Chinese Journal of MathematicsVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 725451, 4 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/725451

Research Article

Harmonious Properties of Uniform -Distant Trees

M. Murugan

School of Science, Tamil Nadu Open University, 577 Anna Salai, Chennai 600 015, India

Received 23 July 2013; Accepted 29 September 2013

Academic Editors: L. Xu, H. You, and C.-G. Zhu

Copyright © 2013 M. Murugan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We prove that all uniform -distant trees are harmonious; every uniform -distant odd tree is strongly -harmonious, so is every uniform -distant even tree if the spine has even number of vertices. Also, all uniform -distant trees are sequential.

1. Introduction

Labeling of a graph is an assignment of labels (numbers) to its vertices or/and edges or faces, which satisfy some conditions. These are different from coloring problems since some properties and structures of numbers such as ordering, addition, and subtraction used here are not properties of colors. Graph labelings have several applications in many fields. They have found usage in various coding theory problems, including the design of good radar-type codes, synch-set codes, and convolutional codes with optimal autocorrelation properties. They facilitate the optimal nonstandard encodings of integers. They have also been applied to determine ambiguities in X-ray crystallographic analysis, to design of a communication network addressing system, to determine optimal circuit layouts, and to problems in additive number theory.

Graham and Sloane [1] have introduced harmonious graphs in their study of modular versions of additive bases problems stemming from error-correcting codes. The conjecture “All Trees are Harmonious” is still open and is unsettled for many years. Gallian in his survey [2] of graph labeling has mentioned that no attention has been given to analyze the harmonious property of lobsters. It is clear that uniform 2-distant trees are special lobsters. Murugan [3] has proved that uniform -distant trees are graceful and have many interesting properties. Also, Abueida and Roberts [4] have proved that uniform -distant trees admit a harmonious labeling, when they have even number of vertices. In this paper, we prove that all uniform -distant trees are harmonious; and every uniform -distant odd tree is strongly -harmonious; every uniform -distant even tree is strongly -harmonious, when the spine has even number of vertices. Also, all uniform -distant trees are sequential.

2. -Distant Tree

A -distant tree consists of a main path called the “spine,” such that each vertex on the spine is joined by an edge to at most one path on -vertices. Those paths are called “tails” (i.e., each tail must be incident with a vertex on the spine). When every vertex on the spine has exactly one incident tail of length , we call the tree a uniform -distant tree.

A uniform -distant tree with odd number of vertices is called a uniform -distant odd tree. A uniform -distant tree with even number of vertices is called a uniform -distant even tree.

To prove our results, we name the vertices of any uniform -distant tree as in Figure 2 with the help of Figure 1. The arrows on Figure 1 show the order of naming the vertices.

Figure 1: Order to name the vertices.

Figure 2: Uniform -distant tree.

3. Variations of Harmonious Labelings

In this section, we list a few existing labelings which are useful for the development of this paper. Here, we consider a graph with vertices and edges.

Definition 1 (harmonious labeling). An injective function from the vertices of to the group of integers modulo , the number of edges, is called harmonious if all edge labels are distinct when each edge is assigned the label (mod ); when is a tree, exactly one label may be used on two vertices. This was introduced by Graham and Sloane [1].

Definition 2 (harmonious graph). A graph which has a harmonious labeling is called a harmonious graph.

Definition 3 (strongly -harmonious labeling). An injective function of a graph is strongly -harmonious if the vertex labels are from and the edge labels induced by for each edge are ; when is a tree, exactly one label may be used on two vertices. This was introduced by Chang et al. [5].

Definition 4 (strongly -harmonious graph). A graph which has a strongly -harmonious labeling is called a strongly -harmonious graph.

Definition 5 (sequential labeling). An injective function of a graph is sequential if the vertex labels are from and the edge labels induced by for each edge are ; when is a tree, the vertex labels are from with no vertex label being used twice.This was introduced by Grace [6].

Definition 6 (sequential graph). A graph which has a sequential labeling is called a sequential graph.

4. Results

Theorem 7. Every uniform -distant tree is harmonious.

Proof. Let be a uniform -distant tree with vertices and edges. Since it is a tree, . To prove is harmonious, we need a labeling from the vertices of to the group of integers modulo such that all the edge labels are distinct, when each edge is assigned the label (mod ); since is a tree, one label, say 0, may be used on two vertices. So, we can take the codomain of to be .Define a labeling from into such that We note that the sum of the labels of two consecutive vertices of the spine (i.e., labels on the edges of the spine) is equal to the sum of the labels at the end vertices of the corresponding tail (e.g., sum of the labels at and is equal to sum of the labels at and ), by construction and labeling.Case 1 ( is even). The odd vertices receive the labels , respectively. The even vertices receive the labels , respectively. Therefore, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edges receive the labels under addition modulo .That is, the edges receive the labels .Hence, is harmonious.Case 2 ( is odd). The odd vertices receive the labels , respectively. The even vertices receive the label, Therefore, the edges receive the labels That is, As in Case 1, this is nothing but .Hence, is harmonious.

Theorem 8. Every uniform -distant odd tree is strongly -harmonious.

Proof. Let be a uniform -distant tree with vertices and edges. Since it is a tree, . Define a labeling from into such that We note that the sum of the labels of two consecutive vertices of the spine (i.e., labels on the edges of the spine) is equal to the sum of the labels at the end vertices of the corresponding tail (e.g., sum of the labels at and is equal to sum of the labels at and ), by construction and labeling.The odd vertices receive the labels. , respectively. The even vertices receive the labels , , respectively, and receives the label 0. Therefore, the edges receive the labels That is, the edges receive the labels .That is, the edge labels are .That is, is strongly -harmonious.

Theorem 9. Every uniform -distant even tree with the spine having even number of vertices is strongly -harmonious.

Proof. Let be a uniform -distant tree with vertices and edges. Since it is a tree, . Define a labeling   from into such that We note that the sum of the labels of two consecutive vertices of the spine (i.e., labels on the edges of the spine) is equal to the sum of the labels at the end vertices of the corresponding tail (e.g., sum of the labels at and is equal to sum of the labels at and ), by construction and labeling.The odd vertices receive the labels , respectively. The even vertices receive the labels , respectively and receives the label 0. Therefore, the edges receive the labels That is, the edge labels are . That is, is strongly -harmonious.

Theorem 10. Every uniform -distant tree is sequential.

Proof. Let be a uniform -distant tree with vertices and edges. Since it is a tree, . Define a labeling from into such that The rest is routine verification. Hence, is sequential.

Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank the editors for their valuable comments.

References

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M. Murugan, “(k, d)—balanced of uniform k-distant trees,” Matematika, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 65–71, 2013.

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