Chinese Journal of Mathematics
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 358936, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/358936

Research Article

On the Stochastic Stability and Boundedness of Solutions for Stochastic Delay Differential Equation of the Second Order

A. M. A. Abou-El-Ela,¹ A. I. Sadek,¹ A. M. Mahmoud,² and R. O. A. Taie¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
²Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, New Valley Branch, Al Khargah, New Valley 72111, Egypt

Received 23 November 2014; Revised 18 March 2015; Accepted 19 March 2015

Academic Editor: Zhen-Lai Han

Copyright © 2015 A. M. A. Abou-El-Ela et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We present two qualitative results concerning the solutions of the following equation: ; the first result covers the stochastic asymptotic stability of the zero solution for the above equation in case , while the second one discusses the uniform stochastic boundedness of all solutions in case . Sufficient conditions for the stability and boundedness of solutions for the considered equation are obtained by constructing a Lyapunov functional. Two examples are also discussed to illustrate the efficiency of the obtained results.

1. Introduction

During the last twenty years, the theory of stochastic differential equations has successfully attracted considerable attentions of scholars; for example, see [1–13]. Since then, the number of contributions to statistics, numerics, and control theory of stochastic differential equations has been rapidly increasing, since stochastic modelling plays an important role in formulation and analysis in modelling physical, technical, biological and economical dynamical systems in which significant uncertainty is present.

Stochastic delay differential equation, also known as stochastic functional differential equation, is a natural generalization of stochastic ordinary differential equation by allowing the coefficients to depend on the past values. The Razumikhin argument, generalized Itô formula, and Euler-Maruyama formula play an important role in studying stochastic differential equations. Unfortunately, it is generally not possible to give explicit expressions for the solutions to stochastic differential equations. Therefore, most of the papers are interested in being able to characterize at least qualitatively the behaviour of the solutions. Thus, Lyapunov theory is a powerful tool for qualitative analysis of stochastic differential equations, since the advantage of this method can judge the behaviour of systems without any prior knowledge of the explicit solutions, while the greatest disadvantage of the Lyapunov approach is that no universal method has been given, which enables us to find a Lyapunov function or determine that no such function exists.

It is worth mentioning that there are few results on the stability and boundedness of solutions for first-order stochastic delay differential equations; for example, see [8, 14–18].

In 2004, Kolmanovskii and Shaikhet [8] investigated the conditions of asymptotic mean-square stability for first-order stochastic delay differential equation of neutral type:where and are two positive constants and is a standard Wiener process.

Later, in 2006, Rodkina and Basin [17] obtained global asymptotic stability conditions for nonlinear stochastic systems with state delay as follows:The Lyapunov Krasovskii and degenerate functionals techniques are used. In addition, nontrivial examples of nonlinear systems satisfying the obtained stability conditions are given.

On the other hand, the corresponding problem for the stability and boundedness of solutions of second-order stochastic delay differential equations was studied far less often. So our main aim in this paper is to establish new results on the stability and boundedness for solutions of second-order stochastic delay differential equation of the typewhere and are two positive constants, and is a positive constant delay; and are two continuous functions with ; is an -dimensional standard Brownian motion defined on the probability space (also called Wiener process), a stochastic process representing the noise [19].

2. Preliminaries and Stability Result

Consider the following nonautonomous -dimensional stochastic delay differential equation (SDDE):where and are given nonlinear continuous functions, is an -dimensional standard Brownian motion, and is a solution of the stochastic delay differential equation (4) with initial data of , . We assume that and satisfy the following conditions.

Standing Hypothesis (H1). Both and satisfy the local Lipschitz condition and for all given , , , and (see [20]). Then, there must be a stopping time such that (4) with has a unique maximal local solution for .

In this section, for the stability result, we impose Standing Hypothesis (H2):

Hence, the stochastic delay differential equation (4) admits the zero solution , for any given initial value .

Definition 1. The zero solution of the stochastic differential equation is said to be stochastically stable or stable in probability, if for every pair of and , there exists a such that Otherwise, it is said to be stochastically unstable.

Definition 2. The zero solution of the stochastic differential equation is said to be stochastically asymptotically stable, if it is stochastically stable, and moreover for every , there exists a such that Let denote the family of all continuous nondecreasing functions such that and , if . In addition, denotes the family of all functions with . Let denote the family of nonnegative functions defined on which are once continuously differentiable in and twice continuously differentiable in . For each , define an operator bywhere

It should be emphasized that the operator is defined on , although the function is defined only on .

To prove our main stability result, we shall introduce the following theorems.

Theorem 3 (see [21, 22]). Assume that there exist and such that Then, (4) with has a unique global solution for denoted by (this is a special case of Corollary 12 in [22] with ).
Furthermore, ; then, the zero solution of the stochastic delay differential equation is stochastically stable (see [21]).

Theorem 4 (see [21]). Assume that there exist and such that for all . Then, the zero solution of the stochastic delay differential equation is stochastically asymptotically stable.

Now we present the main stability result of (3) with .

Theorem 5. Further to the basic assumptions imposed on , , , , , and , suppose that the following conditions are satisfied. (i) for and ,  , for all .(ii).(iii).Then, the zero solution of (3) is stochastically asymptotically stable, provided that

Proof of Theorem 5. In fact, (3) with can be transformed into an equivalent system of the following form:Define the Lyapunov functional aswhere , , and is a positive constant, which will be determined later.
From (14) and (13) and by using Itô formula, we findsince , and by (i), thenThus, by using the inequality , we obtain Let us choose . Then, it is easy to see thatNow, in view of (18), one can conclude for some positive constant thatprovided thatSince is nonnegative, then we find from , therefore, we get Then, there exists a positive constant such thatAlso, since , , and by using the mean-value theorem, we get . So we can rewrite (14) in the following form:It follows that, by using the inequality , we have Therefore, we obtain Then, there exists a positive constant satisfyingThus, from the results (19), (23), and (27), we note that all the conditions of Theorem 4 are satisfied, and then the zero solution of (3) is stochastically asymptotically stable. This completes the proof of Theorem 5.

In the next section, we shall state and prove our main second result on boundedness of (3) with .

3. Further Preliminaries and Boundedness Result

Consider the -dimensional stochastic delay differential equation (SDDE):where and . In order to solve the equation, we need to know the initial data and we assume that they are given by initial value of , .

In [23], Liu and Raffoul use Lyapunov second method to determine sufficient conditions for stochastic boundedness of system (28). The theorems in [23] will make significant contribution to the theory of stochastic differential equations, when dealing with equations that might contain unbounded terms.

Definition 6. A solution of (28) is said to be stochastically bounded or bounded in probability, if it satisfies where denotes the expectation operator with respect to the probability law associated with , is a constant depending on and . We say that the solutions of (28) are uniformly stochastically bounded, if is independent of .

Assumption 7. We assume that for any solution of (28) and for any fixed , the following condition holds:

Assumption 8. A special case of the general condition (30) is the following condition: assume that there exists a function such thatand for any fixed ,Here, we will present the main theorems used in our main boundedness result.

Theorem 9. Assume there exists a function in satisfying Assumption 7, such that for all (i),(ii),(iii),where , , , , and are positive constants, , and is a nonnegative constant. Then, all solutions of (28) satisfy for all .

Theorem 10. Assume there exists a function in satisfying Assumption 7, such that for all (i),(ii),(iii),where , and are two positive constants, , and is a nonnegative constant. Then, all solutions of (28) satisfy for all .

Corollary 11. (1) Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 9 hold. In addition, for some positive constant ; then, all the solutions of (28) are uniformly stochastically bounded.
(2) Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 10 hold. If condition (35) is satisfied, then all the solutions of (28) are stochastically bounded.

The following theorem is the second main result for (3) with .

Theorem 12. Let the conditions (i) and (ii) of Theorem 5 be satisfied. In addition, we assume that (iii);(iv) ,  for some .Then, all the solutions of (3) are uniformly stochastically bounded, provided that

Proof of Theorem 12. Equation (3) has the following equivalent system:Consider the Lyapunov functional aswhere is defined as (14) and is defined asFrom (14), (37), and (iv), we findAlso, from (39), (37), (i), and (iv), we obtainTherefore, from (38), (40), and (41), we obtainIf we take , we can write (42) in the following form:Therefore, ifthen we get Thus, condition (ii) of Theorem 9 is satisfied by taking ,  , and . Also, we can easily check that conditions (i)–(iii) of Theorem 9 with and are satisfied, using the same techniques which have already been demonstrated in proof of Theorem 5. With , , and and using them in (35), we note thatfor all . Thus, condition (35) holds. Now, since Then, we haveHence, the conditions (31) and (32) are satisfied. So by Corollary 11(1), we find that all solutions of (3) are uniformly stochastically bounded and satisfy where is a constant. This completes the proof of Theorem 12.

4. Illustrative Examples

In this section, we display two examples to illustrate the application of the results we obtained in the previous sections.

Example 1. As an application of Theorem 5, we consider the second-order stochastic delay differential equationThe equivalent system of (50) is From (50), we haveIt is obvious thatThus,Let us choose . Then, one can conclude for some positive constant thatprovided that .
Since , therefore we get Then, there exists a positive constant such thatAlso, by using the fact that , we obtain So there exists a positive constant satisfying

Thus, from the results (55), (57), and (59), we note that all the conditions of Theorem 4 are satisfied, so the zero solution of (50) is stochastically asymptotically stable.

Example 2. As an application of Theorem 12, consider the second-order stochastic delay differential equationThe equivalent system of (60) From (60), we haveIt is obvious thatThus, Since , provided that .
If we take and . Thus, condition (ii) of Theorem 9 is satisfied by taking , , and . Also, we can easily check that the conditions (i)–(iii) of Theorem 9 with and are satisfied, since for all . Thus, condition (35) holds. Now since hence the conditions (31) and (32) are satisfied. So by Corollary 11, all solutions of (60) with are uniformly stochastically bounded and satisfy

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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