Integration of Gene Expression Profile Data of Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue from Coronary Artery Disease to Verification of Hub Genes and Pathways

Background This study aim to identify the core pathogenic genes and explore the potential molecular mechanisms of human coronary artery disease (CAD). Methodology Two gene profiles of epicardial adipose tissue from CAD patients including GSE 18612 and GSE 64554 were downloaded and integrated by R software packages. All the coexpression of deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were picked out and analyzed by DAVID online bioinformatic tools. In addition, the DEGs were totally typed into protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to get the interaction data among all coexpression genes. Pictures were drawn by cytoscape software with the PPI networks data. CytoHubba were used to predict the hub genes by degree analysis. Finally all the top 10 hub genes and prediction genes in Molecular complex detection were analyzed by Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis. qRT-PCR were used to identified all the 10 hub genes. Results The top 10 hub genes calculated by the degree method were AKT1, MYC, EGFR, ACTB, CDC42, IGF1, FGF2, CXCR4, MMP2 and LYN, which relevant with the focal adhesion pathway. Module analysis revealed that the focal adhesion was also acted an important role in CAD, which was consistence with cytoHubba. All the top 10 hub genes were verified by qRT-PCR which presented that AKT1, EGFR, CDC42, FGF2, and MMP2 were significantly decreased in epicardial adipose tissue of CAD samples (p < 0.05) and MYC, ACTB, IGF1, CXCR4, and LYN were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Conclusions These candidate genes could be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of CAD.


Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality Worldwide [1]. Medical therapy and interventional or surgical techniques seem to save lots of patients with acute myocardial infarction in emergency phrase. However, long term outcomes remain unsatisfactory [2]. us further understanding of the etiology may provide potential diagnosis and therapeutic method for CAD. Recently, many reports present that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) plays an important role in the progression of many disease by secretion various bioactive molecules [3]. In addition, finding also shows that the changing state of EAT will significantly affect the cardiac function and increase cardiovascular risk in human beings [4,5].
CAD is a kind of coronary artery disease and most studies aim to research through the blood sample. However, EAT is found to have relevant with the heart because it is a type of visceral fat depot. e EAT widely distributes between the pericardium and myocardium which serves with metabolically activation [6]. Owing to its special location and close proximity to coronary vasculature, comparison of different express gene between EAT [7] and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) may provide important information about the state of the coronary artery and maybe have potential for diagnosis and therapy for human CAD. mRNAs have been reported to participate in the regulation of pathophysiological conditions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [8]. However, the existing results of mRNAs profiles of CAD can not identify the core pathogenic genes and the potential molecular mechanisms of human CAD [9][10][11]. erefore, we downloaded the two mRNAs profiles data and screened out the co-expression differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GSE 18612 and GSE 64554. A er analyzing by biomathematical online tools and so ware, 10 hub genes were finally identified which could serve as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for human CAD.

Microarray Analysis.
is study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Jilin University. e two mRNA profiles were searched by CAD and EAT as well as human in gene expression omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo). All the data were provided from GPL96 platform. GSE 18612 contained 7 EAT from CAD patients and 6 SAT from noncoronary artery disease (NC) and there were 13 EAT from CAD patients and 10 SAT from NC patients in GSE 64554. All the data were analyzed with GEO2R online tool with two classifications including EAT and SAT.

Data
Processing and Identifcation of DEGs. Downregulated and upregulated genes were selected in each profile with 푝 < 0.05 and fold change >1.2 or < −1.2. sofware including affy package [12] and limma package [13] were used to identify the final co-expression DEGs.

Gene Ontology and Pathway Enrichment Analyses.
All DEGs and hub genes as well as predict genes in Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) were analysis by DAVID (the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) online bio-informatics database [14]. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment including cellular component (CC), biological processes (BP) and molecular function (MF) were acquired from DAVID. Pathway analysis of all DEGs was analysised by KEGG pathways tool. All the results were selected with gene count >2 and 푝 < 0.05.

Integration of Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network
Analysis.
e DEGs were totally typed into STRING (https:// string-db.org/cgi/input.pl) database [15] to get PPI networks and the interaction data among all co-expression genes were picked with a significant confidence score >0.9. en the interaction data were typed into the Cytoscape so ware [16] to structure a PPI network. Based on the above data, we used MCODE [17], a built-in APP in Cytoscape so ware, to analyze the interactive relationship of the DEGs encoding proteins and screen hub gene. e parameters of network scoring and cluster finding were set as follows: find clusters = in whole network, degree cutoff = 2, cluster finding = haircut, node score cutoff = 0.2, k-core = 2, and max depth = 100. e parameters of cytoHubba were set as follows: Hubba nodes = top 10 nodes ranked by degree, display options = check the first-stage nodes, display the shortest path and display the expanded sub network.

Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)
Validation and Statistical Analysis. qRT-PCR was used to verify the top 10 hug genes. PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Japan) was used to provide the process of RNA reverse-transcribed to cDNA. Primers were designed from Primer-BLAST (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/ primer-blast) and listed in Table 1. QuantStudio 7 Flex realtime PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used [18,19] and samples were normalized to GAPDH. All the operations were according to the manufacturer's instructions. e relative expression levels of each gene were calculated using 2 −ΔΔCt methods.

Identification of DEGs in the CAD and NC Groups.
All of 20 EAT from CAD patients and 16 SAT from NC patients were analyzed with software with a threshold setting at 푝 < 0.05 and fold change >1.2. There were 2617 and 2192 DEGs in GSE 18612 and GSE 64554 mRNAs profiles, respectively. Finally, all 179 co-expression DEGs were selected through integrating analysis, which included 105 downregulated and 74 upregulated DEGs in EAT from CAD samples. T 1: e primers of the top 10 hub genes. Forward primer  Reverse primer   AKT1  AGCGACGTGGCTATTGTGAAG  GCCATCATTCTTGAGGAGGAAGT  MYC  GGCTCCTGGCAAAAGGTCA  CTGCGTAGTTGTGCTGATGT  EGFR  AGGCACGAGTAACAAGCTCAC  ATGAGGACATAACCAGCCACC  ACTB  CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC  CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT  CDC42  CCATCGGAATATGTACCGACTG  CTCAGCGGTCGTAATCTGTCA  IGF1  GCTCTTCAGTTCGTGTGTGGA  GCCTCCTTAGATCACAGCTCC  FGF2  AGAAGAGCGACCCTCACATCA  CGGTTAGCACACACTCCTTTG  CXCR4  ACTACACCGAGGAAATGGGCT  CCCACAATGCCAGTTAAGAAGA  MMP2  TACAGGATCATTGGCTACACACC  GGTCACATCGCTCCAGACT  LYN  GCTTTTGGCACCAGGAAATAGC  TCATGTCGCTGATACAGGGAA  GAPDH CGGACCAATACGACCAAATCCG AGCCACATCGCTCAGACACC

GO Functional Enrichment
Analysis. All DEGs including downregulated and upregulated co-expression genes were typed into DAVID online tool respectively. e functions of GO analysis were divided into three classifications: BP, CC, and MF ( Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1 and  All the top 10 hub gene were verified by qRT-PCR which presented that AKT1, EGFR, CDC42, FGF2 and MMP2 were significantly decreased in EAT of CAD samples (푝 < 0.05) and MYC, ACTB, IGF1, CXCR4, and LYN were significantly increased (푝 < 0.05) ( Figure 5). All validation data were consistent with the microarray data and analytical results in this study.

Discussion
Adipose tissue has been thought to act as an endocrine organ to participate and regulate the inflammatory process of CVD through paracrine or endocrine pathway. Recent research points that EAT, an atypical fat depot surrounding the heart, plays essential roles in CAD not only highly metabolic paracrine and endocrine functions, but also by its blood supply from coronary circulation [20]. erefore some changes of EAT may directly indicate the different state of the heart as they supplies from the same coronary blood. In the meantime, NF-κB signaling pathway. e downregulated genes were mainly enriched in Focal adhesion, Proteoglycans in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, and Neurotrophin signaling pathway ( Figure 2). (Figure 3) a er analysis of all the DEGs. e nodes and edges were put into the cytoscape so ware in order to acquire a PPI network. CytoHubba analysis section showed 10 hub genes, including AKT1, MYC, EGFR, ACTB, CDC42, IGF1, FGF2, CXCR4, MMP2, and LYN a er degree calculation. In these 10 hub genes, AKT1 presented with the highest degree (degree = 38). e cytoscape plugin MCODE showed the top three modules with scores of 11.429, 3.333, and 3.000 (Figure 4) As different expression profiles of CAD provided various results with each other, we integrated the mRNAs profiles and analysised the co-expression DEGs. In this study, 105 downregulated DEGs and 74 upregulated DEGs were identified a er integrating profile datasets. Similar to other studies [22,23], these DEGs were dealt with GO and pathway analysis and a lot of KEGG pathways were found. However, the hub gene in CAD and the most relevant pathway and mechanism of CAD could not be identified. erefore, we used more bioinformation tools such as PPI Network online tool, cytoscape analysis with cyto-Hubba and MCODE analysis for further analyses. e cyto-Hubba analysis showed that the top ten hub genes were AKT1, MYC, EGFR, ACTB, CDC42, IGF1, FGF2, CXCR4, MMP2, and LYN. DAVID on line analysis tool predicted that these genes were highly relevant with the focal adhesion pathway in studies have points that metabolic function of EAT may participate the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis [21]. So researching on the EAT can be able to provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CVD including atherosclerosis.

PPI Network and Modular Analysis. STRING database presented a result with 178 nodes and 363 edges
With the fast development of sequencing technology, finding the changing genes between disease and normal tissue has become convenient. Up to now, there are many mRNAs profiles have been carried out and a lot of different genes have been detected between EAT and SAT from CAD patients [9][10][11]. mRNAs act as protein-coding genes, are believed to play an important role on modulating the metabolic function of adipose tissue and CAD. However, the initially change and the core pathogenic gene of CAD are not identified and the key pathogenesis of CAD has not been confirmed until now.  Ado/HC-induced endothelial apoptosis [31] and lipid would deposition following endothelial cell damage. Study also pointed that FAK played a role in reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation injury through inactivation of the Wnt and NF-κB pathways [32] and inflammation injury was also an important factor during CAD. So focal adhesion signaling might act an important role in vascular endothelial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory reactions, and might be a core change during CAD. In summary, by integration of different high-throughput sequencing profiles and data processing as well as hub genes, these genes may have the potential to be used as drug targets and diagnostic markers of CAD. e focal adhesion maybe the key pathway in CAD. However, there are still some limitations: further experimental studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the role of the focal adhesion pathway in CAD.

CAD:
Coronary artery disease EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue SAT: Subcutaneous adipose tissue DEGs: e differentially expressed genes GEO: e gene expression omnibus NC: Noncoronary artery disease GO: Gene ontology KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes CC: Cellular component BP: Biological processes MF: Molecular function PPI: Protein-protein interaction proliferation, migration and growth [24]. Although Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 are the 3 isoforms of Akt, they play different functions in various cell environment. Recent study shows that Akt acts critical roles in the CVD including atherosclerosis [25]. e reduction of endothelial cell migration was found when Akt phosphorylation influenced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) [26]. In addition, inhibition of Akt in macrophages was also presented with reducing atherosclerosis [27] through decreasing in proinflammation and immune cell migration. Recent study also presented that inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through inducing Akt phosphorylation pathway might protect arteries from atherosclerosis through changing the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (PPARs). erefore, the toppest hub gene Akt was believed to serve as a hub gene in the initial and progressive pathological in atherosclerosis. Akt has been reported to activate or over expression with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway signal. Reports show that interaction between FAK and Akt1 is found in many cancers. is interaction is always needed for subsequent FAK autophosphorylation, activation, and translocation to the focal adhesion complex (FAC) [28]. FAK was reported to participate in regulating cell adhesion, mobility and proliferation during many cell process. e focal adhesion signaling had provided insight into the role of FAK in cardiomyocyte signal transduction and had been reported to contribute to myocardial remodeling and the progression to heart failure [29]. In addition, FAK was also reported taking part in regulating the function of endothelial barrier [30]. Low expression of FAK in endothelial cells would result in formation of a tighter endothelial monolayer through raising cell attachment and connection. In addition, disruption of FAC would also lead to F 5: Validation of the mRNA microarray results by real-time qPCR. mRNA microarray results were verified by real-time qPCR between the CAD group (푛 = 10) and the control group (푛 = 10). All samples were normalized to the expression of GAPDH, and the relative expression levels of each gene were analyzed using the 2 −ΔΔCt method. * 푃 < 0.05, * * 푃 < 0.01.