Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 7857352, 14 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7857352

Review Article

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Small Bowel in Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Osman Ahmed, David Mario Rodrigues, and Geoffrey C. Nguyen

Mount Sinai Hospital Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5

Received 5 May 2015; Accepted 1 July 2015

Copyright © 2016 Osman Ahmed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Introduction. Crohn’s disease is most commonly found in the terminal ileum and colonic region. Magnetic resonance has become a useful modality for assessing small bowel activity. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of MR in detecting small bowel activity as well as extramural complications in Crohn’s patients. Methods. Two independent reviewers sorted through articles until October 2, 2014. We included both studies providing raw data for pooling and studies without raw data. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study. Results. There were 27 included studies, of which 19 were included in the pooled analysis. Pooled analysis of the 19 studies (1020 patients) with raw data revealed a sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.91) and specificity was 0.88 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.91). In regard to detecting stenosis, pooled sensitivity was 0.65 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.76) and specificity was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.96). Conclusion. MR imaging provides a reliable alternative in detecting small bowel activity in patients with Crohn’s disease. Its advantages include high diagnostic accuracy and no radiation exposure while its disadvantages include high cost and limited availability.

1. Introduction

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that may present with systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss, as well as abdominal symptoms including pain and diarrhea [1]. Unlike ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease can manifest anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, though it most commonly affects the terminal ileum and colon. It is estimated that almost 50% of patients with Crohn’s disease will have involvement of the small bowel, and up to 30% will have small bowel involvement only [2]. Crohn’s disease is most often diagnosed by a combination of clinical features, endoscopy, and histopathology. Although the exact pathogenesis is still unclear, the disease manifests itself endoscopically as focal ulcerations with skip lesions (normal appearing bowel along with areas of inflammation) [1].

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of imaging modalities in assisting the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease as well as assessing disease severity. Conventional enteroclysis, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have all been used to detect inflammation in the bowel [3, 4]. The use of imaging for diagnosing small bowel activity has become even more relevant since traditional methods of diagnosis (e.g., endoscopy) are not able to visualize the small bowel reliably, and up to 10% of patients will have small bowel involvement not amenable to visualization by endoscopy [1]. Additionally, endoscopic methods of assessment carry the risk of procedural complications and can cause patient discomfort [5].

Multiple studies have investigated the use of imaging to diagnose small bowel activity in Crohn’s patients. Although the use of conventional enteroclysis and CT have shown good diagnostic accuracy, they are limited by exposure to ionizing radiation [6]. Ultrasound is a nonradiating form of imaging but is limited because image quality is dependent on technician expertise [7].

Magnetic resonance has become a useful modality for assessing small bowel activity in Crohn’s disease, with multiple studies showing great sensitivity and specificity. The use of enteral contrast agents using MR enterography protocols has allowed for better distention as well as visualization of the small bowel [8]. Previous studies and reviews have looked at the use of MR in Crohn’s disease; however these studies were limited in only assessing small bowel activity or extraluminal complications [9, 10]. Multiple new studies have since emerged looking at this field. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of MR in detecting small bowel activity as well as intra- and extraluminal complications in Crohn’s patients. We also determined whether the use of MR enteroclysis, a recent method of administrating contrast, yields any advantages over conventional MR enterography.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Search Strategy

We performed a comprehensive search strategy with the use of electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. All relevant articles published until October 2, 2014, were included. Our search strategy included individual and combinations of relevant terms including “Crohn’s”, “inflammatory bowel disease”, and “magnetic resonance” (see Supplementary Table in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7857352 for comprehensive search terms used). References of selected articles and previously published review articles were also manually searched to identify relevant studies.

2.2. Study Selection and Data Extraction

Our inclusion criterion was any study that compared the use of magnetic resonance to diagnose small bowel activity in Crohn’s disease. We used as a reference standard surgery, ileocolonoscopy, and/or histopathology individually or as components of a global consensus. Small bowel was defined as any region distal to the pylorus up until the area proximal to the ileocecal junction. Authors of studies that combined small and large bowel data were contacted in order to obtain data for small bowel only. If we received no response, the study was excluded from the review. Studies which did not provide per-patient raw data (in terms of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative values) for the small bowel were also contacted for that information. If we received no response from the authors, they were still included in the review (including studies with only per-segment raw data) but excluded from the meta-analysis. Studies that comprised pediatric populations, were non-English, or used a reference standard that did not include surgery, ileocolonoscopy, or histopathology were excluded. Abstracts, conference presentations, and posters were also excluded.

All retrieved studies were sorted independently by two reviewers (Osman Ahmed and David Mario Rodrigues). Any disagreements were resolved either by consensus or by a third reviewer. Data from all selected studies was extracted independently by the same two reviewers (Osman Ahmed and David Mario Rodrigues). They followed a data extraction form that was created a priori and included study characteristics (year, country, age, gender, number of patients, type of study, reference standard, patient population, and location studied) and imaging characteristics (enterography versus enteroclysis, magnetic field strength, oral and intravenous contrast, bowel preparation, radiologist’s experience, and time interval between MR and reference standard). Finally, specific values were extracted or calculated for studies that provided per-patient raw data (true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative). For studies that included per-patient values for different segments of the small bowel, only the most distal part of the small bowel was included as this is the area most commonly affected by Crohn’s disease.

Assessment of risk of bias, quality, and applicability was performed by using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-II) tool developed for diagnostic studies [11]. Studies with scores greater than 9 were categorized as low-risk.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

For studies that did not provide raw data, a summary of the results was presented for small bowel activity using sensitivity and specificity values. For studies providing raw data, contingency tables were created using the following variables (true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative). Statistical analysis was performed with use of Meta-DiSc version 1.4 (J. Zamora, A. Muriel, and V. Abraira Meta-DiSc for Windows, XI Cochrane Colloquium, Barcelona, 2003) software. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study. Figures for forest plots and summary receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also constructed using the software, while the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. For pooled analysis, 0.5 was added to all cells that contained a value of 0 in order to include all studies in the analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using the test.

3. Results

The initial search yielded 3981 studies. These studies were initially sorted by title yielding 332 studies, which were then limited to 29 studies based on abstract review. After retrieving the full articles and contacting authors for missing information, only 27 studies met the inclusion criteria (Supplementary Figure ). Of the 27 included studies, 19 provided sufficient raw data to be included in the pooled analysis; eight studies provided only summaries of the results [12–38]. All studies had a QUADAS-II score equal to or greater than 9, indicating low-risk.

3.1. Study Characteristics

Individual study characteristics are reported in Tables 1 and 2. A total of 19 studies with 1020 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Eight studies with a total of 650 patients were only included in the systematic review (Table 3) [12–38].

Table 1: Study characteristics.

Name
Year
Country
Number of patients
(patients included)
Age (range)
Prospective/retrospective
Patient population
Reference standard
Location studied
Pooled analysis
(raw data available)

Rieber et al. [13]
2000
Germany
194 (84)
NS
NS
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± histopathology
Small bowel
No

Koh et al. [12]
2001
United Kingdom
30 (21)
37.6 (18–58)
Prospective
Established CD
Surgery ± ileocolonoscopy
Small and large bowel
No

Ochsenkühn et al. [14]
2004
Germany
29 (25)
31.5 (19–58)
NS
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± histology
Small bowel
Yes

Pascu et al. [15]
2004
Germany
61 (37)
38 (19 to 84)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small and large bowel
No

Schreyer et al. [16]
2005
Germany
30 (23)
29 (18–65)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small and large bowel (terminal ileum for analysis)
Yes

Maccioni et al. [17]
2006
Italy
70 (59)
46.3 (18–76)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± imaging
Small and large bowel (ileum for analysis)
Yes

Negaard et al. [18]
2006
Norway
60 (41)
33 (16–65)
NS
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± surgery
Small bowel (terminal ileum for analysis)
Yes

Negaard et al. [19]
2007
Norway
48 (35)
39 (18–73)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Surgery, ileocolonoscopy ± histopathology ± capsule endoscopy
Small bowel
No

Seiderer et al. [20]
2007
Germany
10 (10)
33.9 (17–57)
NS
Suspected CD
Double-balloon enteroscopy (oral route)
Small bowel (jejunum for analysis)
Yes

Siddiki et al. [21]
2009
USA
33 (27)
39 (20–60)
Prospective
Suspected CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± histopathology
Small bowel
Yes

Lee et al. [22]
2009
South Korea
31 (23)
28.8 (18–44)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small bowel
Yes

Giusti et al. [24]
2010
Italy
70 (70)
27.8 (15–45)
NS
Established CD
Histopathology
Small bowel
Yes

Parisinos et al. [25]
2010
United Kingdom
342 (68)
36.8 (25–47)
Retrospective
Suspected or established CD
Surgery, ileocolonoscopy ± histopathology
Small bowel
No

Fiorino et al. [26]
2011
Italy
44 (44)
43 (19–61)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small and large bowel (ileum for analysis)
No

Gallego et al. [23]
2011
Spain
61 (61)
36.1 (14–65)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small bowel (ileum for analysis)
Yes

Hyun et al. [27]
2011
Japan
30 (25)
29.5 (24–38)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± double-balloon enteroscopy (rectal route)
Small and large bowel (small bowel for analysis)
Yes

Jensen et al. [28]
2011
Denmark
93 (72)
30 (15–74)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± surgery
Small bowel
Yes

Jensen et al. [29]
2011
Denmark
53 (45)
39 (18–76)
Prospective
Established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± surgery
Small bowel
Yes

Oto et al. [30]
2011
USA
18 (18)
33.2 (20–53)
Retrospective
Established CD
Endoscopy ± histopathology
Small bowel
Yes

Wiarda et al. [31]
2012
Netherlands
41 (38)
36 (20–74)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy and consensus
Small bowel
Yes

Friedrich et al. [32]
2012
Germany
79 (39)
27.8 (23–48)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy
Small and large bowel (ileum for analysis)
No

Grand et al. [33]
2012
USA
310 (310)
45 (20–94)
Retrospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± histopathology
Small and large bowel
No

Adamek et al. [34]
2012
Germany
104 (82)
39.8 (18–68)
Prospective
Suspected or established CD
Ileocolonoscopy + histopathology
Small bowel (terminal ileum for analysis)
Yes

Castiglione et al. [35]
2013
Italy
265 (234)
39
Prospective
Suspected CD
Ileocolonoscopy ± surgery
Small bowel
Yes

Fallis et al. [36]
2013
United Kingdom
51 (51)
41.3 (17–79)
Both
Established CD
Surgery
Small and large bowel (distal ileum for analysis)
Yes¹

Takenaka et al. [38]
2014
Japan
100 (100)
31 (16–71)
Prospective
Established CD
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (rectal route)
Small bowel (terminal ileum for analysis)
Yes

Kumar et al. [37]
2015
United Kingdom
17 (17)
30.8 (19–72)
Retrospective
Established CD
Surgery
Small bowel
Yes

Provided by author.

Table 2: Imaging characteristics.

Name
Year
Enterography/
enteroclysis
Magnetic field strength
Type of coil
Bowel preparation
Intravenous contrast
Oral contrast
Blinded
Radiologist experience
Time interval between MR and RS

Rieber et al. [13]
2000
Enteroclysis
NS
NS
20 mg IV N-butyl scopolamine
Gadolinium-DTPA
800 mL barium sulfate solution and 1200 mL methyl cellulose solution
NS
NS
NS

Koh et al. [12]
2001
Enterography
1.0 T
NS
1 mg IM glucagon
0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide
600 mL water
Yes
NS
Median 21 days

Ochsenkühn et al. [14]
2004
Enteroclysis
1.5 T
NS
30–60 mg IV butylscopolamine
0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
1500–2000 mL of a suspension (12 g iron-containing Ferristen) + 20 g methylcellulose (NJ)
Yes
Two experienced gastrointestinal radiologists
Median of 10 (3–13) weeks

Pascu et al. [15]
2004
NS
1.5 T
Body coils
NS
0.2 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
NS
Yes
NS
Within 5 days

Schreyer et al. [16]
2005
Enteroclysis
1.5 T
Polarized 4-element phased-array body coil
40 mg IV N-butyl-scopolamine
0.2 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
1000 mL water (25 g mannitol and 5 g carob seed)
Yes
NS
Within 1 week

Maccioni et al. [17]
2006
Enterography
1.5 T
Phased-array coil
NS
0.18 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine
600–900 mL ferumoxsil solution
Yes
>8 years of experience and resident
Within 15 days

Negaard et al. [18]
2006
Enteroclysis
1.5 T
Phased-array abdomen surface coil
20 mg IV scopolamine butylbromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
1500–2000 mL polyethylene glycol
Yes
Two and 1 years of experience with MRE
Within 4 months

Negaard et al. [19]
2007
Both
1.5 T
Phased-array coils
20 mg IV scopolamine butylbromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
1000 mL of 6% mannitol or 1500–2000 mL of polyethylene glycol solution (NJ)
Yes
>8- and >3-year experience
Within 3 months

Seiderer et al. [20]
2007
Enteroclysis
1.5 T
NS
40 mg IV butylscopolammonium bromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
2500 mL 0.5% methylcellulose solution (NJ)
NS
Two board-certified radiologists
Within 6 weeks after MRE

Siddiki et al. [21]
2009
Enterography
1.5 T
16-channel torso array coil
0.5 mg IV glucagon
0.2 mmol/kg gadodiamide
1350 mL barium preparation
Yes
NS
Within 30 days

Lee et al. [22]
2009
Enterography
1.5 T
Two six-element, phased-array body coils
20 mg IV scopolamine-N-butyl bromide
15 mL of gadopentetate dimeglumine
1200 mL 3% sorbitol solution and 4000 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Six- and 10-year experience
Within 1 week

Giusti et al. [24]
2010
Enterography
1.5 T
Two phased-array coils
20 mg IV hyoscine-N-butylbromide
0.1 mL/kg 1.0 M gadolinium chelate
1500–2000 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Two with >10-year experience
NS

Parisinos et al. [25]
2010
Enterography
1.5 T
Two multichannel phased-array body coils
20 mg IV hyoscine-N-butylbromide
15 mL of gadolinium chelate
1500 mL of 2.5% mannitol and 0.5% locust bean gum solution
NS
NS
Within 8.5 to 112 days

Fiorino et al. [26]
2011
Enterography
1.5 T
Phased-array surface coil
0.5 mg of glucagon IV
Gadolinium
700 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Two with >8-year experience
Within 26 days (range 0–37)

Gallego et al. [23]
2011
Enterography
1.0 T
Multichannel-body coil
20–40 mg IV hyoscine bromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine
1500 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Two experienced radiologists
Within 15 days

Hyun et al. [27]
2011
Enterography
1.5 T
32-element body coil
20 mg IV scopolamine butylbromide
0.2 mL/kg gadolinium chelate
1000 mL–1500 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Two board-certified radiologists
Same day

Jensen et al. [28]
2011
Enterography
1.5 T
Five-element Syn-body coil
20 mg IV Hyoscinbutylbromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide
1000 mL 7.5% mannitol solution
Yes
Five with >4-year experience
Median 13 days

Jensen et al. [29]
2011
Enterography
1.5 T
Five-element Syn-body coil
20 mg IV Hyoscinbutylbromide
0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide
1000 mL 7.5% mannitol solution
Yes
Five with >4-year experience
Median 11 days (51 days for surgery)

Oto et al. [30]
2011
Enterography
1.5 T
Four-channel phased-array body coil
1 mg IM glucagon
0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide
1350 mL Volumen
NS
12 years of experience in body MRI
Median of 14 (0–62) days

Wiarda et al. [31]
2012
Enteroclysis
NS
NS
20 mg IV butylscopolamine bromide
0.1 mmol/kg of gadobutrol
1000–3000 mL 0.5% methylcellulose solution (ND)
Yes
>200 MRE studies
Median of 22 (4–112) days

Friedrich et al. [32]
2012
Enterography
1.5 T
Circular polarized 6-channel phased-array body coil
40 mg IV N-butyl scopolamine
0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA
1000 mL water (25 g mannitol and 5 g carob seed) and 2000 mL water
Yes
Two with 6- and 7-year experience
Within 3 weeks

Grand et al. [33]
2012
Enterography
1.5 T
Eight-channel torso array coil or 4-channel surface coil
NS
0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine
900 mL Volumen
Yes
>4-year experience
Within 90 days

Adamek et al. [34]
2012
Enterography
3.0 T
Two surface coils
40 mg IV hyoscine-N-butylbromide
Gadodiamide
1500 to 2000 mL mannitol solution
Yes
>5-year experience
Within 7 days

Castiglione et al. [35]
2013
Enterography
3.0 T
Two-paired phased-array body coils
20 mg IV N-butylscopolamine
0.2 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine
1500 mL polyethylene glycol solution
Yes
Two expert radiologists
NS

Fallis et al. [36]
2013
Enterography
1.5 T
Abdominal phased-array coils
20 mg IV hyoscine-N-butylbromide
0.2 mL/kg gadoterate meglumine
1200–1300 mL 3% mannitol solution
Yes
Dedicated gastrointestinal radiologist
Mean 10.8 (1–52) weeks

Takenaka et al. [38]
2014
Enterography
1.5 T
NS
20 mg IV scopolamine butylbromide
0.2 mL/kg gadolinium chelate
1000 mL polyethylene glycol
Yes
Two board-certified radiologists
Within 3 days

Kumar et al. [37]
2015
Enterography
NS
Eight-channel body coil
Hyoscine butylbromide
0.2 mL/kg gadolinium
250 mL 20% mannitol solution
NS
NS
Mean 77.4 days

NS: not specified; NJ: nasojejunal intubation; ND: nasoduodenal intubation.

Table 3: Results (of nonpooled studies).

Name
Year
Number of patients
(number of patients included in analysis)
Results

Rieber et al. [13]
2000
194 (84)
Sensitivity and specificity of 95.2% and 92.6% in terminal ileum

Koh et al. [12]
2001
30 (21)
Sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 67% in terminal ileum

Pascu et al. [15]
2004
61 (37)
Per-segment sensitivity and specificity of 56% and 73% in terminal ileum

Negaard et al. [19]
2007
48 (35)
Sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 89% for MRI with OS, and 88% and 84% for MR enteroclysis

Parisinos et al. [25]
2010
342 (68)
Sensitivity and specificity of 85.1% and 85.71% in ileum

Fiorino et al. [26]
2011
44 (44)
Sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 81% in ileum

Friedrich et al. [32]
2012
79 (39)
Sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 87% in terminal ileum without rectal enema; 100% and 74% in terminal ileum with rectal enema

Grand et al. [33]
2012
310 (310)
Sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 79% in distal ileum

There were 17 prospective studies [12, 15–17, 19, 21–23, 26–29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38], 4 retrospective studies [25, 30, 33, 37], and one study [36] that had both retrospective and prospective components. An additional 5 studies were unclear in regard to the type of study [13, 14, 18, 20, 24]. In regard to patient population, 13 out of the 27 studies involved patients with established Crohn’s disease [12, 14–17, 24, 26–30, 36–38]; 3 had only suspected CD [20, 21, 35]; and 11 had either suspected or established CD [13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31–34]. Most prospective studies used consecutive patients to limit selection bias. Study characteristics for all studies are summarized in Table 1.

In regard to imaging characteristics, most studies used a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T, with 2 studies using 1.0 T [12, 23] and 2 studies using 3.0 T [34, 35]. Three studies did not mention the magnetic field strength used [13, 31, 37]. Six of the 27 studies used enteroclysis as a method of introducing oral contrast [13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 31], while 19 studies used standard enterography. One study used both enterography and enteroclysis [19], while 1 study did not mention how oral contrast was given [15]; neither of these studies were included in the meta-analysis. Radiologist experience with abdominal MR and time interval between MR and the reference standard varied widely between the studies (Table 2).

In regard to disease activity, unless otherwise specified below, we considered positive small bowel activity to be when the individual study considered the disease active (no specific parameters were used). Maccioni et al. [17] provided raw data for both T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging. We chose to include T2-weighted results as they have been shown previously to be more accurate for small bowel activity [39]. Oto et al. selected for patients with active disease and thus had no results for specificity [30]. Because Seiderer et al. used an anterograde endoscopic approach, the jejunum was used for analysis as very few patients had their terminal ileum intubated [20]. For Adamek et al., we used histopathology as the reference standard rather than ileocolonoscopy (both were provided) [34]. Alternatively, for Siddiki et al., we used ileocolonoscopy as the reference standard since not as many patients had histopathology results [21]. For Kumar et al., we used bowel thickening as representative of small bowel activity [37]. Jensen et al. published two studies in 2011. Because there was no overlap in the study populations, both were included in our meta-analysis [28, 29].

3.1.1. Nonpooled Studies Summary

Of the 8 studies which were not included in the pooled analysis, by far the largest was Grand et al. with 310 patients (out of 650 total patients) [33]. Of these, 162 underwent MR and endoscopy within 30 days and the per-patient analysis for the distal ileum revealed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 79% in diagnosing Crohn’s disease activity. The results of the remaining studies are summarized in Table 3.

3.2. Per-Patient Pooled Analysis

Forest plots for the sensitivity, specificity, and sROC for the use of MR in diagnosing small bowel Crohn’s disease activity are presented (Figure 1, Supplementary Figure ). Pooled analysis of the 19 studies with raw data revealed a sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.91) with a heterogeneity of and of 77.6% (Figure 1). The pooled specificity was 0.88 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.91) with a heterogeneity of and of 67.3% (Figure 1). Using a random effects model, the positive likelihood ratio was 5.2 (95% CI 2.62 to 10.29) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.17 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.27) (Supplementary Figure ). Using Moses’ constant linear model, we were able to construct an sROC with an AUC of 0.93 (Supplementary Figure ). As expected, most values reside in the left upper corner, suggesting high sensitivity and specificity.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Sensitivity and specificity for active Crohn’s disease (all studies).

3.3. Subgroup Analysis

Analysis of only prospective studies revealed a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.92) and a pooled specificity of 0.90 (95% CI of 0.86 to 0.93) (Figure 2). Five studies used enteroclysis as the method of administrating oral contrast [14, 16, 18, 20, 31]. Pooled analysis of these 5 studies gave a sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI of 0.74 to 0.91) and a pooled specificity of 0.89 (95% CI of 0.78 to 0.96) as demonstrated in the forest plots (Figure 3).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Sensitivity and specificity for active Crohn’s disease (prospective studies only).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Sensitivity and specificity for active Crohn’s disease (enteroclysis studies only).

3.4. Extramural Complications

We identified three extramural complications a priori (stenosis, fistula, and abscess). However, only two studies (Fallis et al. and Kumar et al.) [36, 37] provided raw data for analysis for fistulas and abscesses. Consequently, no pooled analysis was done for these complications. We conducted a pooled analysis and constructed forest plots for 6 studies that provided data for stenosis (Figure 4) [9, 27–29, 34, 36, 37]. Pooled sensitivity was 0.65 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.76) and pooled specificity was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.96).

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Sensitivity and specificity for stenosis in Crohn’s disease (all studies).

4. Discussion

Our study represents the largest systematic review (in terms of patients and number of studies) of MR imaging for the detection of small bowel activity in Crohn’s disease. Like previous studies and reviews, we demonstrate that MR imaging possesses high sensitivity and specificity in detecting small bowel activity [3, 9, 10]. Along with a relatively high positive likelihood ratio and relatively low negative likelihood ratio, it can be used in combination with pretest probabilities to determine small bowel activity in the appropriate clinical setting. The results from this meta-analysis are similar to those previously reported [9]. Of note, many of the studies differ from those included in previous reviews, not only because we focused only on the small bowel, but also because we included both studies with per-patient and per-segment analysis (though only per-patient analysis was pooled). Additionally, differences in response rates in regard to contacting authors likely explain the discrepancy in studies included in our review as compared to others.

One of the many research areas in MR imaging is the use of enteroclysis in inflammatory bowel disease. Enteroclysis has been proposed to provide better small bowel distension because the contrast is provided directly through nasojejunal intubation rather than orally [40]. The limitations of enteroclysis are that it is not as widely available, requires fluoroscopic insertion of a nasojejunal tube (thus exposing patients to radiation), and is less well tolerated by patients [41]. A subgroup analysis of studies using enteroclysis did not demonstrate higher sensitivity and specificity. Similarly, Negaard et al. directly compared use of oral contrast and enteroclysis and also did not find any significant difference [19]. One explanation for the lack of increment benefit of enteroclysis is because small bowel Crohn’s disease usually affects the terminal ileum distally, rather than proximally, where the advantages of enteroclysis are more apparent. Overall, enteroclysis has not yet been shown to have any significant difference in diagnostic accuracy, and its role in Crohn’s patients is still uncertain. Further study is warranted in determining potential benefits of enteroclysis in Crohn’s disease proximal to the ileum.

In regard to intra- and extraluminal complications such as fistulas, abscesses, and stenosis, MR has been theorized to be the gold standard, since ileocolonoscopy can only assess luminal disease, and surgery is too invasive and not a feasible diagnostic modality. Our analysis revealed fairly high specificity in detecting stenosis, but only moderate sensitivity. However, our analysis was limited due to the small number of studies included. Previous studies looking at both small and large bowel have shown relatively high detection rates for stenosis [26, 42]. Nevertheless, a meta-analysis by Qiu et al. showed that CT imaging may be better at detecting fistulas and stenosis. However, the results were not statistically significant, and the sensitivities and specificities were comparable to more recently published studies [43, 44]. No differences were noted in detecting abscesses. The results for pooled analysis by Qiu et al. for stenosis revealed similar numbers to our study (sensitivity 65.3%, specificity 94.4%).

Current European guidelines recommend MR, US, and CT enterography or enteroclysis for the detection of intestinal involvement and penetrating lesions in CD. Additionally, the use of small bowel follow-through or small bowel enteroclysis is acceptable for detection of stenosis. They are also the recommended techniques for detection of extramural complications of CD [1, 45]. American guidelines are less specific but do include the use of MR, amongst a multitude of other imaging modalities, to delineate and discriminate intra-abdominal masses/abscesses and in the evaluation of small bowel pathology in patients with CD [46].

One of the difficulties in replacing the gold standard with MR imaging is the lack of standardization of the imaging signs suggestive of active disease, especially with the growing number of sequences available. Previous studies have demonstrated that the most accurate signs of inflammation for MR were wall enhancement, mucosal lesions, and wall T2 hyperintensity [39, 47]. In one study, Maccioni et al. looked at the difference using T1- versus T2-weighted imaging. They found that T2-weighted images provided greater sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ileal lesions [17]. Additionally, a study by Udayasankar et al. found similar results in both the small and large bowel [48]. Previous studies have also found that sequences using diffusion-weighted imaging had high sensitivity and specificity [30, 49, 50]. Recently, there have been development of validated scoring systems including the MaRIA (Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity) score for assessment of disease activity and severity, the Lemann score, or the Crohn’s Disease Digestive Damage Score, which takes into account many factors (clinical, endoscopic, and imaging findings) and attempts to measure cumulative damage [51, 52].

An important consideration is whether the results of MR imaging change clinician management. A study by Mendoza et al. showed that MR helped in decision-making in more than half of patients, especially those involving the use of biological therapies and surgery [53]. Messaris et al. showed that 69% of patients had changes to medical and/or surgical management after clinicians were given MR imaging results [54]. Similar results have shown that MR findings influence surgical approaches to managing Crohn’s patients [55].

Some of the limitations of our study include the varied length of time between the reference standard and MR imaging. Since clinical activity can change quite drastically, especially with the use of medications, some of the results might have been inaccurate in determining disease activity. Secondly, since we used per-patient data, we were not able to differentiate severity in regard to determining small bowel activity. Other studies have suggested that MRI has good correlation with Crohn’s severity indices [56]. Similarly, we were unable to perform per-segment analysis which might have led to an overestimation of the accuracy of MR imaging. This is likely due to the use of endoscopy as a reference standard and its inadequacy in assessing more proximal small bowel. Other limitations include the fact that we were only able to analyse one complication (stenosis), and that others (such as abscess and fistulas) are not well visualized on endoscopy. Similarly, due to the small number of studies, we were not able to determine whether more advanced MR (such as MR with 3.0 T magnetic field strength) had any additional benefit. Finally, the large heterogeneity amongst the studies, including reference standards, radiologists experience, and results, suggests that more definitive studies might still be required. Sources of heterogeneity include inclusion of studies of different sample size and different criteria for disease activity, as well as inclusion of studies using different MR enterography/enteroclysis protocols (including different magnetic field strengths, oral contrast, and radiologist experience).

In regard to other modalities of imaging, many studies assessed the use of ultrasound and computed tomography. The benefit of ultrasound is that it does not involve ionizing radiation and is relatively inexpensive [3]. Previous studies assessing ultrasound have demonstrated high sensitivities and specificities. There is one large-scale trial comparing US and MR currently in progress: the UK-based MR Enterography or Ultrasound in Crohn’s disease (METRIC) trial [3, 57]. The use of US is thought to be limited by operator-experience; however MR has also been shown to have interobserver variability. However, the use of scoring systems such as MaRIA has been proven to improve interobserver agreement [58]. Similarly, one meta-analysis has shown similar accuracy between CT and MR. CT has the benefit of being widely available and cost-effective. It, however, also carries the risk of ionizing radiation, especially amongst patients who might require multiple scans throughout the course of their life-long disease [43].

In conclusion, MR imaging provides a reliable alternative to ileocolonoscopy in detecting small bowel activity in patients with Crohn’s disease. Its advantages include high diagnostic accuracy, favorable safety profile, and the ability to assess intra- and extraluminal complications. Its disadvantages include high cost and limited availability. Nevertheless, with the rapid expansion in MR accessibility, it will likely play a greater role in the future in both the diagnosis and management of patients with Crohn’s disease.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

Osman Ahmed and Geoffrey C. Nguyen conceived the study. Osman Ahmed and David Mario Rodrigues reviewed the literature search. Osman Ahmed conducted the meta-analysis and drafted the paper. Geoffrey C. Nguyen reviewed the data and all authors critically reviewed the paper.

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