LC-MS/MS Analysis and Hepatoprotective Activity of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaves Extract against High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats

Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) has been used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Cynara scolymus leaves extract against a high fat diet (HFD) induced rats. This study investigated the most abundant phenolic compounds rich Cynara scolymus leaves extract and it is antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects in vivo. The hypercaloric high fat diet (HFD) was treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of Cynara and atorvastatin (ATOR) (10 mg/kg/day) during an 8-week period. Lipid profile was measured and oxidative stress systematic in hepatic tissue was determined. Our data revealed that HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction manifested by significant abnormal levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and OCT was accompanied by increasing levels of oxidative stress biomarker (ROS, MDA, and AOPP) while decreasing in antioxidant status. Coadministration of EEA significantly reduced serum lipid profile and hepatic disorders which was confirmed to be histological by reducing the fatty liver deposition in hepatic lobule. These findings suggest that Cynara leaves exert antiobesity and antioxidant liver effects in HFD-induced obese rats.


Introduction
Nowadays, many researchers proved that obesity was a chronic metabolic disease. This explained the imbalance between the energy expenditure and intake, and it is caused seriously by increase of fat mass and lipid disposition in blood [1]. Kuboota et al. [2] and Holland et al. [3] reported that obesity is correlated with many metabolic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. According to Park et al. [4], obesity is the most consequence of liver damage, so we necessarily research therapeutic files such as herbs to advance the adequacy of the risk correlated with obesity [5,6]. Among the medicinal plants identified from Mediterranean area (North Africa and southern Europe), there was Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae). According to Lattanzio et al. [7], this medicinal plant is cultivated almost around the world, because of its beneficial nutrition effects like cooking and medicinal properties. From traditional therapy, Cynara extract has been used as a drug in the treatment of several diseases effects of the biliary tract, digestive action, scurvy, and anemia and also has an antiartherosclerotic effect [8,9]. Bonomi [10] explained that Cynara leaves extracts have been reported by many studies that it can be used alone or in association with other medicinal plants, to prepare herbal teas or medicinal plant-based capsule, according to Bonomi. Among the constituents of Cynara extract was the active compounds (polyphenols), which exhibited the potential antioxidants properties [11]. Many researchers reported that the treatment with various phenolic compounds achieved controlling the levels of lipid profile in HFD-fed rats [12,13].

BioMed Research International
Yet, there is a great data available on in vivo research of Cynara leaves extract included liver complication. For that reason, we seriously plan our study to think of the greatest treatment with Cynara leaves extract on hepatic dysfunction and oxidative status on a model of HFD rats.

Preparation of C. scolymus Leaves Extract.
Leaves around the stems of C. scolymus were obtained and cut into smaller pieces and then dried at room temperature under shade in order to obtain powder and to be subjected to extraction.
The protocol of extraction mentioned by 200 grams of powder leaves was extracted with different solvents and different polarities (1 L ×72 h): hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, 75% v/v (ethanol/H 2 O), and water.
All extracts were filtered, evaporated, and removed pressure using a Rotovapor at 40 ∘ C and lyophilized by freezedryer (Alpha 1-2 LD plus Martin Christ5) to determine the weight of each extract and then stored at 4 ∘ C until analysis.

Determination of Total Phenol Content.
Total phenol content of Cynara leaves extracts was determined using the method of Folin Ciocalteu by Fawole et al. [14]. The mixture contained 1 mL of Folin Ciocalteu reagent, 10 ml of NaCO 3 , and 1 mL of each extract. Then, the absorbance of each mixture was measured at 750 nm after 30 min. The total phenol content was expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g of extract).

LC-MS/MS Analysis.
The antioxidant compound rich EEA from leaves of Cynara was identified by LC-MS/MS analysis which composed an Agilent 1100 LC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) containing degasser, binary pump, autosampler, and column heater. The column outlet was coupled to an Agilent MSD Ion Trap XCT mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) equipped with an ESI ion source.
The personal computer with Data Analysis software (Chemstations) evaluated data acquisition and mass spectrometric. For the chromatographic separation, we used a Zorbax 300 A ∘ Extend-C-18 Column (2.1 150 mm; Phenomenex UK, Macclesfield, UK). The column was mixed by 95% solvent A (0.1% formic acid in water) and 5% solvent B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) for 1 min, followed by an 11 min step gradient (5% B to 100% B); then it was kept for 4 min with 100% B. In the end, the elution was completed with a linear gradient from 100% to 5% B for 2 min. The flow rate was adjusted at 200 ml/ min and the volume was injected at 5 ml. The following parameters were regulated during all MS experiments: the polarity was charged with positive ion, the capillary voltage was established to 3.5 kV, the drying temperature was fixed to 350 ∘ C, the nebulizer pressure was maintained to 40 psi, and the drying gas flow was measured to 10 L/min. Moreover, the maximum accumulation time was fixed to 50 ms, the scan speed was 26 000 m/z/s (ultra scan mode) and the time of fragmentation was 30 ms.
The phenolic compounds were identified using a combination of two analytic methods: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS/MS) on the basis of their ultraviolet (UV) spectra, mass spectra.
The mass spectra results were compared with those of available authentic standards.

Determination of Lipase Activity
In Vitro. According to Nikai et al. [15], pancreatic lipase activity was measured using 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MU oleate) as a substrate. The mixture containing 25 L of each extract dissolved in DMSO and 50 L of 0.1 mM 4-MU solution dissolved in a buffer (13 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl ) and 1.3 mM CaCl 2 (pH 8.0) was mixed in the well of a microtiter plate and then 25 L of the lipase solution (50 U/mL) in the above buffer was added in order to start the enzyme reaction. After incubation at 25 ∘ C for 30 min, 0.1 mL of 0.1 M sodium citrate (pH 4.2) was added to block the reaction. The amount of 4-methylumbelliferone released by lipase was measured with a fluorometric microplate reader (Fluoroskan Ascent C LabSystems, Inc.) at an excitation wavelength of 360 nm with a tolerance of ±40 nm and an emission wavelength of 460 nm with a tolerance of ± 20 nm.
Orlistat is used as a positive control. PI: percentage of lipase pancreatic activity inhibition.
2.5. Animals and Diet. Thirty Wistar female rats, weighing 180 ± 2g, were collected from the Tunisian Pharmaceutical Industries (SIPHAT, Tunisia). The environmental conditions of animals were kept in a controlled room (60% humidity, 25 ∘ C, and 12-h light-dark cycle) in the laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology of Sfax City, Tunisia. All these animal studies have occurred in this study guided by the International Guidelines for Animal Care and were accredited by the Tunisian Ethics Committee of the University of Sfax (Sfax, Tunisia). Before animal experimentation, all animal were kept to acclimate for one week and fed on a standard diet (corn, soy, and vitamins) supplied by the Company of Animals Nutrition, Sfax, Tunisia.

Experimental Design.
The creation of the model of high fat diet (HFD) was composed of 79.9% normal diet, 10% sheep fats, and 0.1% cholic acid. 30 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n= 6 six): Groups I: (C). Control rats fed on a standard diet. Groups II: (HFD). Rats fed on the high fat diet, for 8 months.
Groups III: HFD + ATOR. Rates fed on HFD and treated with 10 mg/kg /bw a commercial drug ATOR (atorvastatin) by gastric gavages route in a volume of 1 ml during 2 months daily [16].
Groups IV: HFD+ EEA (200mg/kg/bw). Rats fed on HFD and treated with ethanol extract from leaves of Cynara scolymus at doses 200mg/kg/bw by gastric gavages route in a volume of 1 ml during 2 months daily [17].
Groups VI: HFD+ EEA (400mg/kg/bw). Rats fed on HFD and treated with ethanol extract from leaves of Cynara scolymus at doses 400mg/kg/bw by gastric gavages route in a volume of 1 ml during 2 months daily [17].

Measurement of Body Weights and Relative Organ Weights.
Body weight was measured weekly during 2 months of each group and relative liver weight after sacrifice in the experiment period regularly.

Biochemical
Analysis. The animal was sacrificed by decapitation and the trunk blood was collected. The serum of each rat was obtained by centrifugation (3000 * g, 15 min, 4 ∘ C) and stored at -20 ∘ C until biochemical analysis. The analyses of serum lipase and lipid profile (Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-Ch), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)) using the corresponding commercial kits (Biolabs, France) on an automatic biochemistry analyzer at the biochemical laboratory of CHU Habib Bourguiba Hospital of Sfax.
Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in frozen aliquots of serum by standardized enzymatic procedures using commercial kits from (Biolabs, France) on an automatic biochemistry analyzer at the biochemical laboratory of CHU, Habib Bourguiba Hospital of Sfax. For the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) activity was determined by the colorimetric spectrophotometric methods [19].

Determination of Liver Oxidative Stress Markers.
Oxidative stress was estimated through the following parameters: the extent of lipid peroxidation by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation according to Draper and Hadley [20] and expressed as nmol MDA/mg protein and the protein oxidation by measuring the advanced oxidation protein (AOPP) by Kayali et al. [21] method and expressed as nmol/mg protein.

Determination of Non-Enzymatic and Enzymatic
Antioxidants Systems. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by Beyer and Fridovich [22] method and expressed as U/mg protein. Glutathione (GPx) activity was determined by the method described by Pagila and Valentine [23] and expressed as mmoles GSS/(min mg protein). Reduced glutathione (GSH) activity was estimated according to the described method by Carlberg and Mannervik [24] and expressed as ug GSH/mg protein. The protein level was evaluated by Lowry et al. [25] using bovine serum albumin as the standard at 660 nm.

Determination of ROS Production.
According to Gupta et al. [26] methods, the reactive oxygen species formation (ROS) in liver tissue was described with some modifications. Liver samples (200 mg) were homogenized in ice-cold Tris-HCl buffer (40 mM, pH 7.4) (1:10 w/v). Then, 100 mL of samples of tissue homogenate were mixed with Tris-HCl buffer (1 mL) and 5 mL of 20,70-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (10 mM) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The mixture then was incubated for 30 min in 37 ∘ C. After the incubation, the fluorescence intensity of the samples was assessed using a FLUOstar Omega multifunctional microplate reader ( excitation 485 nm and excitation 535 nm).

Histopathological Liver Analysis.
After the sacrifice of experimental rats, a small portion of each liver tissue of each rat was eliminated and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Each washed tissues was dehydrated in increasing gradient of ethanol and finally cleared into toluene. The liver tissues were then embedded in molten paraffin wax. Sections were cut at 5 mm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).

Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test were performed on the data for intergroup comparisons. Database management and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) statistical software package. The nominal statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Figure 1 showed the highest content of total phenol content was obtained using 75% of ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus as the extraction solvent and corresponded to 54.54 ± 1.26 mg GAE/g dry extract, followed by ethyl acetate, aqueous, and butanol extracts, while the hexane extract was the lowest in the total phenol content (30.91 ± 9.36 mg GAE/ g dry extract).

LC-MS/MS Analysis.
From the HPLC chromatogram of the EEA from leaves of Cynara scolymus, ten phenolic components were identified ( Figure 2). Table 1 Table 2 showed that EEA presented a great pancreatic lipase inhibition with an IC50 value of 61.50 g/mL as compared to Orlistat specific inhibitor (IC50 = 17.76 g/mL). The potential in in vitro inhibitory effect of lipase was observed to EEA compared to the other extracts that leads us to apply it for in vivo investigation.

Evaluation of Body Absolute and Relative Organ Weights.
HFD groups showed a significant increase in body weight and liver relative weight (p<0.001) compared with the control groups, while HFD groups treated with EEA at doses (200-400 mg/kg/bw) observed a significant decrease (p<0.001) when compared to HFD groups (Table 3, Figure 3).

Effect of a High Fat Diet on Lipase Pancreatic in Serum.
Our results indicated that treatment with HFD for 8 months showed a significantly elevated (p<0.001) in lipase pancreatic activity in serum by 75 % in compared with control groups, while the treatment with EEA from leaves of C. scolymus and ATOR decreased significantly (p<0.001) these levels by 56 % in serum compared with HFD groups (Figure 4).

Effect of a High Fat Diet on Serum Lipid
Profile. The effect of HFD on serum biochemical was shown in Our results indicated that HFD for a duration of 8 months has significantly increased the risk of atherosclerosis indicated by the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Castelli's risk index-I (CRI-I). However the therapy with EEA (200-400mg/kg/bw) significantly (p<0.001) decreased the AIP and (CRI-I) levels compared to HFD groups.

Effect of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extract in Hepatic
Dysfunction Enzymes. HFD caused severe hepatotoxicity as evidenced by a significant elevation (p<0.001) of serum AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, and OCT levels, compared to control groups. However, the coadministration of EEA (200-400mg/kg/bw) and ATOR completely recovered the impaired liver functions by decreasing hepatic parameters compared with HFD groups (Table 5).

Effect of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extract on Hematological Parameters.
The results indicated that, compared to control groups, there was a significant decrease in the levels of RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, and platelets observed in HFD groups. However, these hematological markers were considerably increased to near normal values after the treatment with EEA from leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg/bw) (p < 0.001) compared with HFD groups ( Table 6).

Effect of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extract in Oxidative
Stress Status. HFD has significantly (p < 0.001) increased TBARS levels by 52.29 %, AOPP levels by 55.58 %, and liver ROS intracellular production by 53.33 % as compared with HFD groups (Table 7). After all, treatment with EEA at both doses (200-400mg/kg/bw) in HFD rats has improved the antioxidant capacities significantly (p< 0.001) in the liver by increasing SOD, GP-x, and GSH activities as compared to HFD groups.

Histopathological Analysis of Liver.
To approve our results on the biochemical analysis, we examined the pathologic changes in liver microscopically. Our study revealed that HFD groups were orally administered with ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of C. scolymus and atorvastatin (ATOR) at the doses mentioned earlier for 60 days. Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * * p ≤ 0.01 and * * * p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to control groups; ### p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant compared to HFD groups; ¥ p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant compared to HFD groups treated with ATOR. HFD groups were orally administered with ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of C. scolymus and atorvastatin (ATOR) at the doses mentioned earlier for 60 days. Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * * * p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant compared to control groups; ### p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant compared to HFD groups; ¥ p ≤ 0.05 and ¥¥ p ≤ 0.01 were considered significant compared to HFD groups treated with ATOR.  Figure 3: Effect of C. scolymus leaves extract on the liver weight of control and HFD groups. HFD groups were orally administered with ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of C. scolymus and atorvastatin (ATOR) at the doses mentioned earlier for 60 days. Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * * p ≤ 0.01 was considered significant compared to control groups; # p ≤ 0.05; ## p ≤ 0.01 were considered significant compared to HFD groups; ¥ p ≤ 0.05; ¥¥ p ≤ 0.01 were considered significant compared to HFD groups treated with atorvastatin.
the histological findings in the liver indicated the presence of lipid accumulation in hepatic lobule in the case of the HFD groups, indicated by arrows ( Figure 5(b)). However, the treatment with EEA from leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg/bw) and ATOR showed a protective effect in the form of the liver histoarchitecture ( Figures 5(c), 5(d), and 5(e)).

Discussion
One of the most chronic metabolic diseases was obesity, including severe human complication. It is closely related to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease according to Wilis et al. [27], cancer, respiratory Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * * * p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant compared to control groups; ### p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant compared to HFD groups.
complications, and osteoarthritis [28], which has been increased at an alarming percentage around the world. According to Mnafgui et al. [29], the detection of antiobesity drugs without undesirable side effect has become a big problem. Nowadays, the medicinal plant has been used as a complementary treatment, in order to decrease the undesirable effect of drugs treated by patients.
This research was carried out to appreciate the potentiality effect of C. scolymus leaves extract on obese rat induced HFD and to assess its impact therapeutic about obesity.
Chakrabarti [30] demonstrated that the use of safer lipase inhibitors is considered as an efficacious therapeutic approach to overcome obesity and hyperlipidemia by the delay of the digestion and absorption of fat.
It is known that the major role of pancreatic lipase is the digestion of fats by dividing dietary triglycerides  HFD groups were orally given ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of C. scolymus and atorvastatin (ATOR) at the doses mentioned earlier for 60 days. Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * p ≤ 0.05 and * * * p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to control groups; # p ≤ 0.05, ## p ≤ 0.01, and ### p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to HFD groups; ¥ p ≤ 0.05 and ¥¥ p ≤ 0.01 were considered significant compared to HFD groups treated with ATOR. HFD groups were orally administered with ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of C. scolymus and atorvastatin (ATOR) at the doses mentioned earlier for 60 days. Values are given as means ± SD (n = 6). * * p ≤ 0.01 and * * * p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to control groups; # p ≤ 0.05, ## p ≤ 0.01, and ### p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to HFD groups; ¥¥ p ≤ 0.01 and ¥¥¥ p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant compared to HFD groups treated with ATOR.
into monoacylglycerides and free fatty acids and then is the absorption by enterocytes. Among the drugs used for the prevention of obesity and hyperlipidemia by inhibition of the pancreatic lipase activity by the Orlistat [31], from our results, the pancreatic lipase activity was inhibited by EEA by hydrolyzing of dietary triglycerides nonabsorbable into monoglycerides and free fatty acids absorbable by the intestine. Our results were consistent with the observation by Mnafgui et al. [29]. Accordingly, we can explore the mentioned ethanol extract in vivo. The inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity was one of the solutions to avoid obesity complication [32]. The present research evidenced that EEA inhibited lipase activity in the plasma in HFD groups, which make a decrease in serum T-Ch, LDL-c, and TG levels as well as a significant reduction in the calculated atherogenic index (AI). Consequently, it showed an increase in HDL-c and a decrease in body and liver weight like antiobesity action [33]. These results were confirmed by histological findings which proved a fatty disposition throughout the liver lobules. So it is clear that the administration of EEA from leaves of C. scolymus for two months caused a suppressive effect on fat accumulation in all experimental groups. These results were confirmed to Abdel Magied et al. [34] who showed the strongest hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of C. scolymus leaves extract from Egypt; moreover, this study showed the hypocholesterolemic effect of aqueous extract from leaves of C. scolymus at doses (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg bw) for one month of treatment, similar to that reported by Küskü-Kiraz et al. [35] who revealed a significant decrease in Ch-T and TG level in C.
scolymus leaves extract at doses of 1,5mg/kg bw for two weeks in hypercholesterolemic diet rats. Meanwhile, any reduction was observed in LDL-c, TG, and VLDL-c level with a hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of C. scolymus at doses of 100-400 mg/kg/bw for two weeks of treatment.
The efficacious hypolipidemia effect of EEA might be associated with a high content of active compounds richness Cynara leaves such as phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Among these active constituents identified by LC-MS/MS, it was mentioned that cynarin and luteolin play a crucial role in inhibiting cholesterol and triglycerides synthesis according to Ben Salem et al. [36]. Some studies showed that luteolin compound could inhibit 60% of cholesterol synthesis in the digestive tract, by regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity [9,37]. Moreover, Qiang et al. [38] mentioned that C. scolymus leaves extract is able to diminish hypercholesterolemia by increasing the fecal excretion of bile acids and by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity, following a significant LDLc decreasing effect [39].
Our results were in accordance with the results of Kucukgergin et al. [40] who reported that Cynara leaves extract treatment for hypercholesterolemic rats was useful for decreasing serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels of rats. On the other hand, Cynara extract has been proposed to be antiatherogenic, due to its lipid-reducing and antioxidant effect [41,42].
According to Gebhardt [8], it was reported the hepatoprotective effect of Cynara extract by reducing the cholesterol biosynthesis and the oxidation of LDL [41,43,44]. Among the biological activities of C. scolymus, the antimicrobial properties in the gut disorder the intestinal microflora; this allows affecting the absorption of cholesterol [45]. Moreover, Brown and Rice-Evans [46] state that chlorogenic acid and luteolin may prevent atherosclerosis disease by inhibiting LDL oxidation. The results of the biochemical analysis were confirmed by histopathological of liver tissue which showed that EEA at doses 200 mg/kg bw-400 mg/kg bw from leaves of C. scolymus treated HFD revealed a reduction in fatty infiltration in the liver. From these results, we can conclude that Cynara leaves extract may be useful for the preventive treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Moreover, many markers proposed include mitochondrial markers, such as ornithine carbamoyl transferase, since this marker has been considered less sensitive in the detection of cellular damage than cytosolic markers such as ALT and AST [47]. However, Murayama et al. [48] showed that OCT marker was recently proved to be more sensitive than ALT and AST in the detection of hepatotoxicities induced by several toxicants. Therefore, to evaluate better the hepatotoxicity in HFD model, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and OCT enzymes are analyzed, and their elevation in circulation suggests significant hepatocellular damage [49,50].
Our results revealed that EEA treatment significantly reduced these hepatic enzymatic; therefore the extract ameliorated the potential liver damage caused by HFD.
These results are in accordance with the results of Raida et al. [32] and Ben Abdallah et al. [51]. Many researchers showed the hepatoprotective effect of C. scolymus leaves extract, related to its active compounds. However, more researches were needed to fully explain the hepatoprotective mechanisms and cellular.
Ouchi et al. [52] state that obesity is related to an increase in inflammatory markers which characterized a lowgrade chronic inflammation. In this study, we noted that HFD provokes increase in inflammatory markers. However, the treatment with EEA (200-400mg/kg/bw) showed a significant decrease in inflammatory markers. The antiinflammatory properties of Cynara were confirmed by Ben Salem et al. [36] in the report of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Vial et al. [53] found a relationship between HFD and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the liver. ROS causes cell damage via the mechanism implying lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation that disposes tissue damage, especially in the liver [54]. In the current investigation, we found that HFD caused oxidative stress in the liver as revealed by increasing in ROS levels production as mentioned in Table 7, accompanied by increasing in lipid peroxidation and decreasing in antioxidant activities. Ohara et al. [55] reported that HFD was a set of chronic pathologies that can cause hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress.
Among the antioxidants systems, antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, SOD, and GPx present great defense mechanisms, which play a pivotal role in maintaining the ROS under adequate concentrations. In the current study, EEA (200-400 mg/kg/bw) treatment provokes an increase of GSH, SOD, and GPx activities. As similar results found in Dianita et al. [16] and Abdel Majid et al. [34] studies, it has also been reported that Cynara leaves extract treatment caused significant increases in GSH-Px activities in the liver [56]. Kuçükgergin et al. [40] reported that Cynara leaves extract caused significant decreases in MDA levels in the liver tissues with an increase in hepatic GSH-Px activities in hypercholesterolemic rats. Moreover, Ben Salem et al. [11] proved the antioxidative effect of EEA (200-400 mg/kg bw) in the liver tissues of the diabetic rat.
The report of Mehmetcik et al. [56] showed a decrease in hepatic MDA and conjugated dienes levels and an increase in GSH and GSH-Px activities after treatment with Cynara leaves extract. An increase of antioxidant activity in erythrocytes was also found by Küçükgergin et al. [40], after treatment with water extract from Cynara which confirmed the antioxidant properties of this plant.
Many in vitro studies have shown that the antioxidant potential of Cynara is dependent on radical scavenging and metal ion chelating effect of its active constituents such as cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids [46,57]. Nevertheless, the in vivo efficiency has not been confirmed sufficiently. Most in vivo studies correlated to the antioxidative capacity of Cynara and the hepatoprotective effect [58].

Conclusion
Cynara scolymus leaves extracts, especially their ethanol extract, exert a potential effect on rats induced by a high fat-rich diet. The administration of antioxidant-rich Cynara extract ameliorates the undesirable effect of a high fat diet on lipid accumulation and hepatic disorders.

Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.