BioMed Research International
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 6812082, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6812082

Research Article

Clinically Symptomatic Pericardial Effusions in Hospitalized Systemic Sclerosis Patients: Demographics and Management

Hitomi Hosoya¹ and Chris T. Derk²

¹Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
²Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Chris T. Derk; chris.derk@uphs.upenn.edu

Received 16 January 2018; Revised 28 March 2018; Accepted 4 April 2018; Published 4 June 2018

Academic Editor: Dimitrios P. Bogdanos

Copyright © 2018 Hitomi Hosoya and Chris T. Derk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Pericardial effusions in systemic sclerosis (SSc) may present as acute or chronic with or without clinical symptoms. Best treatment is unknown and whether patients receive medical therapy or a surgical procedure is clinician-dependent. Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with SSc and clinically symptomatic pericardial effusions treated in the inpatient setting. Methods. We evaluated all SSc admissions over a 10-year period to a tertiary care hospital which has a dedicated SSc clinic. Patients who had a clinically symptomatic pericardial effusion were evaluated based on their demographics, disease pattern, and medical or surgical management. Results. From January 2005 till October 2015, there were 462 SSc admissions with 32 (6.9%) of them being for a clinically symptomatic pericardial effusion in 23 unique patients. Eleven (47%) of these patients had right heart failure, seventeen (74%) had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and 4 (17%) had tamponade physiology. Five (22%) patients were treated by a surgical procedure, while eighteen (78%) patients had medical therapy. Patients who received medical therapy tended to be older, have a lower serum Cr level, and more likely have right heart failure. Conclusion. Clinically symptomatic pericardial effusion is a rare cause for hospital admissions in SSc, with a high percentage of these patients having PAH. Medical therapy tends to be reserved for older patients with right heart failure, while surgical therapy was more likely in patients with higher serum Cr levels.

1. Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by visceral and skin fibrosis, vascular dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Cardiac involvement in SSc has been suggested in 15% to 35% of patients [1], though this is highly variable depending on the diagnostic technique used, that being postmortem pathology, echocardiographic or other imaging studies, and clinical presentation. Cardiac manifestations include myocardial (myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, and myocarditis), conduction system disease (heart block, autonomic dysfunction, supraventricular dysrhythmia, and ventricular dysrhythmia), and vascular (mural fibrosis, intimal proliferative, and platelet fibrin clots) [2]. Pericardial involvement ranges from 33% to 72% of SSc patients based on autopsy series [3–7] while in echocardiographic studies it ranges from 15% to 43% [8–10]. Pathologically it includes fibrinous pericarditis, chronic fibrous pericarditis, pericardial adhesion, and pericardial effusions [7, 11]. Clinically symptomatic pericardial effusions are present in only 5% to 16% of SSc patients [10–13].

Large pericardial effusions or cardiac tamponade are very rare in SSc and at times can even manifest prior to skin involvement. Large pericardial effusions are associated with a poor prognosis with a mortality rate of up to 55% [14, 15]. In most cases, pericardial fluid analysis shows an exudate while pulmonary hypertension is often a concomitant diagnosis [14].

Pericardial disease in SSc patients is usually treated with medical therapy such as corticosteroids, aspirin, NSAIDs, and colchicine, or in some cases surgical procedures such as a pericardiectomy or a pericardial window. Although pericardial disease leads to increased morbidity in systemic sclerosis, there is limited data on the outcomes of these treatments and the decision-making in regard to the specific therapies. With this study we attempt to characterize clinically symptomatic pericardial effusion management in hospitalized SSc patients and the predictors for the individual therapies.

2. Methods

After receiving institutional review board approval, we performed a single-site, retrospective study on patients with SSc and acute pericardial effusions who required hospitalization. Subjects were selected from all the patients who were admitted to the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from January 1, 2005 to October 30, 2015. ICD- 9 codes for SSc and pericardial disease were used to identify the subjects. The diagnosis of SSc was confirmed as well as the diagnosis of the specific pericardial disease by detailed chart review. Data collected included the age, sex, race, type of SSc, SSc related characteristics such as Raynaud’s, digital ulcers, interstitial lung disease, and esophageal involvement. Presenting clinical symptoms, laboratory studies, and echocardiographic results was also recorded, and readmission within 90 days and death up to February 2017 was also documented. Continuous variables were described as a mean with a standard deviation. Group differences among the patients who received medical therapy versus the patients who received surgical care were analyzed using Student’s -test as well as the Chi-square test for dichotomous variables.

3. Results

We identified 462 admissions with a diagnosis of SSc. Among them, there were 32 (6.9%) admissions of 23 individual patients with clinically symptomatic pericardial effusions. The mean age of this cohort was 60 (range: 44–79) years of age, with 19 (83%) female and 4 (17%) male patients. Fourteen patients were Caucasian (61%), 5 African American (22%), 2 other, and 2 unknown. Eleven (47%) patients from the cohort had right heart failure and four (17%) had tamponade, while pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was seen in 17 (74%) patients of our cohort. From the 23 patients evaluated 5 (22%) ended up receiving a pericardial surgical procedure during their admission to the hospital (Table 1). Clinical features and procedures are shown in Table 2. Five patients were newly diagnosed with SSc during the hospitalization. Five patients had overlap syndrome. Relevant medications prior to admission are listed. Out of 23 patients, 18 received medical therapy and 5 patients received a surgical procedure. The procedure group consisted of 3 patients who received a pericardiocentesis with a subsequent pericardial window, 1 patient who received only a pericardiocentesis, and 1 who received only a pericardial window. All patients in the procedure group had diffuse type of SSc while in the nonprocedure group 6 patients had limited type and 1 had diffuse while in the rest the type of SSc was not reported.

Table 1: Characteristics of all SSc patients admitted for pericardial disease.

All patients

Sex
19 F, 4 M

Age
60 (range: 44–79)

Race
14 C, 5 AA, and 2 unknown

SSc type
LcSSc 6, dcSSc 6, and unknown 11

Right heart failure
11 (48%)

Tamponade
4 (17%)

PAH
17 (74%)

Medical/surgical therapy
18/5

Readmission
3

Death during admission
2

Death up to 2/2017
8

F = female; M = male; C = Caucasian; AA = African American; LcSSc = limited systemic sclerosis; dcSSc = diffuse systemic sclerosis; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Table 2: Individual clinical characteristics of SSc patients with pericardial disease.

Patient
Age
Type of SSc
Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome
Size of pericardial effusion
Presence of tamponade
Right heart failure
Procedure
Fluid study
Meds prior to admission

1
60
Unknown

M-L
-
Severe

2
71
Limited

+ (PM, MCTD)
M
-
Mild
Thoracentesis
Pleural fluid: transudative (LDH 88, Pr 1.3, NUC 63, seg 52)

3
60
Unknown

L
-
Severe

Iloprost, sildenafil, bosentan, and plaquenil

4
68
Unknown

M-L
-

5
62
Limited
New

M-L
+
Severe

6
61
Diffuse

M-L
-

Methylprednisolone

7
55
Limited

M
-
Mild

Treprostinil, macitentan, sildenafil

8
65
Unknown

S
-

Mycophenolate, tacrolimus, and prednisone

9
79
Unknown

L
-
Severe

10
66
Limited
28 yrs

M
-

Ambrisentan, nifedipine

11
57
Unknown

M
-

Nifedipine

12
49
Unknown

M
-

13
72
Unknown
New

M
-
Moderate

Nifedipine, ibuprofen

14
59
Unknown
New
+ (IBM)
M-L
-

15
63
Limited
2 yrs
+ (Sicca)
M
-
Severe

Cevimeline, candesartan

16
58
Unknown
13 yrs

L
-
Moderate

Ambrisentan, sildenafil, iloprost, and mycophenolate

17
57
Unknown
14 yrs

M-L
+
Severe
Thoracentesis

Macitentan, mycophenolate, and sildenafil

18
56
Limited

L
+
Mod-severe

Sildenafil

19
56
Diffuse
2 mo

L
-

Pericardiocentesis
WBC 178, RBC 9, GS neg, Cx neg, cytology neg
Methotrexate, prednisone

20
48
Diffuse
8 yrs
+ (MCTD)
L
-

Pericardiocentesis → pericardial window
WBC 240, RBC 3550, pleural fluid: no malignancy, reactive mesothelial cells, and chronic inflammation
Lisinopril

21
44
Diffuse
New

L
-

Pericardiocentesis → pericardial window
Cytology neg, AFB neg

22
66
Diffuse
New

L
+

Pericardiocentesis → pericardial window
WBC 568, RBC 815, GS neg, and cytology neg
Prednisone

23
45
Diffuse
7 mo
+ (RA, Sjogren, DM)
M
-

Pericardial window

Methotrexate, plaquenil

S = small, M = moderate, L = large, PM = polymyositis, IBM = inclusion body myositis, MCTD = mixed connective tissue disease, RA = rheumatoid arthritis, and DM = dermatomyositis.

The mean age was 51.8 (SD 9.2) for the procedure group and 62.1 (SD 7.1) for the medical treatment group (). The main symptoms on presentation were shortness of breath (3 out of 5 in procedure group, 12 out of 18 in the medical group), chest pain (0 in procedure, 2 in medical), and fever (0 in procedure, 2 in medical). None had hypoxia on presentation in the procedure group while 7 did in the medical group. White blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hgb), platelet (Plt), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were not significantly different between the groups. Creatinine was found to be significantly higher in the surgically treated group as compared to the medically treated group (). Pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) tended to be higher in the medical group; however there was no statistically significant difference likely due to the small sample size. ANA was reported in 12 patients in the medical group; among them 10 were positive. In the procedure group, 5 were reported and 4 were positive. Scl-70 antibodies were done in 12 of the medical group patients and 4 of the procedure group and they were all negative. RNA polymerase III antibodies were not performed in any of the patients. Notably, the size of the pericardial effusion tended to be larger in the procedure group; however 5 patients in the medical group were recorded with “large” effusion on echocardiography. Three patients in the procedure group and 6 patients in the medical group had pleural effusion shown on a computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Eleven patients from the medical group had right heart failure while none did in the procedure group. Fourteen patients (78%) in the medical group and 3 (60%) in procedure group had pulmonary artery hypertension, and the mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated by echocardiography was  mmHg in the medical group and  mmHg in the procedure group (). There were 2 patients each with tamponade physiology in both groups (Table 3).

Table 3: Admission demographics, presenting symptoms, workups, and outcomes by subgroup.

Medical therapy (, 22 admissions)
Procedure (, 10 admissions)

Demographics

Sex
15 F, 3 M
4 F, 1 M

Age
62.1 (7.1)
51.8 (9.2)

Race
12 C, 3 AA, 2 other, and 1 unknown
2 C, 2 AA, and 1 unknown

Limited versus diffuse
6 limited, 1 diffuse, and 11 unknown
5 diffuse

Scleroderma disease characteristics

Raynaud phenomenon
6
2

Digital ulcers
1
0

Interstitial lung disease
5
2

Esophageal involvement
2
0

Symptoms

Shortness of breath
12
3

Chest pain
2
0

Fever
2
0

Workup

Reported hypoxia
7
0

Pericardial effusion size
1 small, 12 mod-large, 5 large
1 mod, 4 large

Right heart failure
11
0

Tamponade physiology
2
2

Pulmonary artery hypertension
14 (2 unknown)
3

PASP by echo (mmHg)
79.8 45
39.7 11

WBC (10⁹/L)
10 5.2
8.7 4.8

Hgb (g/dL)
11.6 2.1
10.3 2.8

Plt (10⁹/L)
292 126
275 150

Cr (mg/dL)
1.2 0.51
2.6 2.5

BUN (mg/dL)
22.6 7.7
27.5 31

AST (U/L)
17.4 6.5
15.5 2 (2 patients)

ALT (U/L)
25.2 9.1
37.5 12 (2 patients)

proBNP (pg/ml)
4671.6 4011
338.5 269

ANA
10 pos, 2 neg
4 pos, 1 neg

ANA pattern
2 nucleolar, 4 centromeres, 2 speckled, 1 diffuse, and 1 unknown
2 nucleolar, 1 speckled, and 1 diffuse

Scl-70 Ab
12 neg
4 neg

ESR (mm/hr)
51.6 31
None reported

CRP (mg/dL)
47 46
1.9 (1 patient)

Outcomes

Readmission in 90 days
3 readmissions in 2 patients
1

Death (as of 2/2017)
7 (2 during the admission)
1

For treatment, 7 out of 18 patients in the medical group and 3 out of 5 patients in the procedure group were treated with steroids (either oral or IV). The mean dosage of glucocorticoid given to the patients was 103 mg prednisone equivalent per day for medical therapy group and 345 mg for procedure group. Colchicine was administered to one patient in each group. Ten patients in the medical group received diuretics while 3 did in the procedure group. Two patients in the procedure group received azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, respectively. The results of fluid studies are included in Table 2. Pathology of pericardium was available for 3 patients in procedure group, one with chronic fibrosis with granulation tissue, another one with macrophage and reactive mesothelial cell without inflammatory cell infiltrate nor granulomas, and the other with normal appearance.

Two patients in the medical group died during the admission. Within 90 days of discharge, 3 readmissions occurred in the medical group and 1 in the procedure group, receiving a pericardiocentesis. This patient subsequently received a pericardial window. The outpatient charts were evaluated up to February 2017 and five more patients in the medical group and one in the procedure group died during followup.

4. Discussion

The present study describes the clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcomes of SSc patients who were admitted to the hospital with a clinically significant pericardial effusion. The decision-making for procedures in this group did not necessarily depend on the size of the pericardial effusion; while the two groups are small, some statistical comparisons were significant and in some cases there were some apparent trends among the two groups. The group that received medical therapy tended to be older () and have right heart failure and while not statistically significant, it had a higher estimated mean PAP on echocardiography (). The group that received the surgical procedure tended to have a higher mean Cr level. This clearly differentiates therapies as to the pathophysiologic mechanism behind the development of the clinically symptomatic pericardial effusion in SSc. The surgical group which tended to be younger had a mean Cr level greater than the medically treated group which suggests a uremic type of pericardial effusion, less associated with PAH and more likely to proceed with surgical management when this was warranted. In contrast to the medical management group, while having similar size pericardial effusions happened to be associated with higher PAP and right heart failure and the clinicians were less likely to use a surgical approach. This may relate to the fact that clinicians are aware that, in PAH patients who have a pericardial effusion a pericardiocentesis can lead to acute right heart decompensation and thus choose medical management instead. Of note, Maione et al. reported 47% of patients with scleroderma showed PAP > 30 mmHg. SSc patients with PAH and large pericardial effusions should have a right heart catheterization to evaluate in detail the hemodynamics of the right heart before even a pericardial surgical procedure is contemplated. In contrast patients who develop pericardial disease from other causes other than right heart failure, such as renal disease, may be more amenable to a surgical procedure and thus the clinical teams are more likely to recommend.

Limitations of this study include the small number of patients included due to the rarity of the disease, the retrospective nature of the study, and the incomplete clinical data. Also the size description of the pericardial effusion is clinician-dependent. This is the largest cohort of SSc patients with clinically symptomatic pericardial effusions who were studied in the inpatient setting and our data suggest that the pathophysiologic mechanism of the pericardial effusion is taken into consideration when clinical decisions are to be made.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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