 ± 9.74 | 3.41 ± 0.51 | 0.270 ± 0.041 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 0.140 ± 0.021 | 0.210 ± 0.032 | 0.170 ± 0.026 | 0.240 ± 0.036 | 0.100 ± 0.015 | 0.0746 ± 0.0112 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.169 ± 0.025 |
|
||||||||||||
Toxic metals | ||||||||||||
As | 3.902 ± 0.507 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.150 ± 0.023 | 0.180 ± 0.027 | 0.170 ± 0.026 | 0.150 ± 0.023 | 0.140 ± 0.021 | 0.170 ± 0.022 | 0.160 ± 0.021 | 0.246 ± 0.032 | 0.150 ± 0.019 | 0.198 ± 0.025 |
Cd | 0.7067 ± 0.0919 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | <LLD | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.001 ± 0.000 |
Pb | 7.028 ± 0.914 | 0.030 ± 0.008 | 0.0300 ± 0.0075 | 0.0300 ± 0.0075 | 0.0100 ± 0.0025 | 0.020 ± 0.005 | 0.020 ± 0.005 | 0.040 ± 0.008 | 0.0100 ± 0.0025 | 0.0098 ± 0.0020 | 0.0104 ± 0.0021 | 0.032 ± 0.006 |
<LLD: below detection limit.
Polyphenols are prevalent class of plant secondary metabolites and have received increasing attention in recent years due to their bioactive functions. These compounds may play different roles in human life and plant biology, such as antioxidant and protective agents against UV light, contributors to the taste of food, drink, and pharmaceuticals, defensiveness against herbivores and pathogens, and contributors to plant pigmentation but also as phytoalexins, antifeedants, and attractants for pollinators [
Total phenolic concentration (
Side effects of synthetic fertilizers on the environment stimulated the use of new natural sources of biostimulants and soil conditioners [
The height of plants (20 plants from each repetition,
Total height of the cultivated garden cress in the experimental groups.
Extract | Average height |
---|---|
Control | 5.36 ± 0.59 |
|
|
EpH3 0.5% | 6.45 ± 0.44 |
EpH3 2.5% | 6.78 ± 0.40 |
EpH3 10% | 6.64 ± 0.51 |
|
|
EpH7 0.5% | 6.35 ± 0.70 |
EpH7 2.5% | 6.70 ± 0.67 |
EpH7 10% | 6.72 ± 0.64 |
|
|
EpH10 0.5% | 6.30 ± 0.61 |
EpH10 2.5% | 6.61 ± 0.52 |
EpH10 10% | 6.67 ± 0.63 |
|
|
EpH3·H2O 0.5% | 5.50 ± 0.76 |
EpH3·H2O 2.5% | 5.57 ± 0.71 |
EpH3·H2O 10% | 5.56 ± 0.85 |
|
|
EpH7·H2O 0.5% | 4.86 ± 0.79 |
EpH7·H2O 2.5% | 5.29 ± 0.64 |
EpH7·H2O 10% | 5.31 ± 1.03 |
|
|
EpH10·H2O 0.5% | 4.95 ± 1.04 |
EpH10·H2O 2.5% | 5.63 ± 0.79 |
EpH10·H2O 10% | 5.64 ± 0.96 |
In the literature, several methods are used for the production of aqueous algal extracts. In the work of Fakihi Kachkach et al. [
The results of the research showed that the dry weight of
The dry weight of cultivated garden cress in the experimental groups.
Extract | Average dry weight |
---|---|
Control | 0.0739 ± 0.0033 |
|
|
EpH3 0.5% | 0.0773 ± 0.0015 |
EpH3 2.5% | 0.0788 ± 0.0050 |
EpH3 10% | 0.0800 ± 0.0031 |
|
|
EpH7 0.5% | 0.0778 ± 0.0030 |
EpH7 2.5% | 0.0834 ± 0.0010 |
EpH7 10% | 0.0778 ± 0.0015 |
|
|
EpH10 0.5% | 0.0782 ± 0.0054 |
EpH10 2.5% | 0.0860 ± 0.0009 |
EpH10 10% | 0.0826 ± 0.0040 |
|
|
EpH3·H2O 0.5% | 0.0679 ± 0.0028 |
EpH3·H2O 2.5% | 0.0665 ± 0.0012 |
EpH3·H2O 10% | 0.0697 ± 0.0015 |
|
|
EpH7·H2O 0.5% | 0.0615 ± 0.0009 |
EpH7·H2O 2.5% | 0.0606 ± 0.0016 |
EpH7·H2O 10% | 0.0612 ± 0.0005 |
|
|
EpH10·H2O 0.5% | 0.0554 ± 0.0006 |
EpH10·H2O 2.5% | 0.0596 ± 0.0023 |
EpH10·H2O 10% | 0.0547 ± 0.0129 |
Iron, zinc, selenium, calcium, magnesium, and copper deficiencies are common in many countries. The main causes of this situation are crop production in areas with low mineral phytoavailability and consumption of scarce amount of fish or animal products and crops with inherently low mineral contents [
Multielemental composition of cultivated garden cress (mg/kg d.w.) treated with EpH3, EpH7, and EpH10 (
Element | Control group | EpH3 | EpH7 | EpH10 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | ||
Macroelements | ||||||||||
Ca | 11161 ± 394 | 10542 ± 2108 | 10928 ± 2186 | 11282 ± 2256 | 10338 ± 2068 | 11299 ± 2260 | 11404 ± 2281 | 11070 ± 2214 | 10597 ± 2119 | 10829 ± 2166 |
K | 58067 ± 3802 | 65119 ± 13024 | 65322 ± 13064 | 69453 ± 13890 | 66512 ± 13302 | 67006 ± 13401 | 68669 ± 13734 | 65273 ± 13055 | 64931 ± 12986 | 69337 ± 13867 |
Mg | 6974 ± 68 | 7284 ± 1457 | 7437 ± 1487 | 7642 ± 1528 | 7629 ± 1526 | 7280 ± 1456 | 7173 ± 1435 | 7046 ± 1409 | 7031 ± 1406 | 6935 ± 1387 |
Na | 1850 ± 8 | 2132 ± 426 | 2133 ± 427 | 2950 ± 590 | 2180 ± 436 | 2541 ± 508 | 2849 ± 570 | 2794 ± 559 | 3067 ± 613 | 3272 ± 654 |
P | 16475 ± 964 | 18119 ± 3624 | 18099 ± 3620 | 18092 ± 3618 | 17604 ± 3521 | 17486 ± 3497 | 15965 ± 3193 | 16902 ± 3380 | 16830 ± 3366 | 15169 ± 3034 |
S | 15508 ± 939 | 16966 ± 3393 | 16423 ± 3285 | 13042 ± 2608 | 18165 ± 3633 | 16662 ± 3332 | 14214 ± 2843 | 17158 ± 3432 | 16282 ± 3256 | 13280 ± 2656 |
|
||||||||||
Microelements | ||||||||||
B | 7.30 ± 0.82 | 16.89 ± 2.53 | 19.94 ± 2.99 | 27.19 ± 4.08 | 15.85 ± 2.38 | 18.30 ± 2.75 | 16.23 ± 2.44 | 13.79 ± 2.07 | 15.29 ± 2.29 | 17.74 ± 2.66 |
Cu | 4.24 ± 0.07 | 6.72 ± 1.01 | 5.59 ± 0.84 | 6.82 ± 1.02 | 7.75 ± 1.16 | 6.04 ± 0.91 | 5.25 ± 0.79 | 8.50 ± 1.28 | 5.65 ± 0.85 | 5.10 ± 0.77 |
Fe | 278 ± 11 | 221 ± 33 | 212 ± 32 | 209 ± 31 | 215 ± 32 | 245 ± 37 | 244 ± 37 | 262 ± 39 | 255 ± 38 | 259 ± 39 |
Mn | 41.88 ± 1.85 | 72.19 ± 10.83 | 75.65 ± 11.35 | 75.71 ± 11.36 | 71.39 ± 10.71 | 71.39 ± 10.71 | 69.00 ± 10.35 | 70.18 ± 10.53 | 69.87 ± 10.48 | 66.97 ± 10.05 |
Mo | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 2.14 ± 0.32 | 2.21 ± 0.33 | 2.05 ± 0.31 | 1.76 ± 0.26 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.93 ± 0.29 | 2.07 ± 0.31 | 2.15 ± 0.32 | 2.01 ± 0.30 |
Si | 182 ± 22 | 265 ± 40 | 228 ± 34 | 297 ± 45 | 260.90 ± 39.14 | 252 ± 38 | 243 ± 37 | 436.4 ± 65.5 | 275 ± 41 | 262.1 ± 39.3 |
Zn | 58.22 ± 0.71 | 91.35 ± 13.70 | 86.77 ± 13.02 | 83.43 ± 12.52 | 114.9 ± 17.2 | 83.51 ± 12.53 | 79.07 ± 11.86 | 86.83 ± 13.03 | 79.52 ± 11.93 | 76.81 ± 11.52 |
|
||||||||||
Toxic metals | ||||||||||
As | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.13 | 0.700 ± 0.105 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.660 ± 0.099 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.61 ± 0.09 |
Cd | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.2937 ± 0.0441 | 0.340 ± 0.051 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.05 |
Pb | 1.19 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.20 | 1.16 ± 0.17 | 1.44 ± 0.22 | 1.104 ± 0.166 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 1.33 ± 0.19 | 1.64 ± 0.25 | 1.58 ± 0.24 | 1.40 ± 0.21 |
Multielemental composition of cultivated garden cress (mg/kg d.w.) treated with EpH3·H2O, EpH7·H2O, and EpH10·H2O.
Element | Control group | EpH3·H2O | EpH7·H2O | EpH10·H2O | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 10% | ||
Macroelements | ||||||||||
Ca | 11161 ± 39 | 8462 ± 1692 | 9381 ± 1876 | 10405 ± 208 | 9289 ± 1858 | 10156 ± 2031 | 11640 ± 2328 | 10175 ± 203 | 10576 ± 211 | 12893 ± 257 |
K | 58067 ± 3802 | 61096 ± 12219 | 69817 ± 13963 | 59688 ± 11938 | 59637 ± 11927 | 64736 ± 12947 | 64666 ± 12933 | 65172 ± 13034 | 66197 ± 13239 | 78177 ± 15635 |
Mg | 6974 ± 68 | 7660 ± 1532 | 7491 ± 1498 | 7331 ± 1466 | 8054 ± 1611 | 7872 ± 1574 | 8008 ± 1602 | 8581 ± 1716 | 8683 ± 1737 | 9494 ± 1899 |
Na | 1850 ± 8 | 1299 ± 260 | 1631 ± 326 | 2515 ± 503 | 1314 ± 263 | 1682 ± 336 | 2701 ± 540 | 1561 ± 312 | 1729 ± 346 | 3302 ± 660 |
P | 16475 ± 96 | 18449 ± 369 | 18375 ± 367 | 15947 ± 318 | 18413 ± 3683 | 17941 ± 3588 | 16560 ± 3312 | 20254 ± 405 | 19298 ± 386 | 16608 ± 332 |
S | 15508 ± 93 | 18283 ± 365 | 18686 ± 373 | 13808 ± 276 | 18142 ± 3628 | 17498 ± 3500 | 14471 ± 2894 | 21623 ± 432 | 18200 ± 364 | 16684 ± 333 |
|
||||||||||
Microelements | ||||||||||
B | 7.30 ± 0.82 | 10.71 ± 1.61 | 11.79 ± 1.77 | 12.90 ± 1.94 | 8.88 ± 1.33 | 10.12 ± 1.52 | 11.24 ± 1.69 | 9.76 ± 1.46 | 10.10 ± 1.52 | 11.84 ± 1.78 |
Cu | 4.24 ± 0.07 | 5.105 ± 0.76 | 4.119 ± 0.61 | 5.11 ± 0.77 | 4.49 ± 0.67 | 3.492 ± 0.524 | 3.632 ± 0.545 | 8.88 ± 1.33 | 6.49 ± 0.97 | 5.56 ± 0.83 |
Fe | 278 ± 11 | 146 ± 22 | 163 ± 25 | 141 ± 21 | 164 ± 25 | 139 ± 21 | 134 ± 20 | 172 ± 26 | 179 ± 27 | 139 ± 21 |
Mn | 41.88 ± 1.8 | 75.31 ± 11.3 | 78.40 ± 11.7 | 68.50 ± 10.2 | 75.07 ± 11.26 | 69.91 ± 10.49 | 44.74 ± 6.71 | 52.38 ± 7.86 | 48.28 ± 7.24 | 49.00 ± 7.35 |
Mo | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 2.33 ± 0.35 | 2.33 ± 0.35 | 2.08 ± 0.31 | 2.07 ± 0.31 | 1.971 ± 0.296 | 1.249 ± 0.187 | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 1.31 ± 0.20 | 1.292 ± 0.19 |
Si | 182 ± 22 | 174 ± 26 | 256 ± 38 | 203 ± 31 | 203 ± 31 | 460 ± 69 | 276 ± 41 | 142 ± 21 | 325 ± 49 | 135 ± 20 |
Zn | 58.22 ± 0.7 | 85.93 ± 12.8 | 89.07 ± 13.3 | 104 ± 16 | 104 ± 16 | 95.96 ± 14.39 | 69.53 ± 10.43 | 94.24 ± 14.1 | 85.29 ± 12.7 | 69.89 ± 10.4 |
|
||||||||||
Toxic metals | ||||||||||
As | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.500 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.51 ± 0.08 | 0.8361 ± 0.12 | 0.63 ± 0.10 | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.10 |
Cd | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.2528 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.04 |
Pb | 1.19 ± 0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.10 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 0.6026 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.6593 ± 0.098 | 0.5059 ± 0.0 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.553 ± 0.08 |
The concentration of total chlorophyll (Total Chl), Chl(
Chlorophyll concentration in the extracts of cultivated garden cress (mg/L) (
Sample | Concentration of chlorophyll |
Concentration of chlorophyll |
Total chlorophyll concentration |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 15.53 ± 2.33 | 5.95 ± 0.89 | 21.48 ± 3.22 |
EpH3 0.5% | 19.35 ± 2.90 | 6.79 ± 1.02 | 26.14 ± 3.92 |
EpH3 2.5% | 20.26 ± 3.04 | 6.28 ± 0.94 | 26.54 ± 3.98 |
EpH3 10% | 17.89 ± 2.68 | 6.11 ± 0.92 | 24.00 ± 3.6 |
EpH7 0.5% | 18.92 ± 2.84 | 6.69 ± 1.00 | 25.60 ± 3.84 |
EpH7 2.5% | 16.62 ± 2.49 | 5.76 ± 0.86 | 22.37 ± 3.36 |
EpH7 10% | 22.79 ± 3.42 | 8.64 ± 1.30 | 31.43 ± 4.71 |
EpH10 0.5% | 20.29 ± 3.04 | 7.12 ± 1.07 | 27.41 ± 4.11 |
EpH10 2.5% | 17.81 ± 2.67 | 5.98 ± 0.90 | 23.78 ± 3.57 |
EpH10 10% | 19.08 ± 2.86 | 6.62 ± 0.99 | 25.69 ± 3.85 |
EpH3·H2O 0.5% | 21.24 ± 3.19 | 7.90 ± 1.19 | 29.14 ± 4.37 |
EpH3·H2O 2.5% | 21.78 ± 3.27 | 8.84 ± 1.33 | 30.62 ± 4.59 |
EpH3·H2O 10% | 22.76 ± 3.41 | 8.50 ± 1.28 | 31.26 ± 4.69 |
EpH7·H2O 0.5% | 23.49 ± 3.52 | 9.04 ± 1.36 | 32.52 ± 4.88 |
EpH7·H2O 2.5% | 23.38 ± 3.51 | 8.31 ± 1.25 | 31.68 ± 4.75 |
EpH7·H2O 10% | 19.95 ± 2.99 | 7.09 ± 1.06 | 27.03 ± 4.06 |
EpH10·H2O 0.5% | 25.74 ± 3.86 | 10.13 ± 1.52 | 35.87 ± 5.38 |
EpH10·H2O 2.5% | 25.71 ± 3.86 | 8.84 ± 1.33 | 34.54 ± 5.18 |
EpH10·H2O 10% | 22.04 ± 3.31 | 7.65 ± 1.15 | 29.69 ± 4.00 |
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This project is financed in the framework of grant entitled “Biologically Active Compounds in Extracts from Baltic Seaweeds” (no. 2012/05/D/ST5/03379) attributed to the National Science Centre in Poland and project supported by Wrocław Centre of Biotechnology, programme of the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW), for years 2014–2018 (print of the publication).